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56-469: The parish of Tjølling was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law). On 1 January 1891, an area of Tjølling municipality (population: 11) was transferred to the neighboring Hedrum municipality. On 1 January 1988, the municipality was dissolved as part of a major municipality merger which consolidated the municipalities of Brunlanes (population: 8,138), Hedrum (population: 10,449), and Tjølling (population: 7,878) with

112-621: A tsunami , the earthquake almost completely destroyed Lisbon and adjoining areas. Seismologists estimate the Lisbon earthquake had a magnitude of 7.7 or greater on the moment magnitude scale , with its epicenter in the Atlantic Ocean about 200 km (110 nmi; 120 mi) west-southwest of Cape St. Vincent , a cape in Algarve region, and about 290 km (160 nmi; 180 mi) southwest of Lisbon. Chronologically, it

168-512: A new royal palace be built in Campo de Ourique as the new royal residence in 1760, but was later abandoned due to a lack of priority or interest in a palace being built in the Campo de Ourique neighborhood of Lisbon. The king and the prime minister immediately launched efforts to rebuild the city. On 4 December 1755, a little more than a month after the earthquake, Manuel da Maia , chief engineer to

224-416: A staunch and devout Roman Catholic country. Theologians and philosophers focused and speculated on the religious cause and message, seeing the earthquake as a manifestation of divine judgment . A 2009 study estimated that the earthquake cost between 32 and 48 per cent of Portugal's GDP. Also, "in spite of strict controls, prices and wages remained volatile in the years after the tragedy. The recovery from

280-586: Is a concept album detailing the story of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. The album is entirely sung in Portuguese and explores not only the history but also its effects on Portuguese society, culture and spirituality. The Lisbon earthquake is vividly depicted in Avram Davidson 's Masters of the Maze , one of the many times and places visited by the book's time-traveling protagonists. The board game Lisboa

336-486: Is also known as a popular cottage area, as well as a popular holiday area. The most popular ports are Ula and Kjerringvik . Viksfjord is an idyllic sidefjord to Larviksfjorden , and is located in Tjølling. Tjodalyng school is a primary and secondary school for Tjølling, with around 520 students and 60 employees. The school was built as a primary school in 1963, and was expanded as a secondary school in 1976. Tjølling IF

392-413: Is likely because the site was apparently the location of a Thing for the district long before the introduction of Christianity . The last element is lyng which means " heather ". The coat of arms was granted on 7 May 1971. The official blazon is " Azure , two longships argent in pale " ( Norwegian : På blå bunn to sølv langskip ). This means the arms have a blue field (background) and

448-615: Is located near the Serra da Estrela mountain range in central inland Portugal) were visibly affected by the earthquake, the tsunami, or both. The shock waves of the earthquake destroyed part of Covilhã's castle walls and its large towers and damaged several other buildings in Cova da Beira , as well as in Salamanca, Spain . In Setúbal, parts of the Fort of São Filipe de Setúbal were damaged. On

504-521: The Algarve , destruction was rampant. The tsunami destroyed some coastal fortresses in the Algarve and, at lower levels, it razed several houses. Almost all the coastal towns and villages of the Algarve were heavily damaged, except Faro , which was protected by the sandy banks of Ria Formosa . In Lagos , the waves reached the top of the city walls. Other towns in different Portuguese regions, such as Peniche , Cascais , Setúbal and even Covilhã (which

560-585: The Pombaline Lower Town ( Baixa Pombalina ), is one of the city's famed attractions. Sections of other Portuguese cities, such as the Vila Real de Santo António in Algarve , were also rebuilt along Pombaline principles. The Casa Pia , a Portuguese institution founded by Maria I (known as A Pia , "Maria the Pious"), and organized by Police Intendant Pina Manique in 1780, was founded following

616-453: The charge is a set of two longships , one above the other. The pair of longships has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. The two Viking ships in the arms and refer to the long history of the area. The arms were designed by Hallvard Trætteberg . The municipal flag has the same design as the coat of arms. Historic numbers show that Tjøllings population grew from

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672-617: The 1 November event found them vague and difficult to separate from reports of another local series of earthquakes on 18–19 November . Pereira estimated the total death toll in Portugal, Spain and Morocco from the earthquake and the resulting fires and tsunami at 40,000 to 50,000 people. Eighty-five percent of Lisbon's buildings were destroyed, including famous palaces and libraries, as well as most examples of Portugal's distinctive 16th-century Manueline architecture. Several buildings that had suffered little earthquake damage were destroyed by

728-492: The 69.5 square kilometres (26.8 sq mi) area between the river Numedalslågen and Sandefjordsfjorden , south of the European route E18 highway. There's some agriculture and numerous quarries excavating of larvikite in Tjølling. The biggest quarry is Klåstad, which extracts a type of larvikite called Mørk Labrador (English: Dark Labrador). Tjølling has a long coastline with many fine beaches and coves. Tjølling

784-410: The Lisbon disaster"). Voltaire's Candide attacks the notion that all is for the best in this, " the best of all possible worlds ", a world closely supervised by a benevolent deity. The Lisbon disaster provided a counterexample for Voltaire. Theodor Adorno wrote, "the earthquake of Lisbon sufficed to cure Voltaire of the theodicy of Leibniz " ( Negative Dialectics 361). Jean-Jacques Rousseau

840-540: The beginnings of scientific geography in Germany. And certainly the beginnings of seismology". Werner Hamacher has claimed that the earthquake's consequences extended into the vocabulary of philosophy, making the common metaphor of firm "grounding" for philosophers' arguments shaky and uncertain: "Under the impression exerted by the Lisbon earthquake, which touched the European mind in one [of] its more sensitive epochs,

896-468: The city, after attending Mass at sunrise, fulfilling the wish of one of the king's daughters to spend the holiday away from Lisbon. After the catastrophe, Joseph I developed a fear of living within walls, and the court was accommodated in a huge complex of tents and pavilions in the hills of Ajuda , then on the outskirts of Lisbon. The king's claustrophobia never waned, and it was only after Joseph's death that his daughter Maria I of Portugal began building

952-404: The coast of North Africa , and struck Martinique and Barbados across the Atlantic Ocean. A three-metre (ten-foot) tsunami hit Cornwall on the southern British coast. Galway , on the west coast of Ireland, was also hit, resulting in partial destruction of the " Spanish Arch " section of the city wall. In County Clare, Aughinish Island was created when a low lying connection to the mainland

1008-602: The early 19th century until the municipal merger in 1988. Tjølling is the site of one of the oldest Viking Age settlements within Scandinavia . Kaupang was a big trading centre for the Vikings. Kaupang is considered to be Norway's first city, being mentioned by Ohthere of Hålogaland when he visited Alfred the great around year 890. There have been several earlier archaeological surveys and excavations at Kaupang. In 1867, antiquarian Nicolay Nicolaysen mapped one of

1064-587: The earthquake also led to a rise in the wage premium of construction workers. More significantly, the earthquake became an opportunity to reform the economy and to reduce the economic semi-dependency vis-à-vis Britain." The earthquake and its aftermath strongly influenced the intelligentsia of the European Age of Enlightenment . The noted writer-philosopher Voltaire used the earthquake in Candide and in his Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne ("Poem on

1120-426: The earthquake, he collected all the information available in news pamphlets and formulated a theory of the causes of earthquakes. Kant's theory, which involved shifts in huge caverns filled with hot gases, though inaccurate, was one of the first systematic attempts to explain earthquakes in natural rather than supernatural terms. According to Walter Benjamin , Kant's slim early book on the earthquake "probably represents

1176-564: The earthquake. A fictionalised version of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake features as a main plot element of the 2014 video game Assassin's Creed Rogue , developed and published by Ubisoft . Notably, a similar earthquake occurs earlier in the story in Port-au-Prince , Haiti , and possibly coincides with a real-world earthquake recorded there in 1751 . The album 1755 by the Portuguese Gothic metal band Moonspell

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1232-616: The epicenter was in the Atlantic to the west of the Iberian Peninsula, its exact location has been a subject of considerable debate. Early hypotheses had proposed the Gorringe Ridge , about 320 km (170 nmi; 200 mi) south-west of Lisbon, until simulations showed that a location closer to the shore of Portugal was required to comply with the observed effects of the tsunami. A 1992 seismic reflection survey of

1288-405: The first earthquake studied scientifically for its effects over a large area, it led to the birth of modern seismology and earthquake engineering . The earthquake struck on the morning of 1 November 1755, All Saints' Day . Contemporary reports state that the earthquake lasted from three and a half to six minutes, causing fissures 5 metres (16 ft) wide in the city center. Survivors rushed to

1344-520: The grave-fields around the former town and excavated 79 grave mounds. He uncovered a cremation cemetery, largely dated to the 10th century. Charlotte Blindheim (1917-2005) started excavating in 1947 and completed her last publication in 1999. In 1997, Dagfinn Skre and his associates from the University of Oslo undertook a new program of work at Kaupang followed by a large excavation that ran over three years, from 2000 till 2002. Most recently it has been

1400-487: The island of Madeira , Funchal and many smaller settlements suffered significant damage. Almost all of the ports in the Azores archipelago suffered most of their destruction from the tsunami, with the sea penetrating about 150 metres (490 ft) inland. Current and former Portuguese towns in northern Africa were also affected by the earthquake. Places such as Ceuta (ceded by Portugal to Spain in 1668) and Mazagon , where

1456-466: The king, but the aristocracy despised him as an upstart son of a country squire. The prime minister, in turn, disliked the old nobles, whom he considered corrupt and incapable of practical action. Before 1 November 1755, there had been a constant struggle for power and royal favour, but the competent response of the Marquis of Pombal effectively severed the power of the old aristocratic factions. However,

1512-531: The law was changed so that each diocese employed the priests within its areas. Between 2004 and 2012, the prestegjeld was phased out of the Church of Norway. The new structure replaced the prestegjeld with the already-existing deanery ( prosti ). The sokn (sub-parishes or congregations) are the basic units of the church and all of the sokn within each municipality in Norway forms a governing church council for

1568-408: The metaphor of ground and tremor completely lost their apparent innocence; they were no longer merely figures of speech" (263). Hamacher claims that the foundational certainty of René Descartes ' philosophy began to shake following the Lisbon earthquake. The earthquake had a major impact on politics. The prime minister, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal , was the favourite of

1624-616: The municipality. The municipal church councils are part of a deanery and the deaneries are part of a diocese. Also in this reform, priests are now employed by the deaneries. 1755 Lisbon earthquake The 1755 Lisbon earthquake , also known as the Great Lisbon earthquake , impacted Portugal, the Iberian Peninsula , and Northwest Africa on the morning of Saturday, 1 November, Feast of All Saints , at around 09:40 local time. In combination with subsequent fires and

1680-641: The ocean floor along the Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault detected a 50-kilometre-long (31 mi) thrust fault southwest of Cape St. Vincent , with a dip-slip throw of more than 1 km (0.62 mi). This structure may have created the primary tectonic event. Economic historian Álvaro Pereira estimated that of Lisbon's population at the time of approximately 200,000 people, 30,000–40,000 were killed. Another 10,000 may have died in Morocco. A 2009 study of contemporary reports relating to

1736-472: The open space of the docks for safety and watched as the sea receded, revealing a plain of mud littered with lost cargo and shipwrecks. Approximately 40 minutes after the earthquake, a tsunami engulfed the harbor and downtown area, rushing up the Tagus river "so fast that several people riding on horseback ... were forced to gallop as fast as possible to the upper grounds for fear of being carried away." It

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1792-497: The priests' accounts, modern scientists were able to reconstruct the event from a scientific perspective. Without the questionnaire designed by the Marquis of Pombal, that would have been impossible. Because Pombal was the first to attempt an objective scientific description of the broad causes and consequences of an earthquake, he is regarded as a forerunner of modern seismological scientists. The 18th-century English Baroque composer Richard Carter composed and published an ode on

1848-424: The realm, presented his plans for the re-building of Lisbon. Maia presented four options from abandoning Lisbon to building a completely new city. The first, and cheapest, plan was to rebuild the old city using recycled materials. The second and third plans proposed widening certain streets. The fourth option boldly proposed razing the entire Baixa quarter and "laying out new streets without restraint". This last option

1904-406: The residential area of Vollen was expanded and this has continued into the 21st century. Tjølling Church ( Tjølling kirke ) was originally constructed as a medieval stone church in the 12th century. The church was hit by a fire in 1360 and was then rebuilt. An earthquake damaged the church in the 1750s. It has been speculated that it was the 1755 Lisbon earthquake , but it's more plausible that it

1960-461: The royal Ajuda Palace , which still stands on the site of the old tented camp. Like the king, the prime minister Sebastião de Melo (1st Marquis of Pombal) survived the earthquake. When asked what was to be done, Pombal reportedly replied "bury the dead and heal the living", and set about organizing relief and rehabilitation efforts. Firefighters were sent to extinguish the raging flames, and teams of workers and ordinary citizens were ordered to remove

2016-459: The silent opposition and resentment of King Joseph I began to rise, which would culminate with the attempted assassination of the king in 1758 and the subsequent elimination of the powerful Duke of Aveiro and the Távora family . In 1752, a Sebastianist predicted that a terrible earthquake would destroy Lisbon on All Saints' Day . After the 1755 Lisbon earthquake struck on All Saints' Day, there

2072-415: The site of post-excavation work conducted by the University of Oslo . Tjøllingvollen (or simply Vollen ) is located at the highest part of the outer raet . The village is the administrative centre of Tjølling. The village is a well developed rural area, with a grocery store, kindergarten, post office, primary and secondary school, health and elderly institutions, among others. During the 1960s and 1970s,

2128-407: The social disarray of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. The purpose of the institution was to provide shelter and schooling to children in need. The earthquake had wide-ranging effects on the lives of the populace and intelligentsia . The earthquake had struck on an important religious holiday and had destroyed almost every important church in the city, causing anxiety and confusion amongst the citizens of

2184-652: The subsequent fire. The new Lisbon opera house (the " Ópera do Tejo "), opened seven months before, burned to the ground. The Royal Ribeira Palace , which stood just beside the Tagus river in the modern square Praça do Comércio , was destroyed by the earthquake and tsunami. Inside, the 70,000-volume royal library as well as hundreds of works of art, including paintings by Titian , Rubens , and Correggio , were lost. The royal archives disappeared together with detailed historical records of explorations by Vasco da Gama and other early navigators. The palace of Henrique de Meneses, 3rd Marquis of Louriçal , which housed 18,000 books,

2240-657: The thousands of corpses before disease could spread. Contrary to custom and against the wishes of the Church, many corpses were loaded onto barges and buried at sea beyond the mouth of the Tagus. To prevent disorder in the ruined city, the Portuguese Army was deployed and gallows were constructed at high points around the city to deter looters; more than thirty people were publicly executed. The army prevented many able-bodied citizens from fleeing, pressing them into relief and reconstruction work. A project proposed that

2296-442: The towns of Larvik (population: 8,045) and Stavern (population: 2,538) to create a new, much larger Larvik Municipality with a population of 37,048 people. The municipality (originally the parish ) is named after an old name for the area ( Old Norse : Þjóðarlyng ) since the first Tjølling Church was built there. The first element is the genitive case of the word þjóð which means "crowd of people" or "assembly". This

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2352-707: The tsunami hit hard the coastal fortifications of both towns, in some cases going over it, and flooding the harbor area, were affected. In Spain, the tsunamis swept the Andalusian Atlantic Coast, damaging the city of Cadiz . Shocks from the earthquake were felt throughout Europe as far as Finland and in North Africa, and according to some sources even in Greenland and the Caribbean . Tsunamis as tall as 20 metres (66 ft) swept along

2408-523: Was a geographic and administrative area within the Church of Norway ( Den Norske Kirke ) roughly equivalent to a parish . This traditional designation was in use for centuries to divide the kingdom into ecclesiastical areas that were led by a parish priest. Prestegjelds began in the 1400s and were officially discontinued in 2012. Prior to the discontinuation of the prestegjeld , Norway was geographically divided into 11 dioceses ( bispedømme ). Each diocese

2464-465: Was a surge of converts to Sebastianism. The prime minister's response was not limited to the practicalities of reconstruction. He ordered a query sent to all parishes of the country regarding the earthquake and its effects. Questions included the following: The answers to those and other questions are still archived in the Torre do Tombo , the national historical archive. Studying and cross-referencing

2520-483: Was also destroyed. The earthquake damaged several major churches in Lisbon, namely Lisbon Cathedral , St Paul's Cathedral , Santa Catarina, São Vicente de Fora , and the Church of Nossa Senhora da Conceição Velha . The Royal Hospital of All Saints (the largest public hospital at the time) in the Rossio square was consumed by fire and hundreds of patients burned to death. The tomb of national hero Nuno Álvares Pereira

2576-401: Was also influenced by the devastation following the earthquake, whose severity he believed was due to too many people living within the close quarters of the city. Rousseau used the earthquake as an argument against cities as part of his desire for a more naturalistic way of life. Immanuel Kant published three separate texts in 1756 on the Lisbon earthquake. As a younger man, fascinated with

2632-464: Was also lost. Visitors to Lisbon may still walk the ruins of the Carmo Convent , which were preserved to remind Lisboners of the destruction. Most of the documentation of the 1722 Algarve earthquake sent to Lisbon for archiving became lost after the fire that followed the 1755 earthquake. The royal family escaped unharmed from the catastrophe: King Joseph I of Portugal and the court had left

2688-569: Was an earthquake in Kattegat in 1759 that caused the damages. It was rebuilt from 1762 to 1767 as a Romanesque church with interiors from different eras. The restoration in 1860 gave Tjølling church its present appearance. While it existed, this municipality was responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services , senior citizen services, unemployment , social services , zoning , economic development , and municipal roads . During its existence, this municipality

2744-592: Was chosen by the king and his minister. In less than a year, the city was cleared of debris. Keen to have a new and perfectly ordered city, the king commissioned the construction of big squares, rectilinear, large avenues and widened streets – the new mottos of Lisbon. The Pombaline buildings are among the earliest seismically protected constructions in Europe. Small wooden models were built for testing, and earthquakes were simulated by marching troops around them. Lisbon's "new" Lower Town, known today as

2800-400: Was followed by two more waves. Candles lit in homes and churches all around the city for All Saints' Day were knocked over, starting a fire that developed into a firestorm which burned for hours in the city, asphyxiating people up to 30 metres (98 ft) from the blaze. Lisbon was not the only Portuguese city affected by the catastrophe. Throughout the south of the country, in particular

2856-667: Was founded in 1888, and is located at Løveskogen Idrettspark. They operate also Tjøllinghallen, which is located in the same area. The club also has artificial turf pitches, a grass pitch, two peach pitches, and a clubhouse. The club has 27 association football teams, where nine of those are women's teams, and 18 are men's teams. They also have 18 children's teams, six youth teams, three adult teams, and 23 coaches. The sports association has other activities as well, like "allis" for kids between 2–7 years old, and activities for former members. There's also Tjøllingmila and Vestfold Maraton, which they arrange. Prestegjeld A prestegjeld

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2912-425: Was further divided into deaneries ( prosti ). Each of those deaneries were divided into several parishes ( prestegjeld ). Each parish was made up of one or more sub-parishes or congregations ( sogn or sokn ). Within a prestegjeld , there were usually one or more clerical positions ( chaplains ) serving under the administration of a head minister ( sogneprest or sokneprest ). In 1838, the formannskapsdistrikt law

2968-439: Was governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor was indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council. The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Tjølling was made up of representatives that were elected to four year terms. The tables below show the historical composition of the council by political party . The mayors ( Norwegian : ordfører ) of Tjølling: Tjølling includes

3024-438: Was passed in Norway and it created civil municipalities that corresponded to the same borders as the ecclesiastical prestegjelds . Prior to that time there was no local government in Norway apart from the church's parishes. Today's municipalities have changed some, but their roots are all based on the prestegjeld. Historically, the government employed all the priests working in all of the prestegjelds across Norway. In 1989,

3080-519: Was the third known large-scale earthquake to hit the city (following those of 1332 and 1531 ). Estimates place the death toll in Lisbon around 30,000–40,000. A further 10,000 may have died in Morocco. The earthquake accentuated political tensions in Portugal and profoundly disrupted the Portuguese Empire . The event was widely discussed and dwelt upon by European Enlightenment philosophers , and inspired major developments in theodicy . As

3136-428: Was washed away. At Kinsale , several vessels were whirled round in the harbor, and water poured into the marketplace. In 2015, it was determined that the tsunami waves may have reached the coast of Brazil, then a colony of Portugal. Letters sent by Brazilian authorities at the time of the earthquake describe damage and destruction caused by gigantic waves. Although seismologists and geologists have always agreed that

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