47-447: Trafford Training Centre (usually referred to by the synecdoche of Carrington ) is the training ground and academy headquarters of English football club Manchester United . It is near the village of Carrington, Greater Manchester , England , and replaced The Cliff as the club's training ground in 2000. Construction on the complex began in 1999, the main building was opened and the first team moved in in 2000, followed in 2002 by
94-611: A "warm-up" period reduces game delays after power outages). They have replaced many metal halide floodlights. Halogen and electrodeless induction floodlights also exist. The first LED lit sports field in the United Kingdom was switched on at Taunton Vale Sports Club on 6 September 2014. In the top tiers of many professional sports , it is a requirement for stadiums to have floodlights to allow games to be scheduled outside daylight hours. Evening or night matches may suit spectators who have work or other commitments earlier in
141-529: A floodlit match against Notts Rangers at the Gregory Ground , Lenton, Nottingham on 25 March 1889. This match was illuminated by 14 Wells Lights which was a portable illumation system powered by paraffin Each light had 4,000 candlepower . These lights were placed around the ground and 'illuminated the playing arena well enough for the spectators to follow most, if not all, the points of play' according to
188-545: A friendly match in Paris against RC Paris under floodlights. The floodlights were fixed to overhead wires strung above and across the pitch. A fresh white coloured ball was introduced after about every 20 minutes and the goalposts were painted yellow. In the 1930s, Herbert Chapman installed lights into the new West Stand at Highbury but the Football League refused to sanction their use. This situation lasted until
235-404: A part of something to refer to the entirety. An example of this is saying "I need a hand" with a project, but needing the entire person. A macrocosm is the opposite, using the name of the entire structure of something to refer to a small part. An example of this is saying "the world" while referring to a certain country or part of the planet. The figure of speech is divided into the image (what
282-569: A synthetic AstroTurf surface, a full-size outdoor football pitch with heated and floodlit AstroTurf surface (built to specifications of the pitch at Old Trafford), 11 dressing rooms for; youth teams, coaches and referees, coaches briefing rooms, kit/boot room, player treatment facility and physio's office. The first floor includes; indoor viewing balcony overlooking indoor pitch, outdoor viewing balcony overlooking outdoor pitches, visitors and parents lounge, staff training rooms and an MUTV television studio . Manchester United Soccer Schools also use
329-563: A template for every county and club ground in the country". Bramall Lane was the first stadium to host floodlit association football matches, dating as far back as 1878, when there were experimental matches at the Sheffield stadium during the dark winter afternoons. With no national grid , lights were powered by batteries and dynamoes , and were unreliable. Blackburn and Darwen also hosted floodlit matches in 1878, and in October of
376-519: A term to denote one thing to refer to a related thing. Synecdoche (and thus metonymy) is distinct from metaphor , although in the past, it was considered a sub-species of metaphor, intending metaphor as a type of conceptual substitution (as Quintilian does in Institutio oratoria Book VIII). In Lanham's Handlist of Rhetorical Terms , the three terms possess somewhat restrictive definitions in tune with their etymologies from Greek: Synecdoche
423-417: A very high lumen to watt ratio (typically 80–140 lumens/Watt), making them a cost-effective choice when certain lux levels must be provided. These have been replaced by LED floodlights. LED floodlights are bright enough to be used for illumination purposes on large sport fields. The main advantages of LEDs in this application are their lower power consumption, longer life, and instant start-up (the lack of
470-542: A vision to transform it into a world-class sports training facility. Construction began in 1999, with a budget of £22 million, of which £14 million was spent on the Main Building (first team) which opened in the summer of 2000, and a further £8 million spent on the Academy Facility, opening in the summer of 2002. A new £25 million medical and sports science facility was constructed on
517-480: Is being held during low-light conditions . More focused kinds are often used as a stage lighting instrument in live performances such as concerts and plays . Floodlights may also be used to add effects to buildings at night, called architectural illumination . The most common type of floodlight was the metal-halide lamp , which emits a bright white light (typically 75–100 lumens/Watt). Sodium-vapor lamps are also commonly used for sporting events, as they have
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#1732764755095564-607: Is also popular in advertising. Since synecdoche uses a part to represent a whole, its use requires the audience to make associations and "fill in the gaps", engaging with the ad by thinking about the product. Moreover, catching the attention of an audience with advertising is often referred to by advertisers with the synecdoche "getting eyeballs". Synecdoche is common in spoken English, especially in reference to sports. The names of cities are used as shorthand for their sports teams to describe events and their outcomes, such as "Denver won Monday's game," while accuracy would require specifying
611-409: Is often used as a type of personification by attaching a human aspect to a nonhuman thing. It is used in reference to political relations, including "having a footing", to mean a country or organization is in a position to act, or "the wrong hands", to describe opposing groups, usually in the context of military power. The two main types of synecdoche are microcosm and macrocosm . A microcosm uses
658-765: Is related to macrocosm as part to the whole, and either the whole can represent the part or the part can represent the whole". Burke compares synecdoche with the concept of "representation", especially in the political sense in which elected representatives stand in pars pro toto for their electorate. Floodlights (sport) A floodlight is a broad-beamed, high-intensity artificial light . It can provide functional area lighting for travel-ways, parking, entrances, work areas, and sporting venues to enable visibility adequate for safe task performance, ornamental lighting for advertising, façades, monuments, or support perimeter security. Floodlights are often used to illuminate outdoor playing fields while an outdoor sports event
705-579: Is the use of government buildings to refer to their resident agencies or bodies, such as The Pentagon for the United States Department of Defense and Downing Street or Number 10 for the office of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , and the use of the name of a country's capital city to refer to the government of the country. Synecdoche is a rhetorical trope and a kind of metonymy —a figure of speech using
752-647: The Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company . A women's football match in 1921 used floodlights, when Preston North End 's ground was covered in thick fog and the spectators couldn't see the game. In 1929 the Providence Clamdiggers football club hosted the Bethlehem Steel "under the rays of powerful flood lights, an innovation in soccer" at their Providence, Rhode Island stadium. On 10 May 1933, Sunderland A.F.C. played
799-507: The 1950s, when the popularity of floodlit friendlies became such that the League relented. In September 1949, South Liverpool 's Holly Park ground hosted the first game in England under "permanent" floodlights: a friendly against a Nigerian XI. In 1950, Southampton 's stadium, The Dell , became the first ground in England to have permanent floodlighting installed. The first game played under
846-492: The Academy Facility, and young students can avail of education facilities at the ground. In 2012, work began on a new £25 million medical facility at the site. It was completed in early 2013, and includes a state-of-the-art hospital wing and sports science department for treating player injuries and assisting in recuperation, with treatment rooms and offices for; doctors, physiotherapists, sports scientists, sports psychologists , statisticians and dieticians . The facility
893-530: The Academy facility, home to the club's renowned youth system . In 2013, major additions were completed at the complex, including a medical centre and sports science department. At the end of the 1990s, Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson felt that the club's training ground, The Cliff (which had been in use since 1938), was inadequate as the Premier League entered the 21st century. Ferguson
940-531: The Nottingham Evening Post on 26 March 1889. However the same article also reported on 26 March 1889 that 'a strong wind was blowing from the Radford goal, and this caused the lights on the town side to shed a considerable portion of their radiance on the adjoining fields, so that dark shadows were often thrown upon the playing ground and it was almost impossible to see a case of handling unless
987-473: The club moved back up north. The first floodlit match for rugby league played in the heartlands was on 31 October 1951 at Odsal Stadium , Bradford when Bradford Northern played New Zealand in front of 29,072. For a club to play in the Super League they must have a ground with floodlights adequate for playing a professional game. Winter sports, such as skiing and snowboarding, can be held under
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#17327647550951034-675: The club's owners, the Glazer family . In April 2013, Manchester United announced an eight-year naming rights agreement with Aon that would see the Trafford Training Centre renamed as the Aon Training Complex until 2021. The deal has been estimated to be worth £180 million (£22.5 million per-year), three times the club's outlay on the training complex itself (£60 million). Toshiba Medical Systems, as part of their five-year sponsorship agreement with
1081-610: The club, provided £13 million of medical systems to the complex in 2013. Synecdoche Synecdoche ( / s ɪ ˈ n ɛ k d ə k i / sih- NEK -də-kee ) is a type of metonymy ; it is a figure of speech that uses a term for a part of something to refer to the whole ( pars pro toto ), or vice versa ( totum pro parte ). The term is derived from Ancient Greek συνεκδοχή ( sunekdokhḗ ) 'simultaneous understanding'. Common English synecdoches include suits for businessmen , wheels for automobile , and boots for soldiers . Another example
1128-424: The club. On the grounds, there are a total of 14 football pitches of varying sizes; 12 of which are grass pitches (with drainage, irrigation sprinklers , under-soil heating and floodlights), one full-size outdoor floodlit and heated AstroTurf all-weather pitch , one full-size indoor floodlit and heated AstroTurf artificial pitch and a special goalkeeper training area. Desso GrassMaster playing surfaces are used,
1175-453: The complex "Fortress Carrington", due to the security measures in place at the grounds. There is a 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi) long, 8 metre (26 feet) high security wall, video surveillance cameras , intrusion detection systems , and over 30,000 trees have been planted surrounding the site, rendering it impossible to see into the premises. The complex is staffed 24/7 by a security team, who conduct roaming patrols, in order to prevent members of
1222-413: The day, and enable television broadcasts during lucrative primetime hours. Some sports grounds which do not have permanent floodlights installed may make use of portable temporary ones instead. Many larger floodlights (see bottom picture) will have gantries for bulb changing and maintenance. These will usually be able to accommodate one or two maintenance workers. The first sport to play under floodlights
1269-515: The first match under the Highbury lights taking place on Wednesday 19 September 1951. The first international game under floodlights of an England game at Wembley was 30 November 1955 against Spain, England winning 4–1. The first floodlit Football League match took place at Fratton Park , Portsmouth on 22 February 1956 between Portsmouth and Newcastle United . Many clubs have taken their floodlights down and replaced them with new ones along
1316-606: The first team manager's office (overlooking outdoor training pitches), manager's personal assistant office, assistant manager's office, coaches offices, match and opposition analysis suite, physiotherapy treatment rooms (with 10 physio beds), massage rooms, first aid station, doctor's office, physio's office (overlooking swimming pools, rehab hall, and weight room), classrooms , conference rooms , charity staff offices (Manchester United Foundation), restaurant seating over 100 people, players' lounge, recreation and games rooms, as well as an elevated, covered viewing gallery overlooking
1363-595: The government of Russia . The Élysée Palace might indicate the President of the French Republic . Sonnets and other forms of love poetry frequently use synecdoches to characterize the beloved in terms of individual body parts rather than a coherent whole. This practice is especially common in the Petrarchan sonnet , where the idealised beloved is often described part by part, head-to-toe. Synecdoche
1410-891: The grounds in 2013. This brought the total cost of construction to over £60 million. Approximately 300 people work at Carrington on a daily basis. The Main Building, which houses the Manchester United first team, was opened in the pre-season of 2000. It comprises two levels. The ground floor includes; a large gymnasium , indoor running tracks , rehabilitation training hall, squash and basketball courts, weights room, 25-metre swimming pool , remedial and hydrotherapy pools , spa pool , jacuzzi , underwater treadmills, sauna and steam rooms , sunbeds (for Vitamin D ), yoga rooms, administration and executive offices, seven team changing rooms , staff changing rooms, laundry rooms and five kit/boot rooms. The first floor includes;
1457-502: The lights failed to illuminate the whole ground, and the spectators struggled to make sense of the action in the murky conditions. Cricket was first played under floodlights on 11 August 1952, during an exhibition game at Highbury stadium in England. International day/night cricket , played under floodlights, began in 1979. Since then, many cricket stadiums have installed floodlights and use them for both domestic and international matches. Traditional cricket floodlights are mounted at
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1504-476: The lights there was on 31 October 1950, in a friendly against Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic , followed a year later by the first "official" match under floodlights, a Football Combination (reserve team) match against Tottenham Hotspur on 1 October 1951. Swindon Town became the first League side to install floodlights at The County Ground . Their first match being a friendly against Bristol City on Monday 2 April 1951. Arsenal followed five months later with
1551-434: The media and opposition spies from gaining access to team practice sessions for upcoming matches. Fans are prohibited from entering the facility, and are also banned from requesting autographs and photographs from professional players outside it. During the season, the media is allowed into the complex only once a week when the manager briefs the press before games, and they are only ever allowed to take photographs and videos of
1598-465: The officials were close to'. The match was played at 7:45pm and Forest lost 2-0 watched by 5000 spectators. Thames Ironworks (who would later be re-formed as West Ham United ) played a number of friendly matches under artificial light at their Hermit Road ground during their inaugural season of 1895–96 . These experiments, which included high-profile fixtures against Arsenal and West Bromwich Albion , were set up using engineers and equipment from
1645-499: The outdoor pitches. The Main Building was extended and updated in 2013. The Academy Facility, which houses the Manchester United Football Club Under-21s , was opened in the close-season of 2002 by club legend Sir Bobby Charlton , himself a product of the club's prestigious Academy. The Academy Facility comprises two levels. The ground floor includes; a full-size indoor football pitch with
1692-497: The roof line of the stands. This previously had not been possible as many grounds comprised open terraces and roof lines on covered stands were too low. Elland Road , Old Trafford and Anfield were the first major grounds to do this in the early 1990s. Deepdale , The Galpharm Stadium and the JJB Stadium have since been built with traditional floodlights on pylons. The first rugby league match to be played under floodlights
1739-561: The same surface as the pitch at Old Trafford. There is a helipad at the structure. The unused 23 acres of remaining land includes a small nature reserve , maintained by the club and the Cheshire Wildlife Trust . There are two ponds which are used as part of the waste water treatment system. Carrington is considered one of the most secretive and secure sports training facilities in Europe. The media and locals have dubbed
1786-697: The same year 3rd Lanark RV played an exhibition match against Scottish Cup holders Vale of Leven at the first Cathkin Park , with press reports suggesting the lighting from a Gramme machine was not successful in illuminating the whole field. Subsequent tests over the next month using three Siemens dynamos at the first Hampden Park , Rugby Park in Kilmarnock and at Powderhall Stadium in Edinburgh produced mixed results, in part due to technical issues and weather conditions. Nottingham Forest played
1833-859: The speaker uses to refer to something) and the subject (what is referred to). In politics, the residence or location of an executive can be used to represent the office itself. For example, "the White House " can mean the Executive Office of the President of the United States ; " Buckingham Palace " can mean the monarchy of the United Kingdom ; "the Sublime Porte " can mean the Ottoman Empire ; and "the Kremlin " can mean
1880-426: The sports team's name. Kenneth Burke (1945), an American literary theorist , declared that in rhetoric , the four master tropes , or figures of speech , are metaphor , metonymy , synecdoche, and irony . Burke's primary concern with these four master tropes is more than simply their figurative usage, but includes their role in the discovery and description of the truth. He described synecdoche as "part of
1927-421: The team training ahead of home Champions League or Europa League fixtures – due to UEFA regulations – and for just 15 minutes. There are no road signs or markings indicating the existence of the complex. There are a number of entrances into the complex, all guarded by security barriers and protected by security staff. There is also a helipad at the training ground, used for player medicals and transfers, and by
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1974-675: The top of a tall pole, to elevate them out of the fielder 's eyeline when the ball is hit high into the air. However, some cricket stadiums have lower-mounted floodlights, particularly if the stadium is shared with other sports. Noel Walsh 's advocacy was pivotal in the spread of floodlights in Gaelic games . When chairman of the Munster Council , Walsh had a pilot project for floodlights at Austin Stack Park in Tralee which "became
2021-425: The whole, whole for the part, container for the contained, sign for the thing signified, material for the thing made… cause for the effect, effect for the cause, genus for the species, species for the genus". In addition, Burke suggests synecdoche patterns can include reversible pairs such as disease-cure. Burke proclaimed the noblest synecdoche is found in the description of " microcosm and macrocosm " since microcosm
2068-664: Was polo , on 18 July 1878. Ranelagh Club hosted a match in Fulham , London , England against the Hurlingham Club . In August 1879, two matches of Australian rules football were staged at the Melbourne Cricket Ground under electric lights. The first was between two "scratch" teams composed of military personnel. The following week, two of the city's leading football clubs, rivals Carlton and Melbourne , played another night match. On both occasions,
2115-492: Was also unhappy about the lack of privacy at The Cliff, with journalists present on a daily basis, opposition team scouts able to watch training sessions, and supporters asking for autographs and photographs with players. The club's board set about finding a new location for their training ground, and purchased more than 100 acres of secluded land in Carrington – less than 10 miles (16 km) from Old Trafford stadium – with
2162-623: Was on 14 December 1932 when Wigan met Leeds in an exhibition match played at White City Stadium in London (8pm kick off). Leeds won 18–9 in front of a crowd of over 10,000 spectators. The venture was such a success that the owners of the White City Ground took over the "Wigan Highfield" club and moved them to play Rugby League games at the ground under floodlights the following season, with most of their matches kicking off on Wednesday Nights at 8pm. That venture only lasted one season before
2209-453: Was supplied with £13 million worth of medical equipment by Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation , as part of their sponsorship with the club, and the medical centre is fitted with x-ray computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound scanners, as well as other high-tech screening equipment normally reserved for hospitals. The site covers a total area of 108 acres (440,000 m), of which 85 acres are used by
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