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63-588: While Grand Noir de la Calmette originated in France and was once widely grown in the Cognac and Languedoc wine regions, today it is rarely planted in that country. Instead, the variety is predominantly found in the Spanish wine regions of Galicia in northwest Spain and in the southern Portuguese wine regions of Alentejo . Grand Noir de la Calmette is often compared with its sibling grape, Alicante Bouschet, and

126-569: A back label. Labels will also indicate where the wine was bottled, which can be an indication as to the quality level of the wine, and whether it was bottled by a single producer, or more anonymously and in larger quantities: If varietal names are displayed, common EU rules apply: The recognized wine producing areas in France are regulated by the Institut National des Appellations d'Origine – INAO in acronym. Every appellation in France

189-1034: A certain region, such as Cabernet Sauvignon in Bordeaux and Syrah in Rhône, although there are some varieties that are found in two or more regions, such as Chardonnay in Bourgogne (including Chablis) and Champagne, and Sauvignon blanc in Loire and Bordeaux. As an example of the rules, although climatic conditions would appear to be favorable, no Cabernet Sauvignon wines are produced in Rhône, Riesling wines in Loire, or Chardonnay wines in Bordeaux. (If such wines were produced, they would have to be declassified to Vin de Pays or French table wine. They would not be allowed to display any appellation name or even region of origin.) Traditionally, many French wines have been blended from several grape varieties. Varietal white wines have been, and are still, more common than varietal red wines. At

252-616: A crossing of Aramon and Teinturier du Cher created by Henri's father Louis Bouschet ). That same year Bouschet use Petit Bouschet in another crossing with Graciano to create Morrastel Bouschet . At same point Morrastel Bouschet was introduced to the California as Grand Noir de la Calmette where it made its way to the grape collection at the UC Davis Department of Viticulture and Enology . The grapevines were misidentified until only recently when ampelographers discovered

315-515: A decline in the domestic and international consumption of French wine on to 40 liters per capita. French wine originated in the 6th century BCE, with the colonization of Southern Gaul by Greek settlers. Viticulture soon flourished with the founding of the Greek colony of Marseille . Wine has been around for thousands of years in the countries on the Mediterranean but France has made it

378-683: A much looser meaning. As European Union wine laws have been modeled after those of the French, this trend is likely to continue with further EU expansion. French law divides wine into four categories, two falling under the European Union Table Wine category and two the Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (QWPSR) designation. The categories and their shares of the total French production for

441-540: A part of their civilization and has considered wine-making as art for over two thousand years. The Gauls knew how to cultivate the vine and how to prune it. Pruning creates an important distinction in the difference between wild vines and wine-producing grapes. Before long, the wines produced in Gaul were popular all around the world. The Roman Empire licensed regions in the south to produce wines. St. Martin of Tours (316–397) spread Christianity and planted vineyards . During

504-488: A red-wine region generally made from the Gamay grape. Gamay is characterized by an early ripening and acidic variety. Due to the carbonic maceration that producers use during the wine-making process Beaujolais wines are brightly colored with a low level of soft tannin. They usually have an intense fruity flavor of raspberry and cranberry. Apart from Gamay grape some white and sparkling rosé are also produced. Beaujolais region

567-509: A red-wine region in south-eastern France, along the Rhône River . The styles and varietal composition of northern and southern Rhône differ, but both parts compete with Bordeaux as traditional producers of red wines. Savoy or Savoie , primarily a white-wine region in the Alps close to Switzerland, where many grapes unique to this region are cultivated. South West France or Sud-Ouest ,

630-631: A renowned wine producer from Burgundy, supplied the French General Assembly with his Montrachet produced at Mont Dardon around the turn of the 20th century. Champagne , situated in northeastern France, close to Belgium and Luxembourg , is the coldest of France's major wine regions and home to its major sparkling wine. Champagne wines can be both white and rosé. A small amount of still wine is produced in Champagne using (as AOC Coteaux Champenois) of which some can be red wine. Corsica

693-609: A revival of its viticulture . 5 villages of Ile de France (north-east of the Seine et Marne department) are part of the Champagne area and more than 200 small recreational vineyards were established in the last decades covering about 12 hectares altogether. Jura , a small region in the mountains close to Switzerland where some unique wine styles, notably Vin Jaune and Vin de Paille , are produced. The region covers six appellations and

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756-570: A somewhat heterogeneous collection of wine areas inland or south of Bordeaux. Some areas produce primarily red wines in a style reminiscent of red Bordeaux, while other produce dry or sweet white wines. Areas within Sud-Ouest include among other: There are also several smaller production areas situated outside these major regions. Many of those are VDQS wines, and some, particularly those in more northern locations, are remnants of production areas that were once larger. France has traditionally been

819-463: A white-wine region, though some red, rosé, sparkling and sweet wines are also produced. It is situated in eastern France on the river Ill and borders Germany, a country with which it shares many grape varieties as well as a long tradition of varietal labelling. Grapes grown in Alsace include Riesling , Gewurztraminer , Pinot gris , Pinot blanc , Pinot noir , and Muscat . Beaujolais is primarily

882-743: Is a department in the southwest corner of France and of the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine . Named after the Pyrenees mountain range and the Atlantic Ocean, it covers the French Basque Country and the Béarn . Its prefecture is Pau . In 2019, it had a population of 682,621. Originally named Basses-Pyrénées , it is one of the first 83 departments of France created during the French Revolution , on 4 March 1790. It

945-754: Is a region where red and white wines are equally important. Probably more terroir-conscious than any other region, Burgundy is divided into the largest number of appellations of any French region. The top wines from Burgundy's heartland in Côte d'Or command high prices. The Burgundy region is divided in four main parts: There are two parts of Burgundy that are sometimes considered as separate regions: There are two main grape varieties used in Burgundy – Chardonnay for white wines, and Pinot noir for red. White wines are also sometimes made from Aligoté, and other grape varieties will also be found occasionally. Gustave Henri Laly,

1008-562: Is a stronghold of the centrist Democratic Movement (MoDem). Its founder and president, François Bayrou , has served as Mayor of Pau since 2014 . The Departmental Council of Pyrénées-Atlantiques has 54 seats. Its president has been Jean-Jacques Lasserre of the Democratic Movement since 2015 . In the 2022 legislative election , Pyrénées-Atlantiques elected the following members of the National Assembly : In

1071-402: Is an island in the Mediterranean the wines of which are primarily consumed on the island itself. It has nine AOC regions and an island-wide vin de pays designation and is still developing its production methods as well as its regional style. Île-de-France is not an official wine region anymore. Yet it has a rich history related to grapegrowing and winemaking and has recently been demonstrating

1134-451: Is defined by INAO, in regards to the individual regions particular wine "character". If a wine fails to meet the INAO's strict criteria it is declassified into a lower appellation or even into Vin de Pays or Vin de Table. With the number of appellations in France too numerous to mention here, they are easily defined into one of the main wine producing regions listed below: Alsace is primarily

1197-785: Is found mostly in the Portalegre wine region of Alentejo where it is blended with Alicante Bouschet, Tempranillo and Trincadeira . Outside of Europe, some plantings of the grape can be found in California where 100+ year old vines still exist in the Sonoma wine region of the Russian River Valley. Over the years, Grand noir has been known under a variety of synonyms including: Galliko, Gkiobrek Kara, Gkranoba, Grand Bouschet (in Alentejo region of Portugal), Gran Negro (in

1260-653: Is much more prominent on the Iberian Peninsula with 885 hectares (2,190 acres) in Spain and 347 hectares (860 acres) in Portugal. In Spain, Grand Noir de la Calmette is a permitted variety in the Denominación de Origen (DO) wines of Ribeira Sacra and Valdeorras . Here the grape seems to handle the humid climate of Galicia and is often used to add color to the wines. In Portugal, Grand Noir de la Calmette

1323-528: Is not an official wine region anymore. Yet it has a rich history related to grapegrowing and winemaking and has recently been demonstrating a revival of its viticulture . 40 villages of Picardy (south of the Aisne department) are now part of the Champagne area and several small recreational vineyards were established in the last two decades e.g. in Coucy le Château, Gerberoy, Gouvieux, Clairoix, etc. Provence , in

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1386-475: Is one of the largest wine producers in the world, along with Spanish , chinese , Italian ,and American wine-producing regions . French wine traces its history to the 6th century BCE, with many of France's regions dating their wine-making history to Roman times. The wines produced range from expensive wines sold internationally to modest wines usually only seen within France such as the Margnat wines of

1449-533: Is one thing that most French wines have in common, it is that most styles have developed as wines meant to accompany food, be it a quick baguette , a simple bistro meal, or a full-fledged multi-course menu. Since the French tradition is to serve wine with food, wines have seldom been developed or styled as "bar wines" for drinking on their own, or to impress in tastings when young. Numerous grape varieties are cultivated in France, including both internationally well-known and obscure local varieties. In fact, most of

1512-462: Is related to Burgundy through its extensive use of the Burgundian grapes Chardonnay and Pinot noir, though other varieties are used. It also shares cool climate with Burgundy. Languedoc-Roussillon is the largest region in terms of vineyard surface and production, hence the region in which much of France's cheap bulk wines have been produced. So-called " wine lake ", Languedoc-Roussillon is also

1575-893: Is released annually on the third Thursday of November. Bordeaux is a large region on the Atlantic coast, which has a long history of exporting its wines overseas. This is primarily a red wine region, famous for the wines Château Lafite-Rothschild , Château Latour , Château Mouton-Rothschild , Château Margaux and Château Haut-Brion from the Médoc sub-region; Château Cheval Blanc and Château Ausone in Saint-Émilion ; and Château Pétrus and Château Le Pin in Pomerol . The red wines produced are usually blended, from Cabernet Sauvignon , Merlot and sometimes Cabernet Franc . Bordeaux also makes dry and sweet white wines, including some of

1638-548: Is situated in central East of France following the river Saone below Burgundy and above Lyon . There are 12 appellations in Beaujolais including Beaujolais AOC and Beaujolais-Villages AOC and 10 Crus: Brouilly, Regnié, Chiroubles, Cote de Brouilly, Fleurie, Saint-Amour, Chénas, Juliénas, Morgon and Moulin-a-Vent. The Beaujolais region is also notorious for the Beaujolais Nouveau , a popular vin de primeur which

1701-609: Is spoken by virtually all inhabitants. Pyrénées-Atlantiques is also home to a number of professional sports teams, including rugby union football clubs Aviron Bayonnais , Biarritz Olympique and Section Paloise ; basketball club Élan Béarnais Pau-Orthez ; and association football club Pau FC . The Pau Grand Prix , an auto race first held in 1901, has hosted the World Touring Car Championship , British Formula Three , Formula 3 Euro Series and FIA European Formula 3 Championship . Pyrénées-Atlantiques

1764-472: Is the source of many grape varieties (such as Cabernet Sauvignon , Chardonnay , Pinot noir , Sauvignon blanc , Syrah ) that are now planted throughout the world, as well as wine-making practices and styles of wine that have been adopted in other producing countries. Although some producers have benefited in recent years from rising prices and increased demand for prestige wines from Burgundy and Bordeaux , competition from New World wines has contributed to

1827-512: The French Revolution led to the confiscation of many vineyards. The advance of the French wine industry stopped abruptly as first Mildew and then Phylloxera spread throughout the country and the rest of Europe, leaving vineyards desolate. Then came an economic downturn in Europe followed by two world wars and the French wine industry was depressed for decades. Competition threatened French brands such as Champagne and Bordeaux. This resulted in

1890-706: The Lacs de Carnau . The most populous commune is Pau , the prefecture. As of 2019, there are 11 communes with more than 10,000 inhabitants: There does not seem to be a particular name to designate the inhabitants of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques. The western part is mainly inhabited by the Basques and the eastern part by the Béarnais , who since the Revolution and the creation of the department have shared

1953-466: The Middle Ages , monks maintained vineyards and, more importantly, conserved wine-making knowledge and skills during that often turbulent period. Monasteries had the resources, security and inventiveness to produce a steady supply of wine for Mass and profit. The best vineyards were owned by the monasteries and their wine was considered to be superior. The nobility developed extensive vineyards but

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2016-506: The wine lake . This has led to the distillation of wine into industrial alcohol as well as a government program to pay farmers to pull up their grape vines through vine pull schemes . A large part of this glut is caused by the re-emergence of Languedoc wine . Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques Pyrénées-Atlantiques ( French pronunciation: [pi.ʁe.nez‿at.lɑ̃.tik] ; Gascon Occitan : Pirenèus Atlantics ; Basque : Pirinio Atlantiarrak or Pirinio Atlantikoak )

2079-401: The 2005 vintage, excluding wine destined for Cognac, Armagnac and other brandies, were Table wine: QWPSR : The total French production for the 2005 vintage was 43.9 million hl (plus an additional 9.4 million hl destined for various brandies) of which 28.3% was white and 71.7% was red or rosé. The proportion of white wine is slightly higher for the higher categories, with 34.3% of

2142-446: The 2007 harvest, the most common grape varieties were the following: The concept of Terroir, which refers to the unique combination of natural factors associated with any particular vineyard , is important to French vignerons . It includes such factors as soil , underlying rock, altitude, slope of hill or terrain, orientation toward the sun , and microclimate (typical rain, winds, humidity, temperature variations, etc.). Even in

2205-457: The AOC wine being white. In years with less favourable vintage conditions than 2005, the proportion of AOC wine tends to be a little lower. The proportion of Vin de table has decreased considerably over the last decades, while the proportion of AOC has increased somewhat and Vin de Pays has increased considerably. In 2005 there were 472 wine AOCs in France. The wine classification system of France

2268-556: The Alsace region , France had no tradition of labelling wines with details of the grape varieties used. Since New World wines made the names of individual grape varieties familiar to international consumers in the late 20th century, more French wineries started to use varietal labelling. In general, varietal labelling is most common for the Vin de Pays category, although some AOC wines now also display varietal names. For most AOC wines, if grape varieties are mentioned, they will be in small print on

2331-408: The Burgundy region. The amount of influence and the scope that falls under the description of terroir has been a controversial topic in the wine industry. The amount of information included on French wine labels varies depending on which region the wine was made in, and what level of classification the wine carries. As a minimum, labels will usually state that classification, as well as the name of

2394-567: The French production ranges from cheap and simple versions to some of the world's most famous and expensive examples. An exception is French fortified wines, which tend to be relatively unknown outside France. In many respects, French wines have more of a regional than a national identity, as evidenced by different grape varieties, production methods and different classification systems in the various regions. Quality levels and prices vary enormously, and some wines are made for immediate consumption while other are meant for long-time cellaring. If there

2457-564: The Gascon Bearnese variant and Basque language are indigenous to the region in their respective districts. Gascon in turn is a dialect of Occitan , formerly the main language of southern France. It is more closely related to Catalan than it is to French. Basque is a language isolate , not related to any known language. Today, French, the sole official language of the French Republic, is the predominant native language and

2520-712: The Valdeorras DO of Spain), Gran Noar, Gran Nuar de Lya Kalmett, Grand Chernyi, Granoir, Granua, Gros noir (in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department of France), Gros Producteur, Kalmettei Fekete, Kalmettei Nagy Fekete, Pe de Perdiz, Pe de Pombo, Sousao do Oeste, Sumo tinto (in Portugal), Tinta, Tinta Fina, Tinta Francesa and Tinturao. France (wine) French wine is produced all throughout France , in quantities between 50 and 60 million hectolitres per year, or 7–8 billion bottles. France

2583-418: The department: Pau, which has 145,000 inhabitants and 344,000 workers in the local area; and Bayonne-Anglet-Biarritz which has 166,400 inhabitants and 235,000 workers in the local area. The department is known for its tourism industry: The parts of the department that were part of Guyenne and Gascony, as well as Béarn, have a culture heavily influenced by the Basques , but clearly different identities. Both

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2646-770: The error. True Grand Noir de la Calmette does exist in California with two vineyards, in Windsor, California located in the Russian River Valley AVA of Sonoma County and Kuchan Cellars of Morgan Hill, California in Santa Clara Valley AVA having old vines that date back to the early 1900s. Grand Noir de la Calmette is a high yielding grape variety that needs to be kept in check by winter pruning or green harvesting . It can be limited by plantings in vineyard soils of low fertility, however, vines planted in those types of soils do run

2709-467: The establishment in 1935 of the Appellation d'origine contrôlée to protect French interests. Large investments, the economic revival after World War II and a new generation of Vignerons yielded results in the 1970s and the following decades, creating the modern French wine industry. In 1935, laws were passed to control the quality of French wine. The Appellation d'origine contrôlée system

2772-574: The home of some innovative producers who combine traditional French wine like blanquette de Limoux , the world's oldest sparkling wine, and international styles while using lessons from the New World . Much Languedoc-Roussillon wine is sold as Vin de Pays d'Oc . Loire valley is a primarily white-wine region that stretches over a long distance along the Loire River in central and western France, and where grape varieties and wine styles vary along

2835-434: The largest consumer of its own wines. However, wine consumption has been dropping in France for 40 years. During the decade of the 1990s, per capita consumption dropped by nearly 20 percent. Therefore, French wine producers must rely increasingly on foreign markets . However, consumption has also been dropping in other potential markets such as Italy, Spain and Portugal. The result has been a continuing wine glut, often called

2898-459: The move to AOP will only mean minor changes to the terminology of the label, while the actual names of the appellations themselves will remain unchanged. While no new wines have been marketed under the old designations from 2012, bottles already in the distribution chain will not be relabelled. All common styles of wine – red , rosé , white (dry, semi-sweet and sweet ), sparkling and fortified – are produced in France. In most of these styles,

2961-511: The new administrative layout since it suppressed their institutions and laws. The representatives of Lower Navarre refused to vote in Paris arguing that they were not part of the Kingdom of France; those of Soule voted against. The brothers Garat , representing Labourd, eventually voted yes, thinking that it would give them a say in upcoming political decisions. On 10 October 1969, Basses-Pyrénées

3024-631: The post-war period. Two concepts central to the better French wines are the notion of terroir , which links the style of the wines to the locations where the grapes are grown and the wine is made, and the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) system, replaced by the Appellation d'Origine Protégée (AOP) system in 2012. Appellation rules closely define which grape varieties and winemaking practices are approved for classification in each of France's several hundred geographically defined appellations, which can cover regions, villages or vineyards. France

3087-467: The producer, and, for wines above the Vin De Table level, will also include the geographical area where the wine was made. Sometimes that will simply be the wider region where the wine was made, but some labels, especially for higher quality wines, will also include details of the individual village or commune, and even the specific vineyard where the wine was sourced. With the exception of wines from

3150-462: The risk of shriveling. Among the viticultural hazards that Grand Noir de la Calmette is most susceptible to is powdery mildew. While most wine grape varieties, even those such as Cabernet Sauvignon and Grenache used to make red wine, have "white flesh" that yield white or greyish colored juice, Grand Noir de la Calmette is a teinturier grape that has red color flesh that yields red colored juice without needing any skin contact to leach color into

3213-452: The river. Four sub-regions are situated along the river: Normandy is not an official wine region anymore. Yet it has a rich history related to grapegrowing and winemaking and has recently been demonstrating a revival of its viticulture . Several small recreational vineyards were established in the last two decades and at least one operates on a commercial scale in Grisy near Caen. Picardy

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3276-429: The same area, no two vineyards have exactly the same terroir, thus being the base of the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) system that has been a model for appellation and wine laws across the globe. In other words: when the same grape variety is planted in different regions, it can produce wines that are significantly different from each other. In France the concept of terroir manifests itself most extremely in

3339-399: The same department. However, from 1790 to 1969, the inhabitants were called Bas-Pyrénées . The Pyrénées-Atlantiques have a fertility rate below the French average with 1.7 children per woman. Population development since 1801: Pyrénées-Atlantiques, a border department, has cultivated a number of economic and cultural links with Spain. Two urban concentrations exist in the east and west of

3402-419: The so-called " international varieties " are of French origin, or became known and spread because of their cultivation in France. Since French appellation rules generally restrict wines from each region, district or appellation to a small number of allowed grape varieties, there are in principle no varieties that are commonly planted throughout all of France. Most varieties of grape are primarily associated with

3465-578: The south-east and close to the Mediterranean. It is perhaps the warmest wine region of France and produces mainly rosé and red wine. It covers eight major appellations led by the Provence flagship, Bandol. Some Provence wine can be compared with the Southern Rhône wines as they share both grapes and, to some degree, style and climate. Provence also has a classification of its most prestigious estates, much like Bordeaux. Rhône Valley , primarily

3528-486: The wine. However, the juice of Grand Noir de la Calmette is very pale (especially compared to other Bouschet varieties such as Alicante Bouschet) so the wine often does see some maceration time. While Grand Noir de la Calmette originated in France, and was once widely planted in the Cognac and Languedoc wine region, today it is rarely planted in the country with less than 1 hectare (2.5 acres) in cultivation in 2008. The grape

3591-569: The wines according to a château's reputation and trading price. Brittany is not an official wine region anymore, but it has a rich history related to grapegrowing and winemaking and has recently been demonstrating a revival of its viticulture . Several small recreational vineyards were established in the last two decades e.g. in Rennes, Quimper, Morlaix, Le Quillo, Cléguérec, Sain Sulliac, Le Folgoët, etc. Burgundy or Bourgogne in eastern France

3654-499: The wines that both varieties produce tend to be very similar though Master of Wine Jancis Robinson notes that those made from Grand Noir de la Calmette tend to have more noticeable "peppery" spice. Grand Noir de la Calmette was created in 1855 by French grape breeder Henri Bouschet at his Domaine de la Calmette vineyard near Montpellier . The grape is a crossing of the Vitis vinifera species Aramon noir and Petit Bouschet (the later

3717-531: The world's most famous sweet wines from the Sauternes appellation, such as Château d'Yquem . The Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855 resulted from the Exposition Universelle de Paris , when Emperor Napoleon III requested a classification system for France's best Bordeaux wines that were to be on display for visitors from around the world. Brokers from the wine industry ranked

3780-479: Was created out of parts belonging to the former greater province of Guyenne and Gascony , as well as the Béarn - Navarre (still, at least nominally, Kingdom of Navarre), meaning the Basques provinces of Basse-Navarre , Labourd , Bayonne (detached a few years before from Labourd) and Soule , as well as Béarn . The 1790 administrative design brought about the end of native institutions and laws . All Basque estates representatives from Labourd overtly opposed

3843-400: Was established, which is governed by a powerful oversight board ( Institut national des appellations d'origine , INAO). France has one of the oldest systems for protected designation of origin for wine in the world and strict laws concerning winemaking and production and many European systems are modeled after it. The word " appellation " has been put to use by other countries, sometimes in

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3906-585: Was renamed Pyrénées-Atlantiques. Pyrénées-Atlantiques is part of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of Southwestern France. It is bordered by the Landes , Hautes-Pyrénées, Gers departments and the Bay of Biscay . It also borders Spain to the south by the provinces of Huesca , Navarre and Gipuzkoa along a coastline with the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Lac Gentau is located in Pyrénées-Atlantiques, as are

3969-401: Was revised in 2006, with a new system fully introduced by 2012. The new system consists of three categories rather than four, since there will be no category corresponding to VDQS from 2012. The new categories are: The largest changes will be in the Vin de France category, and to VDQS wines, which either need to qualify as AOP wines or be downgraded to an IGP category. For the former AOC wines,

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