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32-439: In 1940, 2 years after the foundation of the nearby town of Tingo María , some forest areas were spared from human development to create a new protected natural area. In 1950, during the dictatorship of Manuel A. Odría , a protected area called Cueva de las Lechuzas National Reserve was created in the area of the future national park. On May 14, 1965, Tingo María National Park was established by Law No. 15574, which stated that

64-740: A TV movie titled High Jungle . His dugout canoe overturned in the Huallaga River. He was swept away by the current and drowned at age 41. A relevant industry working on Cacao is the Cooperativa Agroindustrial Naranjillo, that sells its products to foreign markets. Tingo María has a tropical rainforest climate ( Köppen : Af ) with abundant rainfall. The period from November to March is particularly rainy. 9°17′43″S 75°59′51″W  /  9.29528°S 75.99750°W  / -9.29528; -75.99750 Cultural tourism Cultural tourism

96-841: A range of both historical and recreational attractions. Certain major urban cities with cultural offerings are listed in UNESCO's world heritage site and have been lauded for their promotion of cross-cultural exchange. Other urban cultural tourist sites are post-industrial cities, who offer tourists a slice of their history alongside modern recreation, such as shopping and nightlife. Rural cultural tourism involves traveling to rural sites of cultural significance. Similarly to urban cultural tourist sites, many rural sites are cities whose main industries have declined, that supplement their economies by offering various attractions, such as wine-tasting. Other rural cultural sites have great historical significance, such as national parks. Indigenous cultural tourism

128-437: Is a type of tourism in which the visitor's essential motivation is to learn, discover, experience and consume the cultural attractions and products offered by a tourist destination. These attractions and products relate to the intellectual, spiritual, and emotional features of a society that encompasses arts and architecture , historical and cultural heritage, culinary heritage , literature, music, creative industries as well as

160-439: Is defined as "any service or product that is a) owned and operated at least in part by an Indigenous group and b) results from a means of exchange with outside guests." Most indigenous community have faced historic marginalization, which has led many proponents of cultural tourism to emphasize the need for sensitivity around these cultural events, as well as the importance of the indigenous population's control over how their culture

192-464: Is more recently theorized and defined by Greg Richards and Crispin Raymond in 2000. They defined creative tourism as: "Tourism which offers visitors the opportunity to develop their creative potential through active participation in courses and learning experiences, which are characteristic of the holiday destination where they are taken." (Richards, Greg et Raymond, Crispin, 2000). This type of tourism

224-571: Is opposed to mass tourism and allows the destinations to diversify and offer innovative activities different from other destinations. Similarly, UNESCO launched in 2004 a program entitled Creative Cities Network . This network aims to highlight cities around the world that are putting creativity at the heart of their sustainable urban development plan. Creative cities are organized into seven categories representing seven different creative fields: crafts and folk arts, digital arts , film, design, gastronomy, literature, and music. As of January 2020,

256-584: Is represented. Experts recognize that "the capitalization of Native identity has been a feature of Native and European interaction since the early colonial period." However, although this legacy is perhaps echoed by modern day indigenous tourism, involvement in the tourism industry allows indigenous populations "[to take] part in the global economy on their own terms." Popular cultural tourism involves any kind of tourist attractions that are modern and mainstream, such as amusement parks or sporting events. Popular cultural tourism has only recently been included under

288-555: Is the capital of Leoncio Prado Province in the Huánuco Region in central Peru . It has a population of 46,191 inhabitants ( 2017 census ). Tingo María was considered unreachable until 1936, when the Montaña Road reached the settlement. It was then that the state run Estacion Experimental Agricola was established due to its "comfortable" elevation (2,204 ft). In 1942, the U.S. Government began adding more funding to

320-642: Is welcomed by heads of conservation sites, as it often a major source of revenue for important cultural sites where government assistance is lacking. "Tourism can act as an impetus for creating public awareness of the need to preserve the built environment. The establishment of national parks, national monuments and other protected areas is often justified by the existence of tourism" Cultural tourism stimulates economic growth, preserves heritage, and fosters cross-cultural understanding. It promotes sustainable development and community revitalization, contributing to both local economies and global cultural enrichment through

352-580: The kinkajou , and the South American coati . Birds reported in the area are the Andean cock-of-the-rock , the oilbird , the white-eyed parakeet , Salvin's curassow , Spix's guan , the blue-headed parrot , the king vulture , the Amazonian motmot , among others. Birdwatching , hiking , ecotourism and cultural tourism are the main activities in the area. Environmental issues that affect

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384-651: The National University of the Forest (UNAS-www.unas.edu.pe); it has 7 faculties, a botanical park, and first level facilities. Near the city there is the Tingo María National Park of 180 km (43,000 acres (170 km )) that preserves nature and a limestone mountain range in the shape of a woman that sleeps. It is called La Bella Durmiente ( Spanish for Sleeping Beauty ) or Pumarinri ( Quechua for "cougar ear"). A legend explains

416-471: The area include the Bella Durmiente massif, the cave named Cueva de Las Lechuzas and adjacent forests. However, the law didn't specify the total area or the boundaries of the park. In 2000, boundaries were defined and the total area was fixed at 4777,8 hectares. Topography in the park is steep and mountainous, because the Bella Durmiente massif occupies almost of its entire extension. Elevations in

448-478: The biodiversity of this national park are: the extraction of wood for construction or fuel; the clearance of forest for agricultural crops, coca and pastures; uncontrolled tourism; hunting; fishing with toxins and explosives; the noise of helicopters departing from a nearby airbase; obstruction of an underground river due to debris from deforestation by nearby villages; and the extraction of gravel and other construction materials. Tingo Mar%C3%ADa Tingo María

480-551: The city halfway from Lima to Pucallpa; 16 km going to the east it meets the Marginal Highway that follows the river to the north and arrives at Tarapoto. A main road that comes from Casma port, on the coast of Ancash department, is being worked now. This road reinforces the position of Tingo María as a regional and national hub. Tingo María is where actor Eric Fleming , star of American TV show Rawhide with Clint Eastwood , died on September 28, 1966, while shooting

512-671: The consequences of the pollution they help create or the shortages they help cause." In many ancient European cities, such as Rome, Paris, and Florence, the buildup of air pollutants generated by car exhaust and gas-powered motors has caused the white stone to be covered in pollutants and turned to a gray or black color. These toxic exhausts can also accelerate the corrosion of culturally important stone monuments, statues and heritage buildings. Changing environmental conditions can have large impacts on human environments and heritage sites, as well. Cultural landscapes can be lost to rising waters and increasingly severe storms. This deterioration, and in

544-399: The destination (urban cultural tourism, rural cultural tourism, etc.) as well as the theme of the trip (heritage tourism, popular culture tourism, etc.). The main subcategories are discussed in more detail below. Heritage tourism involves traveling to a site of cultural significance to engage with the heritage of the region and local population. In recent years, more attention has been put on

576-517: The form of the range. The main attraction is a cave named Cueva de las Lechuzas (Spanish for "cave of the owls") (named after a colony of the superficially owl-like Oilbird found in it), probably the most attractive and accessible cave of Peru, though it is not the longest and deepest. Tingo María has an airport served daily by regional jets and turbo-prop airplanes. A well-paved main road, now called "the Federico Basadre" Highway crosses

608-402: The historical exclusivity of the arts scene, and the option for artists to go on tour, eliminating the need for tourism. Even so, in recent years, the arts community has put increased emphasis on prioritizing the accessibility of local art and exhibits. Creative Tourism involves active participation from tourists in cultural experiences specific to each holiday destination. This form of tourism

640-430: The inclusion and thoughtful representation of the history of marginalized groups for the tourist audience, marked by UNESCO's updates to their World Heritage List, which is a comprehensive list of significant heritage sites. Arts tourism involves traveling to the location of an art exhibit, which includes live-performances, museums, and libraries. Arts tourism is a relatively less common form of cultural tourism, due both

672-558: The living cultures with their lifestyles, value systems, beliefs and traditions. Cultural tourism experiences include, but are not limited to, architectural and archaeological treasures, culinary activities, festivals or events, historic or heritage, sites, monuments and landmarks , museums and exhibitions, national parks and wildlife sanctuaries , and religious venues. It includes tourism in urban areas , particularly historic or large cities and their cultural facilities such as theatres , as well as tourism in remote, indigenous regions. In

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704-509: The local population is at risk of coming into contact with new ways of life that can disrupt their social fabric . This form of tourism is becoming generally more popular throughout the world, and a recent OECD report has highlighted the role that cultural tourism can play in regional development in different world regions. Cultural tourism has recently shifted towards meeting the growing desire for cultural "experiences" in particular. Sectors of cultural tourism can be distinguished both by

736-479: The most frequent Phragmipedium spp. (although Phragmipedium besseae is a threatened species). Among the mammals present in the park are the South American tapir , the red brocket , the collared peccary , the ocelot , the black-capped squirrel monkey , the brown-mantled tamarin monkey, the red-faced spider monkey , the nine-banded armadillo , the pacarana , the Northern Amazon red squirrel ,

768-549: The network has 246 members across all categories. In order to promote the development of this new type of tourism, a non-profit organization was created in Barcelona in 2010: Creative Tourism Network. Its missions involve, among others: the promotion of creative tourism, the creation of a network of "Creativefriendly" cities but also awards celebration, The Creative Tourism Awards." Urban cultural tourism involves traveling to urban sites of cultural significance, which often offer

800-435: The opportunity to benefit financially from their cultural heritage and thus to appreciate and preserve it, while giving visitors the opportunity to broaden their personal horizons. Cultural tourism also has negative sides. There may be negative effects on local residents, such as making the local economy unstable, increasing the cost of living for local residents, increasing pollution, or creating environmental problems . Also,

832-430: The park are in the range of 650–1808 m; rocky walls of 300–500 m in height are common. Soils are calcareous, rocky and thin, and landslides due to natural causes or past attempts of agriculture do occur. Tingo María National Park is located at the confluence of the rivers Huallaga and Monzón (the name tingo, comes from Quechua for confluence or meeting). Due to the calcareous nature of the mountains, several rivers in

864-418: The park have eroded the rock to form underground courses. The rainy season in the area goes from October to April, with a mean annual precipitation of 3300 mm. Access to the park in that season is limited due to weather conditions. The annual temperatures in the area have a maximum of 29.8 °C and a minimum of 19.2 °C, being the annual mean 24.5 °C. Vegetation in the park is characterized by

896-810: The presence of very humid montane forests frequently covered with mist, and trees covered with epiphyte plants, mosses and lichens due to humidity. Among the most notable plant species in the park are trees like cedro colorado ( Cedrela odorata ), palo blanco ( Cinchona pubescens ), cumala blanca ( Virola calophylla ), cumala colorada ( Iryanthera laevis ), quinilla ( Manilkara bidentata subsp. surinamensis ), sapotillo ( Quararibea macrocalyx ), tulpay ( Clarisia racemosa) and lagarto caspi ( Calophyllum brasiliense ); palms like huasaí ( Euterpe precatoria ), ungurahui ( Oenocarpus bataua ), pona ( Iriartea deltoidea ), yarina ( Phytelephas macrocarpa ) and palmiche ( Geonoma spp.); tree ferns ( Cyathea spp.) and numerous orchids, being

928-734: The station, and by 1960 over 40,000 acres (160 km ) of land were under cultivation, especially along the Huallaga River valley where land was level. Coffee was a particularly valuable crop. The city nickname is "the Door of the Amazonia." The city is placed where two important rivers meet; the Monzón and the Huallaga river, a main contributor of the Marañón river. The city headquarters

960-476: The twenty-first-century United States , national parks and a limited number of Native American councils continue to promote "tribal tourism." The U.S. National Park Service has publicly endorsed this strain of cultural tourism, despite lingering concerns over exploitation and the potential hazards of ecotourism in Native America. Proponents of cultural tourism say that it gives the local population

992-420: The umbrella of cultural tourism, as recreational activities have gained increasing recognition for their cultural significance. Increased tourist traffic often leads to greater rates of litter and pollution in a given community. This runs a risk for important cultural landscapes to be exposed to significant damage from human-caused wear and tear--"Tourists are in a peculiar position, because they do not live with

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1024-463: The worst case, destruction, can be a major issue in coastal communities and low-lying islands. Floods and rising water levels can also be a direct threat to archaeological sites, historic buildings that hold cultural values, and heritage gardens. Tourism can bring communities economic growth from both job creations and tax revenues from ticket sales to festivals, museums, ancient ruins, religious sites and historic hotels. This increase in economic growth

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