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121-518: [REDACTED] Jakarta-Bogor-Ciawi Toll Road [REDACTED] Jakarta Inner Ring Road [REDACTED] Jakarta Outer Ring Road 2 [REDACTED] Jakarta–Serpong Toll Road [REDACTED] Depok–Antasari Toll Road [REDACTED] Purwakarta-Bandung-Cileunyi Toll Road [REDACTED] Cileunyi-Sumedang-Dawuan Toll Road [REDACTED] Semarang–Demak Toll Road [REDACTED] Krian-Legundi-Bunder-Manyar Toll Road [REDACTED] Surabaya–Gresik Toll Road The Trans-Java Toll Road

242-491: A 'special capital region' ( Daerah Khusus Ibukota ), with a status equivalent to that of a province. Based on law No. 5 of 1974 relating to regional governments, the Jakarta Special Capital Region was confirmed as the capital of Indonesia and one of the country's then 26 provinces. Lieutenant General Ali Sadikin served as governor from 1966 to 1977; he rehabilitated roads and bridges, encouraged

363-489: A great international city, instigated large government-funded projects with openly nationalistic and modernist architecture . Projects included a cloverleaf interchange , a major boulevard ( Jalan MH Thamrin -Sudirman), monuments such as The National Monument , Hotel Indonesia , a shopping centre, and a new building intended to be the headquarters of CONEFO . In October 1965, Jakarta was the site of an abortive coup attempt in which six top generals were killed, precipitating

484-537: A groundwater pump, and 33 were pumping groundwater illegally. This could be halted by stopping extraction (as the city of Tokyo has done), increasing efficiency, and finding other sources for water use. Moreover, increasing regulation through higher taxes or limiting groundwater pumping has proven to help cities like Shanghai, Tokyo, and San Jose relieve their subsidence issue. The rivers of Jakarta are highly polluted and currently unsuitable for drinking water. Jakarta, faces significant air pollution , particularly during

605-467: A height of 262 m (860 ft) and its nib-shaped top celebrates technology and symbolises stereoscopy. The urban construction boom continued during the 21st century. The Golden Triangle of Jakarta is one of the fastest evolving CBD 's in the Asia-Pacific region. According to CTBUH and Emporis , there are 88 skyscrapers that reach or exceed 150 m (490 ft), which puts the city in

726-597: A major Southeast Asian trading centre. Through the relationship with Prince Jayawikarta of the Banten Sultanate, Dutch ships arrived in 1596. In 1602, an English East India Company (EIC) voyage led by Sir James Lancaster arrived in Aceh and sailed on to Banten , where they were allowed to build a trading post. This site became the centre of English trade in the Indonesian archipelago until 1682. Jayawikarta

847-674: A melting pot of numerous cultures. Jakarta is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Southeast Asia . Established in the fourth century as Sunda Kelapa , the city became an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom . At one time, it was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies , when it was known as Batavia . Jakarta was officially a city within West Java until 1960 when its official status

968-660: A new road on the Porong-Gempol section to replace the one washed out by the Lapindo floods . After years of construction, this toll road network was finally completed and unveiled by President Joko Widodo on 20 December 2018, with the unveiling taking place on two locations, in Mojokerto and the Kalikuto Bridge, Batang (which became the icon for the new highway). Officially connecting Merak and Surabaya . While

1089-418: A new tollroad gate (Cibatu Gate) at km 34.700 with a 1.5 kilometer access road to their industrial complexes. The tollroad gate was officially opened on April 5, 2014. There are also Jakarta–Cikampek Toll Road II Elevated from interchange Cikunir to West Karawang (Sta 9+500 till Sta 47+500) without any exit in between, because this toll road is planned for long trip drivers. PT Jasamarga Jalanlayang Cikampek has

1210-648: A revolt, 5,000 Chinese were massacred by the Dutch and natives on 9 October 1740, and the following year, Chinese inhabitants were moved to Glodok outside the city walls. At the beginning of the 19th century, around 400 Arabs and Moors lived in Batavia, a number that changed little during the following decades. Among the commodities traded were fabrics, mainly imported cotton, batik and clothing worn by Arab communities. The city began to expand further south as epidemics in 1835 and 1870 forced residents to move away from

1331-559: A route to obtain spices. The Sunda Kingdom made an alliance treaty with the Portuguese by allowing them to build a port in 1522 to defend against the rising power of Demak Sultanate from central Java. In 1527, Fatahillah , a Pasai-born military commander of Demak attacked and conquered Sunda Kelapa, driving out the Portuguese. Sunda Kelapa was renamed Jayakarta, and became a fiefdom of the Banten Sultanate , which became

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1452-474: A status equivalent to that of a province and is bordered by two other provinces: West Java to the south and east; and (since 2000, when it was separated from West Java) Banten to the west. Its coastline faces the Java Sea to the north, and it shares a maritime border with Lampung to the west. Jakarta's metropolitan area is ASEAN's second largest economy after Singapore . In 2023, the city's GDP PPP

1573-428: A subsidiary of PT Waskita Karya Tbk (IDX:WSKT), bought all shares of the toll road. Construction on Sections I and II of the toll road began on July 23, 2014. On June 16, 2016, Section I & II of Pejagan-Pemalang Toll Road has been formally opened/operated. On November 9, 2018, Section III & IV of Pejagan-Pemalang Toll Road has been formally opened/operated. The toll road consists of 4 sections: Construction of

1694-405: A violent anti-communist purge which killed at least 500,000 people, including some ethnic Chinese. The event marked the beginning of Suharto's New Order . The first government was led by a mayor until the end of 1960 when the office was changed to that of a governor. The last mayor of Jakarta was Soediro until he was replaced by Soemarno Sosroatmodjo as governor. In 1966, Jakarta was declared

1815-525: A weight of 5 tonnes and above are not allowed to use the Cawang -Semanggi-Pluit segments from 05:00am to 10:00pm. Jakarta Outer Ring Road 2 Toll Road from Cengkareng to (access to) Tanjung Priok is 110.4 kilometers length, but until end of 2019 only 11,135 kilometers (Kunciran – Serpong) has been operated. The Jakarta–Cikampek Toll Road is operated by Jasa Marga. The west part of the toll road, near Jakarta, consists of 4 lanes in one direction and 3 lanes in

1936-409: Is 11.3 kilometres (7.0 mi), was officially opened for commercial operation on November 12, 2011. Section II ( Ungaran –Bawen), is 11.95 kilometres (7.43 mi) and was opened on April 4, 2014. Section III (Bawen- Salatiga ) with 17.6 kilometres (10.9 mi), was opened on September 15, 2017, temporary for small vehicles only, and formally opened on September 25, 2017. Section IV Salatiga-Boyolali

2057-455: Is 2.35 kilometres (1.46 mi); and section 4 from Ciledug to Ulujami is 2.07 kilometres (1.29 mi). The concession for JORR-W2 is held by PT Marga Lingkar Jaya (MLJ) which is a joint-venture company. PT Marga Lingkar Jakarta owns 50% of PT MLJ and Jakarta Marga Jaya owns 35%. Sections 1, 2, and 3 of the JORR-W2, from Kebun Jeruk to Ciledug, were opened on December 27, 2013, while Section 4

2178-543: Is 24.50 kilometers and Section V Boyolali-Solo is 7.74 kilometers. Land acquisition of both sections are 98.8 percent when section III was formally operated. Solo–Kertosono Toll Road (Soker) connects to Semarang-Solo Toll Road at its west end, and to Kertosono–Mojokerto Toll Road at its east end. Soker Toll Road, with a total length of 176.7 kilometres (109.8 mi), is actually composed of two toll roads, Solo–Mantingan–Ngawi (Solman) Toll Road and Ngawi–Kertosono (Manker) Toll Road. The length of Solo–Mantingan–Ngawi Toll Road

2299-542: Is 90.1 kilometres (56.0 mi), while the length of Ngawi–Kertosono is 86.6 kilometres (53.8 mi). Soker Toll Road is divided into 4 sections, Solman I and Solman II in Central Java, and Manker I and Manker II in East Java Province. In July 2012, the land acquisition of the each section was about at 65%. Although the land acquisition is unfinished, construction of section 1 has begun. The sections of

2420-521: Is a tolled expressway network that runs from Port of Merak in Cilegon , the main link between the island of Sumatra and Java , to Banyuwangi , the eastern end of the island in Indonesia and the main link between the island of Java and Bali. It mainly runs through the northern coast of the island, except for the section between Semarang and Surabaya, where it runs through the centre and south of

2541-469: Is driven by the extraction of groundwater, much of it illegal. Furthermore, the government's lack of strict regulation amplifies the issue as many recently built high-rise buildings, corporations, and factories around Jakarta opt for illegally extracting groundwater. In fact, in a recent inspection of 80 buildings in Jalan Thamrin, a busy road lined with skyscrapers and shopping malls, 56 buildings had

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2662-644: Is formally opened. Section 4, which is only 0.9 kilometres (0.56 mi) will be opened together with Ngawi-Kertosono Toll Road. The length of the Mojokerto-Surabaya Toll Road is 36.27 kilometres (22.54 mi), and is also known as Sumo (Surabaya–Mojokerto) Toll Road. It connects with the Surabaya–Gempol Toll Road and the Waru-Juanda Toll Road. All sections of the toll road is already operated: The length of

2783-741: Is mainly due to the main Pantura road getting increasingly congested, especially during the Eid and Christmas seasons. Several sections of the toll road were completed in December 2018, fully connecting the sections between Port of Merak and Surabaya . Meanwhile, the section connecting Surabaya and Probolinggo was completed a year later. As of 2023, The section between Probolinggo and Banyuwangi had its ground breaking with targeted completion date of 2025. There are also many other complementary toll networks connecting this toll road. Trans-Java toll road

2904-428: Is more than the cost to build Nusantara , to save the city in the next decade. Jakarta has been home to multiple settlements . Below is the list of names used during its existence: The Buni people is a prehistoric clay pottery culture that flourished in coastal northern West Java , Jakarta and Banten around 400 BC to 100 AD and survived until 500 AD. Sundapura are the earliest Sundanese records in

3025-777: Is now popular not only in Jakarta, but all over Indonesia. The Chinese in Jakarta mainly speak Indonesian and English due to a strict language ban during the Soeharto New Order era; older people may be fluent in Hokkien dialect and Mandarin , meanwhile the younger generation are fluent in Indonesian and English, some educated in Mandarin. With the recent urbanization of Chinese communities from several rural areas in Indonesia, other Chinese dialects have been brought into

3146-421: Is operated by PT Nusantara Infrastructure Tbk (IDX:META) while the rest is operated by PT Jasa Marga. The W2 section (JORR-W2), between Kebon Jeruk and Ulujami, is almost 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) long and has 4 sections: section 1 from Kebun Jeruk ( Kembangan ) to South Meruya is 1.95 kilometres (1.21 mi); section 2 from South Meruya to Joglo is 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi); section 3 from Joglo to Ciledug

3267-468: Is part of Asian Highway 2 , which extends from Denpasar , Indonesia to Khosravi , Iran . During the Dutch colonial era , the colonial government ordered Governor-General Herman Willem Daendels to build a road connecting the two major ports of Anyer , part of modern-day Banten and Panarukan in modern-day Situbondo . Following the Indonesian independence. The road becomes the main route connecting

3388-592: Is situated on the northwest coast of Java , at the mouth of the Ciliwung River on Jakarta Bay , an inlet of the Java Sea . It is strategically located near the Sunda Strait . The northern part of Jakarta is plain land, some areas of which are below sea level, and subject to frequent flooding. The southern parts of the city are hilly. It is one of only two Asian capital cities located in the southern hemisphere (along with East Timor 's Dili ). Officially,

3509-582: Is the fastest link between Jakarta and cities in eastern West Java, Central Java, and East Java. The Tangerang-Merak section is next to be completed, also spanning 72 km, this section was opened in 1992, fully connecting the Port of Merak with Jakarta, although links further east and south is not yet available through toll roads. Following the completion of the Tangerang-Merak section, construction along this network stagnated. In 1995, Soeharto proposed

3630-504: Is the first toll road in Indonesia. Construction of the highway began in 1973, and it was officially opened on 9 March 1978. The Jagorawi Toll Road links the capital city of Jakarta to the West Javanese cities of Bogor and Ciawi . It has a length of around 59 kilometres (37 mi) going north and southbound and is operated by Jasa Marga , a state-owned enterprise . The toll road has achieved break-even point , making it

3751-468: Is the former longest toll road in Indonesia, at 116 kilometres (72 mi). It runs through Cikopo, Kalijati , Subang, Cikedung, Kertajati, Sumberjaya and Palimanan. Total investment in the toll road reached Rp 12.8 trillion (US$ 1 billion) and the main investor is PT Lintas Marga Sedaya, a subsidiary of PT Surya Semesta Internusa Tbk (IDX:SSIA). Construction started on December 8, 2011, after eight national and international banks committed to provide funds for

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3872-407: Is the largest subset in Jakarta. Working Minangkabau in the 1980s in high proportions were well-embedded merchants, artisans, doctors, teachers or journalists. Minang merchants are found in traditional markets, such as Tanah Abang and Senen. Indonesian is the official and dominant language of Jakarta, while many elderly people speak Dutch or Chinese , depending on their upbringing. English

3993-504: Is thought to have made trading connections with the English merchants, who were rivals with the Dutch, by allowing them to build houses directly across from the Dutch buildings in 1615. When relations between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch deteriorated, his soldiers attacked the Dutch fortress. His army and their EIC allies, however, were defeated by the Dutch, in part owing to the timely arrival of Jan Pieterszoon Coen . The Dutch burned

4114-492: Is under construction around Jakarta Bay to help cope with the threat from the sea. The dyke will be equipped with a pumping system and retention areas to defend against seawater and function as a toll road. The project is expected to be completed by 2025. In January 2014, the central government agreed to build two dams in Ciawi, Bogor and a 1.2 km (0.75 mi) tunnel from Ciliwung River to Cisadane River to ease flooding in

4235-806: Is used for communication, especially in Central and South Jakarta. Each of the ethnic groups uses their mother tongue at home, such as Betawi , Javanese , and Sundanese . The Betawi language is distinct from those of the Sundanese or Javanese , forming itself as a language island in the surrounding area. It is mostly based on the East Malay dialect and enriched by loan words from Dutch , Portuguese , Sundanese , Javanese , Chinese , and Arabic . Over time, many Betawi words and phrases became integrated into Indonesian as Jakartan slang and are used by most people regardless of their ethnic background. It

4356-448: The 1997 Asian financial crisis , putting Jakarta at the centre of violence, protest, and political maneuvering. After three decades in power, support for President Suharto began to wane. Tensions peaked when four students were shot dead at Trisakti University by security forces. Four days of riots and violence in 1998 ensued that killed an estimated 1,200, and destroyed or damaged 6,000 buildings, forcing Suharto to resign. Much of

4477-597: The Dutch Golden Age (17th to late 18th century), the transitional style period (late 18th century – 19th century), and Dutch modernism (20th century). Colonial architecture is apparent in houses and villas, churches, civic buildings, and offices, mostly concentrated in the Jakarta Old Town and Central Jakarta . Architects such as J.C. Schultze and Eduard Cuypers designed some of the significant buildings. Schultze's works include Jakarta Art Building ,

4598-552: The Japanese occupation , the city was renamed as Jakaruta Tokubetsu-shi ( ジャカルタ特別市 , Jakarta Special City) . After the Japanese surrender, the name was changed to 'Jakarta'. The north coast area of western Java including Jakarta was the location of prehistoric Buni culture that flourished from 400 BC to 100 AD. The area in and around modern Jakarta was part of the 4th-century Sundanese kingdom of Tarumanagara , one of

4719-491: The Kertosono–Mojokerto Toll Road is 40.5 kilometres (25.2 mi), divided into 4 sections: The concession is held by PT Marga Harjaya Infrastructure (MHI), whose majority owner (95%) is Astratel Nusantara (a subsidiary of Astra International). Maria Harjaya Infrastructure is funding the entire project without bank loans. The toll road was free for a month of trial operation, and on November 20, 2014, Section 1

4840-518: The Palimanan-Kanci section (bypassing Cirebon ). Following Reformasi , constructions of toll roads continue to stagnate, remarkably, no toll road in this corridor is completed during the first few years of Reformasi. During the presidency of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono formed Badan Pengurus Jalan Tol (lit. Highway Operator Board). Following the formation of this board, highway construction, especially in this corridor continued, starting with

4961-541: The Pemalang-Batang Toll Road has reached 97% in June 2017. The concession was given to PT Pemalang Batang Toll Road for 39 kilometres (24 mi) for an investment of about Rp 4.0 trillion. On November 9, 2018, Section I of the toll road has been formally opened and operated. The length of Batang-Semarang Toll Road is 75 kilometres (47 mi) with a cost of Rp 7.21 trillion ($ 0.8 billion). Initially

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5082-580: The Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( Indonesian : Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta , abbreviated to DKI Jakarta ) and formerly known as Batavia until 1949, is the de jure capital and largest city of Indonesia . Lying on the northwest coast of Java , the world's most populous island , Jakarta is the largest metropole in Southeast Asia and serves as the diplomatic capital of ASEAN . The Special Capital Region has

5203-741: The Surabaya-Gempol Toll Road is 49 kilometres (30 mi), and the concession is owned by PT Jasa Marga. The road is open through Porong , but beyond that a 2-kilometer section of the old Porong Toll Road was damaged by the Lapindo Mudflow on May 29, 2006. To avoid this problem in the future, there is a plan for a new, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), Porong-Gempol Toll Road. Jagorawi Toll Road 06°15′11″S 106°52′22″E  /  6.25306°S 106.87278°E  / -6.25306; 106.87278 The Jakarta–Bogor–Ciawi Toll Road (shortened to Jagorawi Toll Road )

5324-468: The Tangerang–Merak Toll Road is 72.45 kilometres (45.02 mi). Although this road has been operating since 1981, it continues to lose money because the traffic is lower than expected. From 2005 to 2009, Astratel Nusantara (a subsidiary of Astra International ) acquired the concession to build and manage this section of the toll road. In January 2012, a 1 metre (3.3 ft) flood submerged

5445-418: The largest urban area in Indonesia and the second-largest in the world (after Tokyo ). Jakarta ranks first among the Indonesian provinces in the human development index . Jakarta's business and employment opportunities, along with its ability to offer a potentially higher standard of living compared to other parts of the country, have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago , making it

5566-515: The top 10 of world rankings . It has more buildings taller than 150 metres than any other Southeast Asian or Southern Hemisphere cities. Most landmarks, monuments, and statues in Jakarta were begun in the 1960s during the Sukarno era, then completed in the Suharto era, while some date from the colonial period. Although many of the projects were completed after his presidency, Sukarno, who

5687-429: The 1910s, was the city's first attempt at creating ideal and healthy housing for the middle class. The original houses had a longitudinal organisation, with overhanging eaves, large windows, and open ventilation, all practical features for a tropical climate. These houses were developed by N.V. de Bouwploeg, and established by P.A.J. Moojen . After independence, the process of nation-building in Indonesia and demolishing

5808-854: The Chinese community in Jakarta, such as Hakka , Teochew and Cantonese . Hokkien , which is mainly from Sumatra ( Medan , Bagansiapiapi , Batam ) is mostly spoken in Northern Jakarta, such as in Pantai Indah Kapuk , Pluit , and Kelapa Gading , meanwhile Hakka and Teochew, which are derived from the Chinese communities in Pontianak and Singkawang , are mainly spoken in West Jakarta, like in Tambora and Grogol Petamburan . The Batak in Jakarta mostly speak Indonesian, while

5929-478: The Dutch. The city was then also known as Koningin van het Oosten (Queen of the Orient), a name that was given for the urban beauty of downtown Batavia's canals , mansions and ordered city layout. After expanding to the south in the 19th century, this nickname came to be more associated with the suburbs (e.g. Menteng and the area around Merdeka Square ), with their wide lanes, green spaces and villas. During

6050-465: The EIC trading post and forced them to retreat to their ships. The victory consolidated Dutch power, and they renamed the city Batavia in 1619. Commercial opportunities in the city attracted native and especially Chinese and Arab immigrants. This sudden population increase created burdens on the city. Tensions grew as the colonial government tried to restrict Chinese migration through deportations. Following

6171-594: The Gomati river near his capital. Following the decline of Tarumanagara , its territories, including the Jakarta area, became part of the Hindu Kingdom of Sunda . From the 7th to the early 13th century, the port of Sunda was under the Srivijaya maritime empire. According to the Chinese source, Chu-fan-chi , written circa 1225, Chou Ju-kua reported in the early 13th century that Srivijaya still ruled Sumatra,

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6292-558: The Indonesia Supreme Court Building and Ministry of Finance Building, while Cuypers designed Bank Indonesia Museum and Mandiri Museum . In the early 20th century, most buildings were built in Neo-Renaissance style. By the 1920s, the architectural taste had begun to shift in favour of rationalism and modernism , particularly art deco architecture. The elite suburb Menteng , developed during

6413-525: The Japanese captured Batavia from Dutch control, and the city was named Jakarta (Jakarta Special City ( ジャカルタ特別市 , Jakaruta tokubetsu-shi ) , under the special status that was assigned to the city). After the war, the Dutch name Batavia was internationally recognised until full Indonesian independence on 27 December 1949. The city, now renamed Jakarta, was officially proclaimed the national capital of Indonesia. After World War II ended, Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August 1945, and

6534-498: The Java Sea. The Ciliwung River divides the city into the western and eastern districts. These rivers, combined with the wet season rains and insufficient drainage due to clogging, make Jakarta prone to flooding . Moreover, Jakarta is sinking about 5 to 10 cm (2.0 to 3.9 in) each year, and up to 20 cm (7.9 in) in the northern coastal areas. After a feasibility study, a ring dyke known as Giant Sea Wall Jakarta

6655-561: The KM 8+200 mark. 7 people were killed in the accident and 8 people were severely injured due to the crash. It was revealed that Dul lost control of his car and hit the metal separator while traveling home from Bogor to Jakarta, crashing into two oncoming vehicles. For the first time in January 2014, Jagorawi Toll Road was flooded from Cipinang River at KM 4. The toll road was still operational in both directions, with vehicles driving slowly through

6776-475: The Labor Department suggested that the portion of the road between Jakarta and Bogor be changed to a toll road. Private investors, with government financing, established the semi-private corporation Jasa Marga to manage the highway on 1 March 1978. The road was officially inaugurated in a ceremony on March 9, 1978 hosted by President Suharto . In 2017, PT Jasa Marga issued securities backed by

6897-623: The Malay peninsula, and western Java ( Sunda ). The source says the port of Sunda is strategic and thriving, mentioning pepper from Sunda as among the best in quality. The people worked in agriculture, and their houses were built on wooden piles. The harbour area became known as Sunda Kelapa ( Sundanese : ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮊᮨᮜᮕ ) and by the 14th century, it was an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom. The first European fleet, four Portuguese ships from Malacca , arrived in 1513 while looking for

7018-588: The Portuguese away from the city in 1527, eventually renaming it 'Jayakarta'. Tomé Pires , a Portuguese apothecary, wrote the name of the city in his magnum opus as Jacatra or Jacarta during his journey to the East Indies . After the Dutch East India Company took over the area in 1619, they renamed it to 'Batavia', after the Batavi , a Germanic tribe who were seen as the ancestors of

7139-480: The Proclamation Monument as well as at the entrance to Soekarno–Hatta International Airport. In June 2011, Jakarta had only 10.5% green open spaces ( Ruang Terbuka Hijau ), although this grew to 13.94%. Public parks are included in public green open spaces. There are about 300 integrated child-friendly public spaces (RPTRA) in the city in 2019. As of 2014, 183 water reservoirs and lakes supported

7260-473: The Soker toll road are: On March 29, 2018, a 52 kilometers toll road of Klitik-Wilangan has been inaugurated as a part of 87.5 kilometers of Ngawi-Kertosono Toll Road. On July 15, 2018, a 35.2 kilometers toll road of Kartosuro-Sragen has been inaugurated as a part of 176.7 kilometers of Solo-Kertosono Toll Road. On November 28, 2018, a 51.0 kilometers toll road of Sragen-Ngawi has been inaugurated. The length of

7381-585: The West Java coast. Following the opening of the Cikampek-Palimanan section, Widodo instructed involved parties, particularly the Ministry of Public Works to accelerate the completion of the remaining sections in both Central Java and East Java. The remaining sections then simultaneously started construction in 2016, along with the finishing of partially completed sections and the construction of

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7502-483: The acceleration of constructions of several toll roads, including several along this network. But this instruction is quickly hampered by the 1997 Asian financial crisis , leading to a Presidential Instruction calling off a large number of constructions along the country. During this era, only two sections of the toll road is completed, namely parts of the Jakarta Outer Ring Road completed in 1995 and

7623-518: The accidents were caused by driver errors such as sleep-deprived driving , speeding , and using the emergency lane at high speed. The length of the Palimanan–Kanci Toll Road is 26.3 kilometres (16.3 mi). It is operated by Jasa Marga. The Kanci–Pejagan Toll Road was formally opened on January 26, 2010, and was operated originally by PT Bakrie Toll Road, a subsidiary of PT Bakrieland Development Tbk (IDX:ELTY), but in December, 2012,

7744-506: The architecture of the Betawi house. The houses were built of nangka wood ( Artocarpus integrifolia ) and comprised three rooms. The shape of the roof is reminiscent of the traditional Javanese joglo . Additionally, the number of registered cultural heritage buildings has increased. Colonial buildings and structures include those that were constructed during the colonial period. The dominant colonial styles can be divided into three periods:

7865-630: The area of the Jakarta Special District is 661.23 km (255 sq mi) of land area and 6,977 km (2,694 sq mi) of sea area. The Thousand Islands , which are administratively a part of Jakarta, are located in Jakarta Bay, north of the city. Jakarta lies in a low and flat alluvial plain , ranging from −2 to 91 m (−7 to 299 ft) with an average elevation of 8 m (26 ft) above sea level with historically extensive swampy areas. Some parts of

7986-471: The arts, and built hospitals and a large number of schools. He cleared out slum dwellers for new development projects — some for the benefit of the Suharto family, — and attempted to eliminate rickshaws and ban street vendors. He began control of migration to the city to stem overcrowding and poverty. Foreign investment contributed to a real estate boom that transformed the face of Jakarta. The boom ended with

8107-566: The capital city. The most famous landmark, which became the symbol of the city, is the 132 m-tall (433 ft) obelisk of the National Monument ( Monumen Nasional or Monas ) in the centre of Merdeka Square . On its southwest corner stands a Mahabharata -themed Arjuna Wijaya chariot statue and fountain. Further south through Jalan M.H. Thamrin , one of the main avenues, the Selamat Datang monument stands on

8228-483: The cheapest toll road in Indonesia based on price per kilometer. In 1973, the Indonesian government began building the first highway linking the capital Jakarta with the city of Bogor. When the road was still in its construction phase, it was not officially a toll road. When the highway was nearly finished, the government began considering ways to execute the operation and maintenance of the highway autonomously, without burdening governmental financing. For that purpose,

8349-455: The city have been constructed on reclaimed tidal flats that occur around the area. Thirteen rivers flow through Jakarta. They are Ciliwung River , Kalibaru, Pesanggrahan , Cipinang , Angke , Maja, Mookervart, Krukut, Buaran, West Tarum, Cakung, Petukangan, Sunter River and Grogol River . They flow from the Puncak highlands to the south of the city, then across the city northwards towards

8470-591: The city's legislative body. During the Jokowi presidency, the Government adopted a plan to move Indonesia's capital to Nusantara after 17 August 2024, but this has not occurred due to delays. Between 2016 and 2017 , a series of terrorist attacks rocked Jakarta with scenes of multiple suicide bombings and gunfire. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi claimed responsibility for the attacks on behalf of Islamic State . Jakarta covers 661.23 km (255.30 sq mi),

8591-415: The city. Jakarta's main challenges include rapid urban growth, ecological breakdown, air pollution, gridlocked traffic, congestion, and flooding due to subsidence (sea level rise is relative, not absolute). Part of North Jakarta is sinking up to 17 cm (6.7 inches) annually, meanwhile the southern part is relatively safe. This has made the northern part of the city more prone to flooding and one of

8712-606: The city. Nowadays, a 1.2 km (0.75 mi), with capacity 60 m (2,100 cu ft) per second, underground water tunnel between Ciliwung River and the East Flood Canal is being worked on to ease the Ciliwung River overflows. In 2023, the New York Times reported that in some places Jakarta is sinking up to 12 inches (30 cm) annually. Environmental advocates point out that subsidence

8833-578: The completion of several sections of the Jakarta Outer Ring Road and the 33 km Kanci-Pejagan section creating the first highway link between West Java and Central Java, several sections along the Surabaya-Mojokerto section was also completed during this period. The government of Joko Widodo initiated the process to accelerate the construction of the remaining uncompleted sections of this network, starting with finishing

8954-699: The concession and it has formally opened for small vehicles only on December 15, 2019, buses and trucks are not allowed to use it, so at the entrance gates there are portal for it. Concession of the 62 kilometers Jakarta–Cikampek II South Toll Road has been got by PT Jasamarga Japek Selatan. The toll road connects Jakarta Outer Ring Road Toll and Purbaleunyi Toll Road at Jatiasih Gate and Sadang Gate. The other gates are Bantar Gebang, Setu, Sukaragam, Taman Mekar, and Kutanegara. There are 3 Sections: In July 2019, 60 percent of land acquisitions have been done and initial constructions have been done also. The Cikampek–Palimanan Toll Road (Cikopo-Palimanan (Cipali) Toll Road)

9075-407: The concession was owned by PT Bakrie Toll Road, but in December, 2012, the shares were sold to MNC Group. In April 2016, Jasamarga Semarang Batang which owned by Jasamarga 60 percent and Waskita Karya 40 percent got the concession for 45 years through government tender due to there are no progress of the toll road when it has been held by previous owners. The toll road consists of five sections: All

9196-479: The construction of the Cikampek-Palimanan section, started during Yudhoyono's presidency. This 116 km is regarded as the most important and long-awaited section along this network, as it finally connects Jakarta and Cirebon and onwards to Central and East Java, significantly cutting travel time between the regions, as it allows travellers to bypass one of the busiest sections between the region along

9317-472: The corridor in the 1980s, following the construction of Indonesia's first toll road, the Jakarta-Bogor-Ciawi (Jagorawi) Toll Road. Soeharto also created a state-owned enterprise PT. Jasa Marga to regulate and operate toll roads in Indonesia. During this era, the highway is completed in sections. The first section to be fully completed is the section between Tangerang and Jakarta, this section

9438-469: The driest month is August, with an average rainfall of 43.2 millimetres (1.7 in). Every year faces recurring issues, such as floods and thunderstorms . A cyclonic vortex leads to moisture convergence over a large area, including western Java Island. Additionally, this vortex causes a mainly meridional monsoon flow, where near-surface winds blow almost perfectly from north to south over West Java. The impact of these predominant northerly winds hitting

9559-407: The dry season from August to December. Dry air during this period allows pollutants to remain suspended in the atmosphere for extended periods, contributing to poor air quality. Jakarta has architecturally significant buildings spanning distinct historical and cultural periods. Architectural styles reflect Malay, Sundanese, Javanese, Arabic, Chinese, and Dutch influences. External influences inform

9680-540: The fastest-sinking capitals in the world. In response to these challenges, in August 2019, President Joko Widodo announced plans to move the capital from Jakarta to the planned city of Nusantara , in the province of East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo . The MPR approved the move on 18 January 2022. The Indonesian government is not abandoning Jakarta after announcing plans to move the country's capital, its planning minister said, pledging to spend US$ 40 billion, which

9801-433: The flood. Consequently, the toll road suffered from severe gridlock. Ciawi–Sukabumi Toll Road is a planned 54-km extension of Jagorawi Toll Road, subdivided into 4 sections: Concession is held by PT Trans Jabar Toll, a subsidiary of state-owned developer Waskita Karya . Land acquisition by January 2013 was at 40 percent, and Trans Jabar predicted that the construction would begin by the end of 2013. However, construction

9922-844: The fountain in the centre of the Hotel Indonesia roundabout . Other landmarks include the Istiqlal Mosque , Jakarta Cathedral , and the Immanuel Church . The former Batavia Stadhuis , Sunda Kelapa port in Jakarta Old Town is another landmark. The Autograph Tower in Central Jakarta , at 382.9 metres is the tallest building in Indonesia . The most recent landmark built is the Jakarta International Stadium . Some of

10043-603: The fringe zones with few Betawi-majority zones of central Jakarta. It is thus a conundrum for some first generation Betawi people, especially multi-generational Jakarta residents, to identify as either their parents' ethnicity or Betawi since living in a Betawi-majority district and speaking more of that creole and adapting is a matter of preference for such families. A significant Chinese community has lived in Jakarta for many centuries. They traditionally reside around old urban areas, such as Pinangsia , PIK , Pluit and Glodok (Jakarta's Chinatown) areas. They also can be found in

10164-666: The government of Jakarta City was changed into the Jakarta National Administration in the following month. During the Indonesian National Revolution , Indonesian Republicans withdrew from Allied -occupied Jakarta and established their capital in Yogyakarta . After securing full independence, Jakarta again became the national capital in 1950. With Jakarta selected to host the 1962 Asian Games , Sukarno , envisaging Jakarta as

10285-496: The greater Jakarta area. Jakarta experiences a tropical monsoon climate ( Köppen : Am ) as classified by the system. The city's wet season spans most of the year, from October to May. The dry season lasts from June to September, with each of these months receiving less than 100 millimetres (3.9 in) of rainfall on average. Situated in the western part of Java, Jakarta sees its highest rainfall in January and February, averaging 299.7 millimetres (11.8 in) per month, while

10406-609: The heat. January is the rainiest month, with over 300 millimetres (11.8 in) of precipitation, whereas August is the driest, with around 45 millimetres (1.8 in) of rainfall. The average temperature in the coldest month (February) is 27 °C (80.6 °F), and in the warmest month (October), it is 28 °C (82.4 °F). Sea temperatures range from 26.5 °C (79.7 °F) in August to 29.5 °C (85.1 °F) in March, April, November, and December. Record low temperatures in Jakarta recorded 18.9 °C (66.0 °F), while

10527-415: The highest record reached 37.9 °C (100.2 °F). Jakarta attracts people from across Indonesia, often in search of employment. The 1961 census showed that 51% of the city's population was born in Jakarta. Inward immigration tended to negate the effect of family planning programs. The Ministry of Home Affairs ( Kemendagri ) tabulates its own data, which has improved since ID cards were required in

10648-430: The island. It runs through five of the six provinces on the island of Java ( DI Yogyakarta being the sole exception), connecting the major cities of Jakarta , Cirebon , Semarang , Solo , and Surabaya . The toll road is the land transportation backbone of the island and is the most important toll road network of the country. The toll road has a total length of 1,167 kilometres (725 mi). The Trans-Jawa toll network

10769-494: The lands affected by the toll road were acquired in February 2017 and the toll road is predicted to be opened for the 2017 Eid Al-Fitr. The toll road is expected to be fully operational by 2018. The Semarang–Solo Toll Road is 72.64 kilometres (45.14 mi). It is operated by PT Trans Marga Jateng, a joint-venture company owned by PT Sarana Pembangunan Jawa Tengah (40%) and PT Jasa Marga (IDX:JSMR) Tbk (60%). Section E1, which

10890-418: The last decade, lists Jakarta's population at 11,261,595 at yearend 2021. Between 1961 and 1980, the population of Jakarta doubled, and during the period 1980–1990, the city's population grew annually by 3.7%. The 2010 census counted some 9.58 million people, well above government estimates. The population rose from 4.5 million in 1970 to 9.5 million in 2010, counting only legal residents, while

11011-555: The main harbour for the Sunda Kingdom , due to its desirable location. The name 'Jakarta' is derived from the word Jayakarta ( Devanagari : जयकर्त) which is ultimately derived from the Sanskrit जय jaya (victorious), and कृत krta (accomplished, acquired), thus Jayakarta translates as 'victorious deed', 'complete act' or 'complete victory'. It was named for the Muslim troops of Fatahillah which successfully defeated and drove

11132-492: The major cities of Jakarta , Semarang , and Surabaya , albeit with several deviations, instead of going through the old Preanger cities of Bogor , Cianjur , Bandung , Sumedang , before rejoining the coast in Cirebon , the new road instead follows the northern Java coast and is more commonly known as Pantura ( Jalur Pantai Utara , literally meaning North Coast Road) Over the years, this highway gets increasingly congested,

11253-490: The memory of colonialism was as important as the symbolic building of arterial roads, monuments, and government buildings. The National Monument in Jakarta, designed by Sukarno, is Indonesia's beacon of nationalism. In the early 1960s, Jakarta provided highways and super-scale cultural monuments as well as Senayan Sports Stadium . The parliament building features a hyperbolic roof reminiscent of German rationalist and Corbusian design concepts. Built-in 1996, Wisma 46 soars to

11374-456: The old Chinatowns of Senen and Jatinegara . As of 2001 they self-identified as being 5.5% of the population, which was thought of as under-reported; this explains the 6.6% figure ten years later. The Sumatran residents are diverse. According to the 2020 census, roughly 361,000 Batak ; 300,960 Minangkabau and 101,370 Malays lived in the city. The number of Batak people has grown in ranking, from eighth in 1930 to fifth in 2000. Toba Batak

11495-411: The old city who became widely recognised as an ethnic group by the mid-19th century. They mostly descend from an eclectic mix of Southeast Asians brought or attracted to meet labour needs. They are thus a Creole ethnic group who came from much of Indonesia. Over generations, most have intermarried with one or more ethnicities, especially people of Chinese, Arab, and European descent. Most Betawis lived in

11616-539: The oldest Hindu kingdoms in Indonesia. The area of North Jakarta around Tugu became a populated settlement in the early 5th century. The Tugu inscription (probably written around 417 AD) discovered in Batutumbuh hamlet, Tugu village, Koja , North Jakarta , mentions that King Purnawarman of Tarumanagara undertook hydraulic projects; the irrigation and water drainage project of the Chandrabhaga river and

11737-591: The other direction. This toll road is considered to be one of the most profitable in Java; it collected an average of 2 billion rupiahs (Rp) per day in tolls. The Jakarta-Cikampek Toll Road is heavily congested as it connects Jakarta and several of its satellite cities like Bekasi and Karawang . It also connects to the main routes to Bandung and the North Coast Road . PT Lippo Cikarang Tbk (IDX:LPCK) and PT Kawasan Industri Jababeka Tbk (IDX:KIJA) constructed

11858-404: The population of Greater Jakarta rose from 8.2 million in 1970 to 28.5 million in 2010. As of 2014, the population of Jakarta stood at 10 million, with a population density of 15,174 people/km . In 2014, the population of Greater Jakarta was 30 million, accounting for 11% of Indonesia's overall population. It is predicted to reach 35.6 million people by 2030 to become

11979-399: The port. The Koningsplein , now Merdeka Square was completed in 1818, the housing park of Menteng was started in 1913, and Kebayoran Baru was the last Dutch-built residential area. By 1930, Batavia had more than 500,000 inhabitants, including 37,067 Europeans. The city was expanded in 1935 through the annexation of the town of Meester Cornelis, modern Jatinegara . On 5 March 1942,

12100-495: The project. The toll road was formally opened on June 13, 2015. It allows drivers to travel from Cikampek to Cirebon in 1.5 hours instead of 3.5 hours, and is projected to ease traffic on the North Coast Road by 50%. On the first week when the road opened, 15 accidents occurred and 3 people were killed. By July 8, 2015 (three weeks after the toll road was opened), there were 56 accidents with 12 people killed. Most of

12221-482: The rioting targeted Chinese Indonesians . In the post-Suharto era, Jakarta has remained the focal point of democratic change in Indonesia. Jemaah Islamiyah -connected bombings occurred almost annually in the city between 2000 and 2005, with another in 2009 . In August 2007, Jakarta held its first-ever election to choose a governor as part of a nationwide decentralisation program that allows direct local elections in several areas. Previously, governors were elected by

12342-433: The rugged topography in southern West Java likely contributes to the increased convection that causes floods in Jakarta. Average temperatures are very high with moderate rainfall. During the day, the temperature usually hovers around 32 °C (89.6 °F) but drops to about 24 °C (75.2 °F) in the evening. These are average temperatures, and some days can be hotter. It's advisable to dress appropriately to handle

12463-478: The section connecting Surabaya and Probolinggo was completed and unveiled the next year. As of 2023, the only uncompleted portions of the Trans-Java Toll Road is the section between Probolinggo and Banyuwangi . The 170 km section, which would connect both Java coast, is currently under construction at a slow pace due to several problems, mainly arising from land ownership. The length of

12584-460: The shares were sold to PT Media Nusantara Citra (MNC) Group. At end of 2015, Waskita Karya has 99.99 percent shares of the toll road. The Pejagan–Pemalang Toll Road is 57.5 kilometres (35.7 mi) and was built with an investment of about Rp 5.5 trillion. The concession for the road was held by PT Bakrie Toll Road, which is owned by Aburizal Bakrie , but in December, 2012, the shares were sold to MNC Group. On July 16, 2014, PT Waskita Toll Road,

12705-503: The shares, and PT Jasa Marga (IDX:JSMR), which controls the remaining 45%. In 2010, PT CMNP received 93% of the company revenue from this toll road. Jakarta Outer Ring Road (JORR) is connected with the Jakarta–Tangerang Toll Road at Kebon Jeruk and with Jakarta-Cikampek Toll Road at Cikunir . JORR is a 7-section toll road spanning 65 kilometres (40 mi). The W1 section (JORR-W1) between Penjaringan and Kebon Jeruk

12826-423: The smallest among any Indonesian provinces . However, its metropolitan area covers 6,392 km (2,468 sq mi), which extends into the two bordering provinces of West Java and Banten . The Greater Jakarta area includes three bordering regencies ( Bekasi Regency , Tangerang Regency and Bogor Regency ) and five adjacent cities ( Bogor , Depok , Bekasi , Tangerang and South Tangerang ). Jakarta

12947-796: The statues and monuments are nationalist, such as the West Irian Liberation Monument , the Tugu Tani , the Youth statue , and the Dirgantara Monument . Some statues commemorate Indonesian national heroes , such as the Diponegoro and Kartini statues in Merdeka Square. The Sudirman and Thamrin statues are located on the streets bearing their names. There is also a statue of Sukarno and Hatta at

13068-441: The toll revenues from Jagorawi. The Jagorawi Toll Road is four lanes wide (in each direction) from Taman Mini to Citeureup, and three lanes wide from Citeureup to Bogor. The toll road has a Pertamina gas station which is combined with restaurants, rest areas, and outlet stores. On 8 September 2013, the toll road has been a major point for an accident involving Ahmad Dhani and Maia Estianty's youngest son Dul, primarily on

13189-541: The toll road at kilometer 58–59, making the road inaccessible to trucks, so the road was rerouted. This caused a traffic jam of up to 35 kilometres (22 mi). Around 2,000 flood refugees occupied the shoulder of the toll road at that time. The length of the Jakarta–Tangerang Toll Road is 33 kilometres (21 mi), and it is operated by Jasa Marga. By January 2011, the number of vehicles using this highway reached more than 250,000 per day. To ease congestion,

13310-541: The toll road was expanded to 3 lanes in each direction. Jakarta Inner Ring Road is connected directly with the Jakarta–Cikampek Toll Road at Cawang /Halim. At Tomang , a non-toll road connects the Inner Ring Road with Jakarta–Tangerang Toll Road. The length of the Inner Ring Road is 50.6 kilometres (31.4 mi). It is operated by Citra Marga Nusaphala Persada ( IDX :CMNP), which controls 55% of

13431-412: The volume of cars using it increases each year, especially during Eid or Christmas seasons. The congestion is also caused by the fact that the highway is open-access, meaning that everyone, including pedestrians could use this road, not just intercity traffic. Frequent roadworks along the routes also hampers traffic. In order to combat congestion, President Soeharto started commissioning toll roads along

13552-545: The western part of the archipelago. The geographical position of coastal West Java , which corresponds to today modern Jakarta , is a commanding region that controls the Sunda Strait. This location is strategic in regard to Sumatra , and also its connection to Asian continent of India and China . After fall of the Tarumanegara, the name of city was change to 'Sunda Kelapa' or 'Coconut of Sunda', growing to be

13673-540: The world's biggest megacity . The gender ratio was 102.8 (males per 100 females) in 2010, and 101.3 in 2014. Jakarta is pluralistic and religiously diverse, without a majority ethnic group. As of 2010, 36.17% of the city's population were Javanese , 28.29% Betawi (locally established mixed race, cemented by diverse creole), 14.61% Sundanese , 6.62% Chinese , 3.42% Batak , 2.85% Minangkabau , 0.96% Malays , Indo and others 7.06%. The ' Betawi ' ( Orang Betawi , or 'people of Batavia') are immigrant descendants of

13794-553: Was an architect, is credited for planning Jakarta's monuments and landmarks, as he desired the city to be the beacon of a powerful new nation. Among the monumental projects that were built, initiated, and planned during his administration are the National Monument , Istiqlal mosque , the Legislature Building , and the Gelora Bung Karno stadium. Sukarno also built many nationalistic monuments and statues in

13915-536: Was changed to a province with special capital region distinction. As a province, its government consists of five administrative cities and one administrative regency . Jakarta is an alpha world city and the ASEAN secretariat's seat. Financial institutions such as the Bank of Indonesia , Indonesia Stock Exchange , and corporate headquarters of numerous Indonesian companies and multinational corporations are located in

14036-508: Was completed in 1984. Two years later, the section between Surabaya and Gempol (near Pasuruan . Semarang Outer Ring Road was the next section to be fully opened (after having sections of it partially opened starting from 1983), opened in 1988. The next major section to be fully operational is the Jakarta-Cikampek section, spanning 72 km, this highway would become one of the most important and most used highway in Indonesia, as it

14157-555: Was delayed due to problems with land acquisition. President Joko Widodo renewed the government's efforts to complete land acquisition in 2016. The Ciawi–Cigombong section was opened in December 2018. Construction on the second section, Cigombong–Cibadak, was 76.50% complete by February 2021; the projected completion date is August 2021. Jakarta This is an accepted version of this page Jakarta ( / dʒ ə ˈ k ɑːr t ə / ; Indonesian pronunciation: [dʒaˈkarta] , Betawi : Jakartè ), officially

14278-506: Was estimated at US$ 724.010 billion. Jakarta is the economic, cultural, and political centre of Indonesia. Although Jakarta extends over only 661.23 km (255.30 sq mi) and thus has the smallest area of any Indonesian province , its metropolitan area covers 7,076.31 km (2,732.18 sq mi), which includes the satellite cities of Bogor , Depok , Tangerang , South Tangerang , and Bekasi , and has an estimated population of 32.6 million as of 2022 , making it

14399-443: Was first conceived in whole in 1995, by President Soeharto as a means to connect both ends of the island to help with distribution and general traffic between the major cities that it runs through. But, the 1997 Asian financial crisis which affected the country, halted any developments. The project was later revived by President Joko Widodo , with the construction of the remaining sections starting between 2014 and 2016. This revival

14520-453: Was opened formally with a toll rate of Rp 10,000 for small vehicles. From the opening until the end of December 2014, only about 800 vehicles per day used Section 1, rather than the 11,000 vehicles per day that was predicted. MHI officials suggested that the toll road has not been used because it is too short and that the numbers will increase when the other sections open. Section 3 has been opened in December 2016, on September 10, 2017, Section 2

14641-590: Was opened on July 21, 2014. With the completion of the W2 section, 53.24 kilometers of toll road between Rorotan and Penjaringan were fully connected. The toll road can hold about 100,000 vehicles per day and is expected to ease about 30% of the congestion on the Jakarta Inner Ring Toll Road. The section between Koja and Tanjung Priok Port consists of 5 sub-sections and is predicted to be completed by mid-2015: To reduce traffic jams, trucks with

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