24-407: 16, see text Trachypithecus (derived from Greek τραχύς , trachýs meaning "rough" and πίθηκος , píthekos meaning "monkey") is a genus of Old World monkeys containing species known as lutungs , langurs , or leaf monkeys . Their range is much of Southeast Asia (northeast India , Vietnam , southern China , Borneo , Thailand , Java , and Bali ). The name "lutung" comes from
48-527: A little over 3 million years ago, during the late Pliocene . The various species alive today then diverged during the Pleistocene , presumably driven by habitat changes during the Ice Ages . The oldest fossils clearly identified as belonging to the genus date from the middle Pleistocene of Vietnam and Laos ; later fossils are also known from Thailand, Java, and Sumatra. The closest living relatives of
72-651: A new species, Popa langur ( T. popa ), which is found only in Myanmar. Lastly, the White-headed langur ( T. leucocephalus ), previously thought to be a subspecies of the Francois langur ( T. Francois ) or Cat Ba langur ( T. poliocephalus ), is currently recognized as a distinct species by IUCN Red List assessors and the American Society of Mammalogists , based on a 2007 paper by Groves. This leaves
96-457: A sister group of Old World monkeys in the catarrhines , which are a sister group of New World monkeys. Therefore, cladistically , apes, catarrhines and related contemporary extinct groups, such as Parapithecidae , are monkeys as well, for any consistent definition of "monkey". "Old World monkey" may also legitimately be taken to be meant to include all the catarrhines, including apes and extinct species such as Aegyptopithecus , in which case
120-416: A tubular ectotympanic (ear bone), and eight, not twelve, premolars in catarrhines, giving them a dental formula of: 2.1.2.3 2.1.2.3 Several Old World monkeys have anatomical oddities. For example, the colobus monkeys have stubs for thumbs to assist with their arboreal movement, the proboscis monkey has an extraordinary nose, while the snub-nosed monkeys have almost no nose at all. The penis of
144-558: A water source. Gestation in the Old World monkeys lasts between five and seven months. Births are usually single, although, as with humans, twins occur occasionally. The young are born relatively well-developed, and are able to cling onto their mother's fur with their hands from birth. Compared with most other mammals, they take a long time to reach sexual maturity, with four to six years being typical of most species. In most species, daughters remain with their mothers for life, so that
168-650: Is the talapoin , with a head and body 34–37 centimetres (13–15 in) in length, and weighing between 0.7 and 1.3 kilograms (1.5 and 2.9 lb). The largest is the male mandrill, around 70 centimetres (28 in) in length, and weighing up to 50 kilograms (110 lb) Old World monkeys have a variety of facial features; some have snouts , some are flat-nosed, and many exhibit coloration. Most have tails, but they are not prehensile . Old World monkeys are native to Africa and Asia today, inhabiting numerous environments: tropical rain forests , savannas , shrublands , and mountainous terrain. They inhabited much of Europe in
192-675: The Barbary macaques of Gibraltar . Most Old World monkeys are at least partially omnivorous , but all prefer plant matter, which forms the bulk of their diet. Leaf monkeys are the most vegetarian, subsisting primarily on leaves, and eating only a small number of insects, while the other species are highly opportunistic, primarily eating fruit, but also consuming almost any food items available, such as flowers, leaves, bulbs and rhizomes , insects, snails, and even small vertebrates. The Barbary macaque 's diet consists mostly of leaves and roots, though it will also eat insects and uses cedar trees as
216-647: The Cercopithecinae , which are mainly African, but include the diverse genus of macaques , which are Asian and North African, and the Colobinae , which includes most of the Asian genera, but also the African colobus monkeys. The Linnaean classification beginning with the superfamily is: The distinction between apes and monkeys is complicated by the traditional paraphyly of monkeys : Apes emerged as
240-591: The Japanese macaque . Most species are omnivorous , with diets ranging from fruits, leaves, seeds, buds, and mushrooms to insects, spiders, and smaller vertebrates. All species possess cheek pouches in which they can store food. Gestation lasts around six to seven months. Young are weaned after three to 12 months and are fully mature within three to five years. The life expectancy of some species can be as long as 50 years. The Cercopithinae are often split into two tribes , Cercopithecini and Papionini , as shown in
264-559: The Sundanese language meaning "blackness", ultimately from Proto-Austronesian * luCuŋ (which originally referred to the Formosan rock macaque ); it is preferred in one paper because the authors wanted the name langurs to only refer to monkeys in the genus Semnopithecus , although some "lutungs" are now "langurs" again. Genetic analysis indicates that the ancestors of the modern species of lutung first differentiated from one another
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#1732787310247288-439: The colobus monkeys , to fully terrestrial forms, such as the baboons. The smallest is the talapoin , with a head and body 34–37 cm in length, and weighing between 0.7 and 1.3 kilograms, while the largest is the male mandrill (the females of the species being significantly smaller), at around 70 cm in length, and weighing up to 50 kilograms. Most Old World monkeys have tails (the family name means "tailed ape"), unlike
312-680: The family Cercopithecidae ( / ˌ s ɜːr k oʊ p ɪ ˈ θ ɛ s ɪ d iː / ). Twenty-four genera and 138 species are recognized, making it the largest primate family. Old World monkey genera include baboons (genus Papio ), red colobus (genus Piliocolobus ), and macaques (genus Macaca ). Common names for other Old World monkeys include the talapoin , guenon , colobus , douc (douc langur, genus Pygathrix ), vervet , gelada , mangabey (a group of genera), langur , mandrill , drill , surili ( Presbytis ), patas , and proboscis monkey . Phylogenetically, they are more closely related to apes than to New World monkeys , with
336-849: The Nilgiri langur) have been moved the genus Semnopithecus based on DNA and other evidence. In 2008, Roos et al. described the Malay Peninsula form of the silvery lutung as a separate subspecies and subsequently it has been elevated to a separate species within the T. cristatus group as the Selangor silvered langur , T. selangorensis . Roos et al. also elevated the West Javan Langur , Trachypithecus mauritius , and Annamese Langur , Trachypithecus margarita , to species status (formerly subspecies of T. auratus and T. germaini , respectively). In 2020, Roos et al. discovered
360-532: The Old World monkeys and apes diverging from a common ancestor between 25 million and 30 million years ago. This clade , containing the Old World monkeys and the apes, diverged from a common ancestor with the New World monkeys around 45 to 55 million years ago. The individual species of Old World monkey are more closely related to each other than to apes or any other grouping, with a common ancestor around 14 million years ago. The smallest Old World monkey
384-593: The apes, Cercopithecoidea and Aegyptopithecus as well as (under an even more expanded definition) even the Platyrrhini emerged within the Old World monkeys. Historically, monkeys from the "Old World" (Afro-Arabia), somehow drifted to the "New World" some 40 million years ago, forming the "New World monkeys" (platyrrhines). Apes would emerge later within the Afro-Arabia group. Old World monkeys are medium to large in size, and range from arboreal forms, such as
408-523: The availability of food and other resources. Cercopithecinae The Cercopithecinae are a subfamily of the Old World monkeys , which comprises roughly 71 species, including the baboons , the macaques , and the vervet monkeys . Most cercopithecine monkeys are limited to sub-Saharan Africa , although the macaques range from the far eastern parts of Asia through northern Africa , as well as on Gibraltar . The various species are adapted to
432-415: The basic social group among Old World monkeys is a matrilineal troop. Males leave the group on reaching adolescence, and find a new troop to join. In many species, only a single adult male lives with each group, driving off all rivals, but others are more tolerant, establishing hierarchical relationships between dominant and subordinate males. Group sizes are highly variable, even within species, depending on
456-1139: The current understanding of the genus Trachypithecus to be: [REDACTED] Unknown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Unknown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] 30–35 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] 240–250 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Unknown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Unknown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] 2,000–2,100 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] 6,000–6,500 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Unknown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Unknown [REDACTED] Unknown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] 2,400–2,500 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Unknown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Unknown [REDACTED] 130–180 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Unknown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Unknown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Unknown [REDACTED] Unknown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Unknown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Old World monkey Cercopithecinae – 13 genera Colobinae – 10 genera sister: Hominoidea Old World monkeys are primates in
480-555: The different terrains they inhabit. Arboreal species are slim, delicate, and have a long tail, while terrestrial species are stockier and their tails can be small or completely nonexistent. All species have well-developed thumbs. Some species have ischial callosities on their rump, which can change their colour during their mating periods. These monkeys are diurnal and live together in social groups. They live in all types of terrain and climate, from rain forests, savannah , and bald rocky areas, to cool or even snowy mountains, such as
504-451: The lutungs are probably either the gray langurs or the surilis, although the exact relationships remain unclear, possibly due to hybridisation between these genera during the course of their recent evolutionary history. As of 2005, the authors of Mammal Species of the World recognize the following Trachypithecus species: Since then, the T. vetulus group (the purple-faced langur and
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#1732787310247528-535: The male mandrill is crimson and the scrotum is lilac ; the face is also brightly colored. The coloration is more pronounced in dominant males. The Old World monkeys are native to Africa and Asia today, inhabiting numerous environments: tropical rain forests , savannas , shrublands , and mountainous terrain. They inhabited much of Europe during the Neogene period; today the only survivors in Europe are
552-653: The past; today, the only survivors in Europe are the Barbary macaques of Gibraltar . Whether they were native to Gibraltar or were brought by humans is unknown. Some Old World monkeys are arboreal , such as the colobus monkeys; others are terrestrial , such as the baboons . Most are at least partially omnivorous , but all prefer plant matter, which forms the bulk of their diets. Most are highly opportunistic, primarily eating fruit, but also consuming almost any food item available, such as flowers, leaves, bulbs and rhizomes , insects, snails, small mammals, and garbage and handouts from humans. Two subfamilies are recognized,
576-549: The tailless apes. The tails of Old World monkeys are not prehensile , unlike those of the New World monkeys (platyrrhines). The distinction of catarrhines from platyrrhines depends on the structure of the rhinarium , and the distinction of Old World monkeys from apes depends on dentition (the number of teeth is the same in both, but they are shaped differently). In platyrrhines, the nostrils face sideways, while in catarrhines, they face downward. Other distinctions include both
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