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33-533: The Tinbergen Institute has over 200 research fellows from the three participating Universities, and some 190 PhD students. It is ranked 2nd among the World's Top Financial Economics and Finance Departments according to IDEAS/RePEc . It is ranked 127th among the World's Top Economic Institutions according to IDEAS/RePEc . The three universities that jointly operate the Tinbergen Institute all ranked among

66-497: A brief descriptive epithet. When catalogers come across different subjects with similar or identical headings, they can disambiguate them using authority control. A customary way of enforcing authority control in a bibliographic catalog is to set up a separate index of authority records, which relates to and governs the headings used in the main catalog. This separate index is often referred to as an "authority file". It contains an indexable record of all decisions made by catalogers in

99-821: A department or institutional archive or, if no institutional archive is available, through the Munich Personal RePEc Archive. Institutions are welcome to join and contribute their materials by establishing and maintaining their own RePEc archive. Leading publishers, such as Elsevier and Springer , have their economics material listed in RePEc. RePEc collaborates with the American Economic Association 's EconLit database to provide content from leading universities' working paper or preprint series to EconLit. Over 4000 journals and over 5600 working paper series have registered, for

132-401: A given library (or—as is increasingly the case—cataloging consortium), which catalogers consult when making, or revising, decisions about headings. As a result, the records contain documentation about sources used to establish a particular preferred heading, and may contain information discovered while researching the heading which may be useful. While authority files provide information about

165-605: A given work under one unique heading even when such versions are issued under different titles. With authority control, one unique preferred name represents all variations and will include different variations, spellings and misspellings, uppercase versus lowercase variants, differing dates, and so forth. For example, in Misplaced Pages, the first wife of Charles III is described by an article Diana, Princess of Wales as well as numerous other descriptors, e.g. Princess Diana , but both Princess Diana and Diana, Princess of Wales describe

198-469: A particular subject, their primary function is not to provide information but to organize it. They contain enough information to establish that a given author or title is unique, but that is all; irrelevant but interesting information is generally excluded. Although practices vary internationally, authority records in the English-speaking world generally contain the following information: Since

231-451: A total of over 4.8 million works, the majority of which are online. The information in the database is used to create online profiles and rank about 70,000 registered economists. This allows also to rank institutions and regions There are also many other rankings, including cohorts, sub-discplines and graduate programs. RePEc also indexes worldwide economics institutions through its Economic Departments, Institutes and Research Centers in

264-476: A user queries the catalog under one of these variant forms of the author's name, he or she would receive the response: "See O'Brien, Flann, 1911–1966." There is an additional spelling variant of the Gopaleen name: "Na gCopaleen, Myles, 1911–1966" has an extra C inserted because the author also employed the non-anglicized Irish spelling of his pen-name, in which the capitalized C shows the correct root word while

297-462: A variety of legal names in the course of their lifetime, as well as a variety of nicknames, pen names, stage names or other alternative names. It may be particularly difficult to choose a single authorized heading for individuals whose various names have controversial political or social connotations, when the choice of authorized heading may be seen as endorsement of the associated political or social ideology. An alternative to using authorized headings

330-404: Is VIAF ID: 107032638 — that is, a common number representing all of these variations. The English Misplaced Pages prefers the term "Diana, Princess of Wales", but at the bottom of the article about her, there are links to various international cataloging efforts for reference purposes. Sometimes two different authors have been published under the same name. This can happen if there is a title which

363-525: Is a collaborative effort of hundreds of volunteers in many countries to enhance the dissemination of research in economics . The heart of the project is a decentralized database of working papers , preprints , journal articles, and software components. The project started in 1997. Its precursor NetEc dates back to 1993. RePEc provides links to over 4,400,000 full-text articles, working papers, books, book chapters and software components. Most contributions are freely downloadable, but copyright remains with

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396-506: Is a process that organizes information, for example in library catalogs , by using a single, distinct spelling of a name (heading) or an (generally alphanumeric ) identifier for each topic or concept. The word authority in authority control derives from the idea that the names of people, places, things, and concepts are authorized, i.e., they are established in one particular form. These one-of-a-kind headings or identifiers are applied consistently throughout catalogs which make use of

429-409: Is identical to another title or to a collective uniform title. This, too, can cause confusion. Different authors can be distinguished correctly from each other by, for example, adding a middle initial to one of the names; in addition, other information can be added to one entry to clarify the subject, such as birth year, death year, range of active years such as 1918–1965 when the person flourished , or

462-587: Is not about creating a perfect seamless system but rather it is an ongoing effort to keep up with these changes and try to bring "structure and order" to the task of helping users find information. Sometimes within a catalog, there are diverse names or spellings for only one person or subject. This variation may cause researchers to overlook relevant information. Authority control is used by catalogers to collocate materials that logically belong together but that present themselves differently. Records are used to establish uniform titles that collocate all versions of

495-465: Is the idea of access control , where various forms of a name are related without the endorsement of one particular form. Before the advent of digital online public access catalogs and the Internet, individual cataloging departments within each library generally carried out creating and maintaining a library's authority files. Naturally, there was a considerable difference in the authority files of

528-419: Is the work of librarians and other information catalogers. Accordingly, authority control is an example of controlled vocabulary and of bibliographic control . While in theory any piece of information is amenable to authority control such as personal and corporate names, uniform titles , series names, and subjects, library catalogers typically focus on author names and titles of works. Traditionally, one of

561-482: Is then used consistently, uniquely, and unambiguously for all references to that same subject, which removes variations from different spellings, transliterations , pen names , or aliases . The unique header can guide users to all relevant information including related or collocated subjects. Authority records can be combined into a database and called an authority file , and maintaining and updating these files as well as "logical linkages" to other files within them

594-465: The Library of Congress chose as authoritative. In theory, every record in the catalog that represents a work by this author should have this form of the name as its author heading. What follows immediately below the heading beginning with Na Gopaleen, Myles, 1911–1966 are the see references. These forms of the author's name will appear in the catalog, but only as transcriptions and not as headings. If

627-527: The Irish writer Brian O'Nolan , who lived from 1911 to 1966, wrote under many pen names such as Flann O'Brien and Myles na Gopaleen. Catalogers at the United States Library of Congress chose one form—"O'Brien, Flann, 1911–1966"—as the official heading. The example contains all three elements of a valid authority record: the first heading O'Brien, Flann, 1911–1966 is the form of the name that

660-611: The United States Library of Congress . The idea is to create a single worldwide virtual authority file. For example, the ID for Princess Diana in the GND is 118525123 (preferred name: Diana < Wales, Prinzessin> ) while the United States Library of Congress uses the term Diana, Princess of Wales, 1961–1997 ; other authority files have other choices. The Virtual International Authority File choice for all of these variations

693-468: The World (EDIRC) database. RePEc promotes open-access journals and also benefits from open access for its own citation analysis efforts. Since 2018, RePEc has used NamSor gender classifier to estimate female representation in Economics. As of August 2024, 18351 of 69211 economists are female, or a proportion of 26.5%. Authority control In information science , authority control

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726-628: The advent of automated database technologies, catalogers began to establish cooperative consortia, such as OCLC and RLIN in the United States , in which cataloging departments from libraries all over the world contributed their records to, and took their records from, a shared database. This development prompted the need for national standards for authority work. In the United States, the primary organization for maintaining cataloging standards with respect to authority work operates under

759-516: The author or copyright holder. It is among the largest internet repositories of academic material in the world. the collected data is leveraged by several services, the main ones being the websites IDEAS and EconPapers for exploration of the bibliographic data, and the RePEc Author Service for author profiles and authority control . Many bibliographic providers also use all or part of the data. Materials to RePEc can be added through

792-651: The confusion. One international effort to prevent such confusion is the Virtual International Authority File which is a collaborative attempt to provide a single heading for a particular subject. It is a way to standardize information from different authority files around the world such as the Integrated Authority File (GND) maintained and used cooperatively by many libraries in German-speaking countries and

825-416: The different libraries. For the early part of library history, it was generally accepted that, as long as a library's catalog was internally consistent, the differences between catalogs in different libraries did not matter greatly. As libraries became more attuned to the needs of researchers and began interacting more with other libraries, the value of standard cataloging practices came to be recognized. With

858-631: The headings function as access points, making sure that they are distinct and not in conflict with existing entries is important. For example, the English novelist William Collins (1824–89), whose works include the Moonstone and The Woman in White is better known as Wilkie Collins. Cataloguers have to decide which name the public would most likely look under, and whether to use a see also reference to link alternative forms of an individual's name. For example,

891-428: The justification for this particular form of the name: it appeared in this form on the 1939 edition of the author's novel At Swim-Two-Birds , whereas the author's other noms de plume appeared on later publications. The act of choosing a single authorized heading to represent all forms of a name is quite often a difficult and complex task, considering that any given individual may have legally changed their name or used

924-507: The most commonly used authority files globally are the subject headings from the Library of Congress . More recently, links to articles and categories of Misplaced Pages emerged to function as an authority file due to the popularity of the encyclopedia, where each article is a notable topic or concept similar to other authority files. As time passes, information changes, prompting needs for reorganization. According to one view, authority control

957-492: The preceding g indicates its pronunciation in context. So if a library user comes across this spelling variant, he or she will be led to the same author regardless. See also references, which point from one authorized heading to another authorized heading, are exceedingly rare for personal name authority records, although they often appear in name authority records for corporate bodies. The final four entries in this record beginning with His At Swim-Two-Birds ... 1939. constitute

990-465: The respective authority file, and are applied for other methods of organizing data such as linkages and cross references . Each controlled entry is described in an authority record in terms of its scope and usage, and this organization helps the library staff maintain the catalog and make it user-friendly for researchers. Catalogers assign each subject—such as author, topic, series, or corporation—a particular unique identifier or heading term which

1023-673: The same person so they all redirect to the same main article; in general, all authority records choose one title as the preferred one for consistency. In an online library catalog, various entries might look like the following: These terms describe the same person. Accordingly, authority control reduces these entries to one unique entry or officially authorized heading, sometimes termed an access point : Diana, Princess of Wales, 1961–1997. Generally, there are different authority file headings and identifiers used by different libraries in different countries, possibly inviting confusion, but there are different approaches internationally to try to lessen

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1056-649: The top 100 economic schools in the world according to The Tilburg University Economics School Research Ranking based on research contributions from 2016-2020, with the VU ranked 39th, followed closely by the EUR which is ranked 42nd and the UvA which is ranked 48th. By 2020 and 2021 Shanghai Global Academic Subject Ranking for Economics , EUR is ranked 34-35th, the VU 45th, and the UvA 51-75th in

1089-1477: The world. It cooperates with many world-class economics and econometrics departments, including Harvard University and Princeton University in the US, and Pompeu Fabra University , Oxford University , University College London , and European University Institute in Europe. Awarded Honorary Fellow of the Tinbergen Institute are Mars Cramer , Teun Kloek , Jean Paelinck , Herman K. van Dijk , Bernard van Praag and Henk Tijms . Tinbergen Institute has placed its PhD graduates at leading academic and policy institutions. Recent PhD graduates have secured their first jobs as Assistant Professors at Copenhagen Business School , INSEAD , HEC Paris , Norwegian School of Economics , Fudan University , Monash University , Pompeu Fabra University , Rutgers University , University of Tilburg , University of Vienna , Warwick Business School , for example; and as postdocs at e.g., Yale University , Columbia University , University of Oxford , University of Cambridge , Chicago Booth Business School . Sometimes graduates also go to policy institutes or central banks, e.g., Federal Reserve Board , Banks for International Settlement , and Bank of England . Bernard van Praag (Chairman); Frans van Winden; Peter Nijkamp ; Jean-Marie Viaene; Jaap Spronk; Henk Jager RePEc Research Papers in Economics ( RePEc )

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