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62-399: The name of this municipality means "Drechsler-Wald" (" Woodturner -Forest) and was first mentioned in 1131 as Trahselwalt . The village around Trachselwald Castle first belonged to the barons of Trachselwald, then to the barons of Rüti bei Lyssach , and then finally to the barons of Sumiswald until the sovereignty over the village was sold to the city of Bern in 1408. The castle became

124-512: A catch , where the tool bites suddenly and aggressively into the wood in an uncontrolled manner. These risky practices can exert extremely large forces upon the wood, the tool, the lathe, and the operator. The wood could fracture or tear free from the lathe. In lathe accidents, tools are often torn from the operator's hand and thrown in unexpected directions. Particular care is required for wooden shapes that are not circular, such as off-center work, and for bowls with wings or square rims. Portions of

186-404: A clean cut because the wood passes at great speed. Sharpening is usually accomplished with the aid of mechanical devices such as powered sharpening wheels and abrasives. This sharpening process requires either skill of the craftsman, or one of the many available sharpening jigs, which facilitate maintaining a specific bevel on the tool. As with any mechanical sharpening method, overheating or blueing

248-464: A collection in Philadelphia with over 1,000 objects from international artists as well as a research library and gallery. Other turners have chosen an artisan-based focus on traditional work, custom work, and the pleasure of studio practice. Complex forms made on a wood lathe develop from surprisingly few types of cuts: parting, planing, bead, cove, and hollowing. Parting separates the wood from

310-552: A cup, collet, or scroll chuck to hold a tenon on the workpiece which will be removed in the finished product. The wood can also be screwed or glued to a faceplate—a strong disk that is threaded to mount on the headstock's spindle. The use of a chuck or faceplate allows the woodturner to forego tailstock support for the rotating wood. This type of secure holding system is essential for hollowing bowls or hollow forms. Turning tools are generally made from carbon steel , high-speed steel (HSS), and more recently tungsten carbide . Comparing

372-471: A separate flywheel powered a lathe via a drive belt. A master would cut the wood while an apprentice turned the crank on a huge wheel, often several feet in diameter. This was a continuous revolution lathe, which led to adaptation to external power sources such as water, steam, and electricity. This lathe evolved into the 'queen of machine tools' which made it possible to turn parts for other machinery. The Holtzapffels developed ornamental turning lathes from

434-460: A total of 355 apartments (87.7% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 26 apartments (6.4%) were seasonally occupied and 24 apartments (5.9%) were empty. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2013, was 2.2%. In 2012, single family homes made up 31.5% of the total housing in the municipality. The historical population is given in the following chart: As of  2011, Trachselwald had an unemployment rate of 1.37%. As of 2011, there were

496-456: A total of 370 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 197 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 72 businesses involved in this sector. The secondary sector employs 46 people and there were 12 businesses in this sector. The tertiary sector employs 128 people, with 32 businesses in this sector. There were 563 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 38.4% of

558-457: A useful holding device for carving, burning, texturing, coloring, and finishing the form. The wood rotates between the headstock of the lathe which includes the drive mechanism and the tailstock support, which only rotates if its center is 'live' or supported by a rotating holding device. The headstock end may use points or spurs which are driven into the wood. This type of turning is described as 'between centers.' The headstock spindle may also use

620-454: Is a danger to be avoided as it will ruin the steel's temper, rendering the steel too soft to maintain a sharp edge. When this happens, the blued area must then be ground away to expose fresh steel and the tool must then have the bevel reestablished and the edge re-honed. High-speed steel is not prone to blueing (overheating) whereas carbon steel blues easily, requiring frequent quenching in water or oil to avoid losing temper. When woodturning, it

682-503: Is an important activity in promoting economic growth and development . Nations that export manufactured products tend to generate higher marginal GDP growth, which supports higher incomes and therefore marginal tax revenue needed to fund such government expenditures as health care and infrastructure . Among developed countries , it is an important source of well-paying jobs for the middle class (e.g., engineering) to facilitate greater social mobility for successive generations on

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744-463: Is capable of excellent results in skilled hands. For example, reciprocating bow lathes are still used to turn beads for the Arabian lattice windows called Meshrebeeyeh that so charmed Holtzapffel in the 1880s. Continuous revolution of the workpiece can be human-powered with a treadle wheel, or achieved with water, steam, or electric power. The style of cutting does not have the pause required by

806-416: Is important to wear certain personal protective equipment (PPE). When working with spinning objects, loose clothing should not be worn; all jewelry should be removed; and long hair should be tied back. Since loose rags may also transfer color to the piece, paper towels should be used to avoid snags and accidents. Wood shavings generated during turning will need to be periodically removed. A good way to check

868-421: Is known as a turner , and the skills needed to use the tools were traditionally known as turnery . In pre-industrial England, these skills were sufficiently difficult to be known as "the mysteries of the turners' guild." The skills to use the tools by hand, without a fixed point of contact with the wood, distinguish woodturning and the wood lathe from the machinist's lathe, or metal-working lathe . Items made on

930-411: Is settled (buildings or roads), 0.06 km (15 acres) or 0.4% is either rivers or lakes and 0.03 km (7.4 acres) or 0.2% is unproductive land. From the same survey, housing and buildings made up 3.0% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.4%. A total of 34.1% of the total land area is heavily forested and 4.2% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 7.9%

992-528: Is shared between Lützelflüh and Trachselwald municipalities. The baroque church in the village was designed by Abraham Dünz in 1685. The oldest parts of the castle were built in the 12th century; nowadays it is the governor's seat of the district of Trachselwald. A Zither culture museum, which was founded in 1999 and first located in Konolfingen has been in Trachselwald since March 2003. In

1054-518: Is used for growing crops and 46.8% is pasturage, while 1.7% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. The municipality is located in the Emmental . It consists of the northern half of the village of Trachselwald, while the southern half is in Lützelflüh municipality. On 31 December 2009 Amtsbezirk Trachselwald, the municipality's former district,

1116-705: The 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 47.4% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (17.6%), the Social Democratic Party (SP) (9.9%) and the Green Party (6.3%). In the federal election, a total of 384 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 47.4%. From the 2000 census, 975 or 88.6% belonged to

1178-653: The Mary Rose , or sites like the Oseberg burial ship (where the burial was capped by a clay mound), deep wells and other water-logged sites (such as buried pits or ditches). Examples of the latter include 7th century bowls from the island monastery of Iona off western Scotland. Much of this ware was turned from green wood on a spring pole lathe . Finely crafted drinking bowls, known as mazers , were produced in very limited quantities from dry wood, then decorated with silver-gilt central bosses and rims. As early as 1568,

1240-489: The Swiss Reformed Church , while 25 or 2.3% were Roman Catholic . Of the rest of the population, there was 1 member of an Orthodox church , and there were 35 individuals (or about 3.18% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 3 (or about 0.27% of the population) who were Muslim . There was 1 person who was Buddhist and 4 individuals who were Hindu . 31 (or about 2.82% of

1302-540: The sheriffhood . In 1574 the village was destroyed by a fire. During the Swiss Peasants' War , on 3 April 1653, there was a gathering in the inn Tanne , which became the first public appearance of the peasants' leader Niklaus Leuenberger , who was executed in Trachselwald Castle on August 27 of the same year. The village church was first mentioned in 1275 and was destroyed in the 1574 fire. It

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1364-505: The 2012–13 school year, there were a total of 95 students attending classes in Trachselwald. There were a total of 19 students in the German language kindergarten classes in the municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 10.5% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 5.3% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality's primary school had 55 students in German language classes. Of

1426-508: The DIY variety, including numerous YouTube videos. The archaeological record of woodturning is limited to illustrations because wood is a fiber prone to rot. Egyptian monuments illustrate a strap used by a helper to rotate the lathe while another worker cut the wood. Early bow lathes and strap lathes were developed and used in Egypt and Rome. The Chinese, Persians, and Arabs had their variations of

1488-519: The U.S., preserved many of the traditional skills of the craft. Between 1975 and 1985, industrial arts teachers, hobbyists, artists, collectors, and tool suppliers developed the symposium format for the exchange of information about the craft. This community was a kind of prototype for the artisan-based maker culture active in the 21st century. The community organizes regional, national, and international symposiums publish journals, and hosts traveling experts at club events. Most publications and DVDs are of

1550-536: The bow lathe. Early lathe workers would sometimes use their bare feet to hold cutting tools in place while using their hands to power the lathe. Bow lathes continue in use right up to the present day, and much of our information about them comes from watching turners use them. Between 500 and 1500 A.D., turned wooden vessels served as the everyday bowls and cups of most of the population of Europe. Our knowledge of these humble vessels comes from examples preserved in anaerobic environments . These include shipwrecks, such as

1612-468: The census, 60.5% were Swiss men, 32.1% were Swiss women, 7.4% were non-Swiss men. The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten , followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship . During

1674-570: The continuous revolution lathe combined with metal-working innovations like the automatic slide rest. These lathes worked from geared patterns to cut designs in hardwoods such as ebony . They were favored as a hobby by European princes, meriting a mention by Tolstoy in War and Peace (1869). Woodturners in London organized into a guild as early as 1310 on Wood Street. By 1347, the Turners Company

1736-414: The cutting edge, generating a thin shaving without chipping or tearing out sections of the wood. Woodturners prefer to use very clean cuts to minimize the time spent with abrasives. When it is necessary to sand the piece, they do so on the lathe, using abrasives held by a hand, in an inertial sander that revolves with the wood's rotation, or with power tools—drills or right-angle drills. The lathe also becomes

1798-490: The economy. Currently, an estimated 20% of the labor force in the United States is involved in the secondary industry. The secondary sector depends on the primary sector for the raw materials necessary for production. Countries that primarily produce agricultural and other raw materials (i.e., primary sector ) tend to grow slowly and remain either under-developed or developing economies . The value added through

1860-426: The grain runs lengthwise along the lathe bed, as if a log were mounted in the lathe. Grain is thus always perpendicular to the direction of rotation under the tool. In bowl turning, the grain runs at right angles to the axis, as if a plank were mounted across the chuck. When a bowl blank rotates, the angle that the grain makes with the cutting tool continually changes between the easy cuts to two places per rotation where

1922-430: The grain. These variable changes may add the illusion of an oval bowl, or draw attention to the features of the wood. Dry wood is necessary for turnings that require precision, as in the fit of a lid to a box, or in forms where pieces are glued together. The character of the wood creates other challenges for the woodturner. Turners of hardwoods and ivory select different tools than those used for cutting softwoods. Voids in

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1984-427: The holding device or establishes depth cuts. Planning is done with a tool in which the bevel below the cutting edge supports wood fibers, just as in a typical wood planer. Beads are a convex shape relative to the cylinder, and coves are concave shape. Hollowing techniques are a combination of drilling and scooping out materials. The woodturner is at liberty to choose from a variety of tools for all of these techniques, and

2046-612: The increasingly sculptural explorations of woodturners. Unusually, woodturning never established a strong foothold in university departments of art and design. Instead, practitioners of the craft have become adept at learning from demonstrations, private classes, regional meetings, their own published journals, and internet technologies. Some artists began as woodturners, and moved into more sculptural work, experimenting with super object forms and other fine craft concepts. The Center for Art in Wood, founded in 1986 as The Wood Turning Center, houses

2108-483: The last of the apprentice-trained woodturners. A few years later, Canadian Stephen Hogbin spent a year in Australia, pushing the limits of the craft through changes in scale and design. Industrial arts teachers used their institutional affiliation to create seminars, publish books, and foster research. The tool industry identified a new market for lathes and turning tools. A small group of serious collectors invested in

2170-502: The lathe include tool handles, candlesticks , egg cups , knobs, lamps , rolling pins , cylindrical boxes, Christmas ornaments , bodkins, knitting needles, needle cases, thimbles , pens , chessmen , spinning tops ; legs, spindles, and pegs for furniture; balusters and newel posts for architecture ; baseball bats, hollow forms such as woodwind musical instruments, urns , sculptures; bowls, platters, and chair seats. Industrial production has replaced many of these products from

2232-553: The making of prototypes and shapes for casting molds used in foundries during the 19th and 20th centuries. They worked very slowly to achieve precision, using enormous pattern maker lathes and slow-cutting scraping tools. Woodturning has always had a strong hobbyist presence. In the 1970s, an explosion of interest in hobby woodturning in the English-speaking world sparked a revival in the craft. Dr. Dale Nish traveled to England to recruit teachers, tools, and techniques from

2294-398: The municipality for every one entering. A total of 245 workers (83.3% of the 294 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Trachselwald. Of the working population, 7.1% used public transportation to get to work, and 52.8% used a private car. In 2013 the average church, local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Trachselwald making 150,000 CHF

2356-413: The municipality, while 10 students came from another municipality. During the same year, 71 residents attended schools outside the municipality. Woodturner Woodturning is the craft of using a wood lathe with hand-held tools to cut a shape that is symmetrical around the axis of rotation. Like the potter's wheel , the wood lathe is a mechanism that can generate a variety of forms. The operator

2418-637: The output of the primary sector (i.e. raw materials like metals, wood) and creates finished goods suitable for sale to domestic businesses or consumers and for export (via distribution through the tertiary sector ). Many of these industries consume large quantities of energy, require factories and use machinery; they are often classified as light or heavy based on such quantities. This also produces waste materials and waste heat that may cause environmental problems or pollution (see negative externalities ). Examples include textile production , car manufacturing , and handicraft . Manufacturing

2480-482: The over 75,000 CHF group in Trachselwald was 104,066 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 136,785 CHF. In 2011 a total of 3.0% of the population received direct financial assistance from the government. The village church and Trachselwald Castle are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance . The entire village of Trachselwald is part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites , though it

2542-401: The population changed at a rate of -4.1%. Migration accounted for -2.0%, while births and deaths accounted for 0.8%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (1,086 or 98.7%) as their first language, French and Italian both have only 2 speakers in the municipality. As of 2013, the population was 52.0% male and 48.0% female. The population was made up of 488 Swiss men (49.8% of

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2604-518: The population) and 21 (2.1%) non-Swiss men. There were 454 Swiss women (46.4%) and 16 (1.6%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 521 or about 47.4% were born in Trachselwald and lived there in 2000. There were 436 or 39.6% who were born in the same canton, while 91 or 8.3% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 26 or 2.4% were born outside of Switzerland. As of 2012, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 23.3% of

2666-427: The population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist , and 25 individuals (or about 2.27% of the population) did not answer the question. In Trachselwald about 57.7% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education , and 13.9% have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule ). Of the 81 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in

2728-419: The population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 58.6% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 18.1%. As of 2000, there were 498 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 500 married individuals, 67 widows or widowers and 35 individuals who are divorced. As of 2010, there were 99 households that consist of only one person and 48 households with five or more people. In 2000,

2790-438: The primary students, 7.3% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 1.8% have a different mother language than the classroom language. During the same year, the lower secondary schools in neighboring municipalities had a total of 21 students from Trachselwald. As of  2000, there were a total of 128 students attending any school in the municipality. Of those, 118 both lived and attended school in

2852-399: The quality of the cuts improves with practice wielding the tool selected. Turners rely upon three points of contact making any type of cut: the tool presses down on the tool rest, and against the woodturner's body before contacting the surface of the wood, most often with a bevel edge riding the surface of the wood. The objective is to position the tool correctly so that the wood comes around to

2914-433: The reciprocating lathe's rotation. Even with continuous revolution, however, the turner controls the contact of tools and wood entirely by hand. The cutters are not fixed, nor advanced automatically, as with the metal-working lathe. The nature of wood defines woodturning techniques. The orientation of the wood grain, relative to the axis of the lathe, affects the tools and techniques used by the woodturner. In spindle turning,

2976-452: The repair of motor vehicles, 1 was in the movement and storage of goods, 10 or 11.6% were in a hotel or restaurant, 1 was the insurance or financial industry, 1 was a technical professional or scientist, 9 or 10.5% were in education and 11 or 12.8% were in health care. In 2000, there were 49 workers who commuted into the municipality and 318 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 6.5 workers leaving

3038-419: The safety before starting the lathe is ' SAFER' : Safe usage of a lathe also depends on the operator's choice of proper techniques for the lathe, tools, and wood. For example, using a high spindle speed with an unbalanced wooden blank may cause the lathe to vibrate dangerously. Spinning a large turning blank too quickly may cause it to explode. Inappropriate use of tools such as gouges and skew chisels can cause

3100-540: The source of wood for turning furniture parts. In the 19th and early 20th century, woodturners in England worked in Turning Shops, usually within the master-apprentice system. In Germany and Russia, woodturning was concentrated in villages that had a specialty, such as turning toys. Bow lathes and pole lathes continued in use for decentralized, one-man production of architectural elements and bowls in many parts of

3162-499: The tactile and visual qualities of wood. Wood lathes work with either reciprocating or continuous revolution. The reciprocating lathe is powered by a bow or a spring, rotating the wood first in one direction, and then in the other. The turner cuts on just one side of the rotation, as with the pole lathe . The reciprocating lathe may be human-powered with a bow, as well as with spring mechanisms. The reciprocating lathe, while primitive technology requiring considerable dexterity to operate,

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3224-695: The three types, high-speed steel tools maintain their edge longer, requiring less frequent sharpening than carbon steel, but not as long as tungsten carbide. Tungsten carbide tools typically consist of scraping tools with the disposable carbide insert attached to the tool. The harder the type of high-speed steel used, the longer the edge will maintain sharpness. Tungsten carbide inserts are generally thought of as disposable, but they can be sharpened with diamond abrasives . Modern cutting and scraping tools can also be coated with titanium nitride to improve wear characteristics. Woodturning tools must be sharpened more frequently than other edged woodworking tools to maintain

3286-426: The tool is cutting across the grain and even upwards across it. This varying grain angle limits some of the tools that may be used and require additional skill from the turner. Moisture content affects both the ease of cutting wood and the final shape of the work when it dries. Wetter wood cuts easily with a continuous ribbon of relatively dust-free shavings. However, the wet wood moves as it dries. shrinking less along

3348-655: The traditional turning shop. However, the wood lathe is still used for decentralized production of limited or custom turnings. A skilled turner can produce a wide variety of objects with five or six simple tools. The tools can be reshaped easily for the task at hand. In many parts of the world, the lathe has been a portable tool that goes to the source of the wood or adapts to temporary workspaces. 21st-century turners restore furniture, continue folk-art traditions, produce custom architectural work, and create fine crafts for galleries. Woodturning appeals to people who like to work with their hands, find pleasure in problem-solving, or enjoy

3410-463: The turning extend farther from the axis of rotation and are sometimes more difficult to see than the bulk of the wooden blank. Secondary sector of the economy In macroeconomics , the secondary sector of the economy is an economic sector in the three-sector theory that describes the role of manufacturing . It encompasses industries that produce a finished, usable product or are involved in construction . This sector generally takes

3472-401: The wood require higher lathe speeds, fillers, or extra safety precautions. Although other woodworkers value tight, straight grain, woodturners often search out the unusual wood from roots, defects, or diseased portions of trees. The craft of woodturning is preserved and advanced by a community of practitioners. Until the 1970s, an apprentice system in the U.K., and Industrial Arts education in

3534-422: The workforce. In 2008 there were a total of 237 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 115, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 36 of which 24 or (66.7%) were in manufacturing and 12 (33.3%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 86. In the tertiary sector; 34 or 39.5% were in wholesale or retail sales or

3596-450: The world. In the US, woodturning was part of the curriculum of industrial arts taught in public schools—often a prerequisite for classes in building furniture. The 'problems' from textbooks included both tool management skills, and assignments to turn objects such as gavels, darning eggs, boxes, trays, candlesticks, lamps, and legs for furniture. Woodturning skills were used by patternmakers in

3658-439: Was 12.2%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 18.8%. For comparison, the median rate for all municipalities in the entire canton was 11.7% and 18.1%, while the nationwide median was 10.6% and 17.4% respectively. In 2011 there were a total of 336 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 73 made over 75,000 CHF per year. The greatest number of workers, 74, made between 40,000 and 50,000 CHF per year. The average income of

3720-530: Was assigned responsibility for regulating weights and measures by the Mayor. By 1591, they built their own Hall. The Company governed the apprentice system and established pricing for goods. In 1604, they were incorporated as the Worshipful Company of Turners of London. Outside of London, the craft was decentralized and unregulated. Itinerant turners known as Bodgers set up temporary pole lathes near

3782-418: Was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Verwaltungskreis Emmental. The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules a Fir Tree Vert trunked and eradicated Or and in chief dexter a Mullet of the same. Trachselwald has a population (as of December 2020) of 954. As of 2012, 3.7% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Between the last 2 years (2010-2012)

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3844-432: Was rebuilt in 1668. The bell tower was first added in 1464 and was rebuilt to its current appearance in 1786. Trachselwald has an area of 15.96 km (6.16 sq mi). As of the 2006 survey, a total of 9.03 km (3.49 sq mi) or 56.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 6.12 km (2.36 sq mi) or 38.3% is forested. Of rest of the municipality 0.73 km (0.28 sq mi) or 4.6%

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