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108-740: The road is a major artery, carrying transmigrants from Java to the less densely populated Sumatra, and carrying Sumatran visitors to Jakarta and Java. The eastern and central route of the Trans-Sumatra Highway forms the whole section of the Asian Highway 25 ( [REDACTED] ) and ASEAN Highway 151 (AH151), respectively. It consists of 4 parts, namely Jalan Raya Lintas Barat (Jalinbar), Jalan Raya Lintas Tengah (Jalinteng), Jalan Raya Lintas Timur (Jalintim), and Jalan Raya Lintas Pantai Timur. Parts of it are being set up for controlled-access highways . The Medan–Binjai Toll Road

216-728: A Duyfken expedition led by the commander Wiliam Jansen from Holland landed in Papua. This expedition consisted of 3 ships, where they sailed from the north coast of Java and stopped at the Kei Islands , at the southwestern coast of Papua. With the increasing Dutch grip in the region, the Spanish left New Guinea in 1663. In 1660, the Dutch recognized the Sultan of Tidore's sovereignty over New Guinea. New Guinea thus became notionally Dutch as

324-563: A few years later (1526–1527), he refers to the region as 'Papua', which was mentioned in the diary of Antonio Pigafetta , the clerk for the Magellan voyage . The name Papua was known to Pigafetta when he stopped on the island of Tidore. On 16 May 1545, Yñigo Ortiz de Retez , a Spanish maritime explorer in command of the San Juan de Letran , left port in Tidore, a Spanish stronghold in

432-438: A great framework for solving the conflict in Papua. The administration has implemented a one-price fuel policy in Papua, with Jokowi assessing that it is a form of "justice" for all Papuans. The administration has also provided free primary and secondary education. Security forces have been accused of abuses in the region including extrajudicial killings, torture, arrests of activists, and displacements of entire villages. On

540-633: A harder penalty, with capital punishment for Petro Jandi, and a life sentence to Stevanus Yoseph. Meanwhile, another organization was formed on the 17 August 1947, called the Association of Young Men of Indonesia (PPI) under the leadership of Abraham Koromath. Around the Bomberai Peninsula area of Fakfak , specifically in Kokas, an Indonesian nationalist movement was led by Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan . On 1 March 1946, he ordered that all

648-744: A local branch of KIM was joined with Perserikatan Indonesia Merdeka (PIM) which was formed earlier in September 1945 under the leadership of Lukas Rumkorem  [ id ] . Lukas would be captured and exiled to Hollandia, with the charge he instigated violence among local population accused of trying to kill Frans Kaisiepo and Marcus Kaisiepo. Still the movement did not disappear in Biak, Stevanus Yoseph together with Petero Jandi, Terianus Simbiak, Honokh Rambrar, Petrus Kaiwai and Hermanus Rumere on 19 March 1948, instigate another revolt. Dutch authorities had to send reinforcements from Jayapura. The Dutch imposed

756-658: A local government for Jakarta in Irian Jaya Barat (West) took place in February 2003 and a governor was appointed in November; a government for Irian Jaya Tengah (Central Irian Jaya) was delayed from August 2003 due to violent local protests. The creation of this separate Central Irian Jaya Province was blocked by Indonesian courts, who declared it to be unconstitutional and in contravention of the Papua's special autonomy agreement. The previous division into two provinces

864-576: A million in East Kalimantan , totalling 2.6 million for the whole area. Though numbers are a state secret, well over a million transmigrants are thought to reside in Papua and West Papua . Total Javanese and other transmigrants in Indonesia number roughly 20 million throughout the country. Transmigrants are not exclusively ethnic Javanese and/or Muslims. For example, in 1994, when East Timor

972-1018: A million in Jambi , 2.2 million in South Sumatra , 0.4 million in Bengkulu , 5.7 million in Lampung , 100 thousand in Bangka-Belitung , almost 400 thousand in Riau Islands , totalling some 15.5 million in Sumatra alone. In Kalimantan , there are some 700 thousand transmigrants and their descendants in West Kalimantan , 400 thousand in Central Kalimantan , almost 500 thousand in South Kalimantan , and over

1080-519: A naval leader of Waigeo from Biak. The Biak people is the largest Melanesian tribe, spread on the northern coast of Papua, making the Biak language widely used and considered the language of Papuan unity. Due to the relationship of the coastal areas of Papua with the Sultans of Maluku, there are several local kingdoms on this island, which shows the entry of feudalism. Since the 16th century, apart from

1188-564: A part of the same tectonic plate as Australia. When world sea levels were low, the two shared shorelines (which now lie 100 to 140 metres below sea level), and combined with lands now inundated into the tectonic continent of Sahul , also known as Greater Australia. The two landmasses became separated when the area now known as the Torres Strait flooded after the end of the Last Glacial Period . The province of Papua

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1296-559: A population of 4,303,707, of which the majority were Christian. The official estimate for mid 2022 was 4,418,581 prior to the division of the province into four separate provinces. The official estimate of the population in mid 2023 of the reduced province was 1,047,098 (comprising 548,505 males and 498,593 females). The interior is predominantly populated by ethnic Papuans while coastal towns are inhabited by descendants of intermarriages between Papuans, Melanesians and Austronesians , including other Indonesian ethnic groups. Migrants from

1404-406: A province-level administration. On 11 December 2002 three new regencies were created - Keerom and Sarmi from parts of Jayapura Regency, and Waropen from part of Yapen Waropen Regency (the rest of this regency was renamed as Yapen Islands ). On 18 December 2003 a further regency - Supiori - was created from part of Biak Numfor Regency, and on 15 March 2007 a further regency - Mamberamo Raya -

1512-497: A rebellion, however Dutch authorities would be alerted by a defecting member of Papuan Battalion on 14 December 1945, utilising forces from Rabaul , Dutch authorities would also capture 250 people possibly involved in this attack. The news of Indonesian independence proclamation arrived in New Guinea primarily through shipping laborers associated with Sea Transport Union of Indonesia (Sarpelindo), who were working for ships under

1620-515: A red and white flag-raising ceremony to commemorate the Indonesian independence day . KIM and PKII members began to start movements in other areas of New Guinea, most of these were unsuccessful, and the perpetrators were either imprisoned or killed. In Manokwari , a movement called Red and White Movement (GMP) was founded, which was led by Petrus Walebong and Samuel D. Kawab. This movement later spread to Babo, Kokas, Fakfak, and Sorong. In Biak,

1728-405: A similar province-level special status). According to Law 21/2001 on Special Autonomy Status (UU Nomor 21 Tahun 2001 tentang Otonomi khusus Papua), the provincial government of Papua is provided with authority within all sectors of administration, except for the five strategic areas of foreign affairs, security and defense, monetary and fiscal affairs, religion and justice. The provincial government

1836-604: A target of relocating 20,500 families in 2006. The program again intensified in 2019. The stated purpose of the program, according to proponents in the Indonesian government and the development community, was to move millions of Indonesians from the densely populated inner islands of Java, Bali and Madura to the outer, less densely populated islands to achieve a more balanced population density . This would alleviate poverty by providing land and new opportunities to generate income for poor landless settlers. It would also benefit

1944-626: A thousand moving to the Netherlands. Following a sustained period of harassment against Dutch diplomatic representatives in Jakarta , the Indonesian government formally severed relations with the Netherlands in August 1960. In response to Indonesian aggression, the Netherlands government stepped up its efforts to prepare the Papuan people for self-determination in 1959. These efforts culminated in

2052-698: Is 17 km long and set to completed in the end of 2017. In 2012, the Indonesian government had planned to build the Trans-Sumatra toll road that connects Lampung to Aceh along 2,700 kilometers. The government will allocate Rp 150 trillion for the construction of the toll roads. In the early stages, the toll road parts which is ready to be built are Padang–Sicincin Toll Road (27 km) and Medan–Kualanamu–Tebing Tinggi Toll Road . Transmigration program The transmigration program ( Indonesian : transmigrasi , from Dutch , transmigratie )

2160-529: Is a country "of indigenous people, run and governed by and for indigenous people". It argues instead for the use of "vulnerable population groups" which can include both tribal groups and the urban poor. In many examples, the program failed in its objective to improve the situation of the migrants. The soil and climate of their new locations were generally not nearly as productive as the volcanic soil of Java and Bali. The settlers were often landless people lacking in farming skills, let alone skills appropriate to

2268-536: Is another name for Onin as recorded in old communal poems or songs from Wersar, while Sran popularly misunderstood to refers to Seram Island in Maluku , is more likely another name for a local Papuan kingdom which in its native language is called Sran Eman Muun , based in Kaimana and its furthest influence extends to the Kei Islands , in southeastern Maluku. In his book Nieuw Guinea, Dutch author WC. Klein explained

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2376-410: Is authorized to issue local regulations to further stipulate the implementation of the special autonomy, including regulating the authority of districts and municipalities within the province. Due to its special autonomy status, Papua province is provided with significant amount of special autonomy funds, which can be used to benefit its indigenous peoples . But the province has low fiscal capacity and it

2484-427: Is between 80% and 89%. The average annual rainfall is between 1,500 mm and 7,500 mm. Snowfalls sometime occurs in the mountainous areas of New Guinea, especially the central highlands region. Various other smaller mountain ranges occur both north and west of the central ranges. Except in high elevations, most areas possess a hot, humid climate throughout the year, with some seasonal variation associated with

2592-679: Is currently coordinated by Ministry of Villages, Development of Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration . The stated purpose of this program was to reduce the considerable poverty and overpopulation on Java, to provide opportunities for hard-working poor people, and to provide a workforce to utilize better the natural resources of the outer islands. The program, however, has been controversial as fears from native populations of " Javanization " and " Islamization " have strengthened separatist movements and communal violence . The incomers are mostly Madurese and Javanese but also from other populated areas such as Hindu Balinese . The policy

2700-436: Is highly dependent on unconditional transfers and the above-mentioned special autonomy fund, which accounted for about 55% of total revenues in 2008. After obtaining its special autonomy status, to allow the local population access to timber production benefits, the Papuan provincial government issued a number of decrees, enabling: As of 2022 (following the separation of Central Papua, Highland Papua, and South Papua province),

2808-553: Is located between 2 ° 25'LU – 9 ° S and 130 ° – 141 ° East. The total area of Papua is now 82,680.95 km (31,923.29 sq mi). Until its division in 2022 into four provinces, Papua Province was the province that had the largest area in Indonesia, with a total area of 312,816.35 km , or 19.33% of the total area of the Indonesian archipelago . The boundaries of Papua are: Pacific Ocean (North), Highland Papua (South), Central Papua (Southwest) and Papua New Guinea (East). Papua, like most parts of Indonesia, has two seasons,

2916-536: The Tri Komando Rakjat (People's Triple Command), calling the Indonesian people to defeat the formation of an independent state of West Papua, raise the Indonesian flag in the territory, and be ready for mobilisation at any time. In 1962 Indonesia launched a significant campaign of airborne and seaborne infiltrations against the disputed territory, beginning with a seaborne infiltration launched by Indonesian forces on 15 January 1962. The Indonesian attack

3024-712: The 1997 Asian financial crisis and the fall of the New Order , the Indonesian government again reduced the scale of the transmigration program due to a lack of funds. Under the restructured Department of Manpower and Transmigration (Indonesian: Departemen Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi ) the Indonesian government maintains the transmigration program, although on a far smaller scale than in previous decades. The department assists in annually relocating approximately 15,000 families, or nearly 60,000 people. The rate has shown gradual increases in recent years with funding for transmigration activities at $ 270 million (2.3 trillion IDR ) and

3132-750: The Maluku Islands and going by way of the Talaud Islands and the Schoutens , reached the northern coast of New Guinea, which was coasted till the end of August when, owing to the 5°S latitude, contrary winds and currents, forcing a return to Tidore arriving on 5 October 1545. Many islands were encountered and first charted, along the northern coast of New Guinea, and in the Padaidos , Le Maires , Ninigos , Kaniets and Hermits , to some of which Spanish names were given. On 20 June 1545 at

3240-571: The People's Representative Council . The Papua Electoral District consists of all of the 8 regencies in the province, together with the city of Jayapura, and elects 3 members to the People's Representative Council. The island of New Guinea lies to the east of the Malay Archipelago , with which it is sometimes included as part of a greater Indo-Australian Archipelago. Geologically it is

3348-1003: The Raja Ampat Islands which was contested between the Bacan Sultanate, Tidore Sultanate, and Ternate Sultanate , other coastal areas of Papua from the island of Biak to Mimika became vassals of the Tidore Sultanate. The Tidore Sultanate adheres to the trade pact and custom of Uli-Siwa (federation of nine), there were nine trade partners led by Tidore in opposition to the Ternate-led Uli Lima (federation of five). In administering its regions in Papua, Tidore divide them to three regions, Korano Ngaruha ( lit. Four Kings ) or Raja Ampat Islands, Papoua Gam Sio ( lit. Papua The Nine Negeri ) and Mafor Soa Raha ( lit. Mafor The Four Soa ). The role of these kingdoms began to decline due to

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3456-654: The United Nations should oversee a referendum of the Papuan people , in which they would be given two options: to remain part of Indonesia or to become an independent nation. For a period of time, Dutch New Guinea were under the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority , before being transferred to Indonesia in 1963. A referendum was held in 1969, which was referred locally as Penentuan Pendapat Rakyat (Determination of

3564-487: The northeast monsoon season. Another major habitat feature is the vast northern lowlands. Stretching for hundreds of kilometers, these include lowland rainforests, extensive wetlands, savanna grasslands, and some of the largest expanses of mangrove forest in the world. The northern lowlands are drained principally by the province's largest river, the Mamberamo River and its tributaries on the western side, and by

3672-501: The 1780s. He commanded loyalty from both Moluccan and Papuan chiefs, especially those of Raja Ampat Islands. Following Tidore's defeat, much of the territory it claimed in western part of New Guinea came under Dutch rule as part of the Dutch East Indies . In 1511, Antonio d'Arbau, a Portuguese sailor, called the Papua region as "Os Papuas" or llha de Papo . Don Jorge de Menetes , a sailor from Spain also stopped by in Papua

3780-792: The 2019–2024 period consists of 13 political parties where the Nasdem Party is the political party with the most seats, with 8 seats, followed by the Democratic Party which also won 8 seats and the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle which won 7 seats. The province of Papua is one of seven provinces to have obtained special autonomy status, the others being Aceh , West Papua , Southwest Papua , Central Papua , Highland Papua and South Papua (the Special Regions of Jakarta and Yogyakarta have

3888-646: The Baliem River, which had 50,000 yet-undiscovered Stone Age farmers living in villages. The people, known as the Dani , were the last society of its size to make first contact with the rest of the world. The region became important in World War II with the Pacific War upon the Netherlands' declaration of war on Japan after the bombing of Pearl Harbor . In 1942, the northern coast of West New Guinea and

3996-527: The Dutch held power over Tidore. Dutch New Guinea in the early 19th century was administered from the Moluccas . Although the coast had been mapped in 1825 by Lieutenant Commander D.H. Kolff, there had been no serious effort to establish a permanent presence in Dutch New Guinea. The British, however, had shown considerable interest in the area, and were threatening to settle it. To prevent this,

4104-744: The Dutch's flags in Kokas to be changed into Indonesian flags. He was later imprisoned in Doom Island , Sorong, where he managed to recruit some followers as well as the support from local Sangaji Malan Dutch authorities later aided by incoming troops from Sorong arrested the King Rumagesan and he was given capital punishment. Meanwhile, in Kaimana , King Muhammad Achmad Aituarauw founded an organization called Independence With Kaimana, West Irian (MBKIB), which similarly boycotted Dutch flags every 31 August. In response of this activity, Aituarauw

4212-568: The Governor of the Moluccas, Pieter Merkus , urged the Dutch government to establish posts along the coast. An administrative and trading post established in 1828 on Triton Bay on the southwest coast of New Guinea. On 24 August 1828, the birthday of King William I of the Netherlands , the Dutch flag was hoisted and the Dutch claimed all of Western New Guinea , which they called Nieuw Guinea Several native chieftains proclaimed their loyalty to

4320-435: The Indonesian government, the Dutch transferred Western New Guinea to a United Nations Temporary Executive Authority (UNTEA), which was again transferred to Indonesia after the controversial Act of Free Choice . The province was formerly called Irian Jaya and comprised the entire Western New Guinea until the inauguration of the province of West Papua (then West Irian Jaya) in 2001. In 2002, Papua adopted its current name and

4428-682: The Netherlands formally purchased West New Guinea from the Sultanate of Tidore, incorporating it into the Netherlands East Indies. Dutch activity in the region remained in the first half of the twentieth century, notwithstanding the 1923 establishment of the Nieuw Guinea Beweging (New Guinea Movement) in the Netherlands by ultra right-wing supporters calling for Dutchmen to create a tropical Netherlands in Papua. This pre-war movement without full government support

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4536-598: The Netherlands formally transferred sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia , on 27 December 1949. However, the Dutch refused to include Netherlands New Guinea in the new Indonesian Republic and took steps to prepare it for independence as a separate country. Following the failure of the Dutch and Indonesians to resolve their differences over West New Guinea during the Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference in late 1949, it

4644-662: The Netherlands. The post was named Fort Du Bus for the then-Governor General of the Dutch East Indies, Leonard du Bus de Gisignies . 30 years later, Germans established the first missionary settlement on an island near Manokwari . While in 1828 the Dutch claimed the south coast west of the 141st meridian and the north coast west of Humboldt Bay in 1848, they did not try to develop the region again until 1896; they established settlements in Manokwari and Fak-Fak in response to perceived Australian ownership claims from

4752-468: The Papuan people. It was only at the beginning of 700 AD that traders from Persia and Gujarat began to arrive in what is now Papua and called it Dwi Panta or Samudrananta , which means 'at edge of the ocean'. The 14th-century Majapahit poem Nagarakretagama mentioned Wwanin or Onin and Sran as a recognized territory in the east, today identified as Onin peninsula in Fakfak Regency in

4860-724: The People's Opinion) or Act of Free Choice by independence activists. The referendum was recognized by the international community and the region became the Indonesian province of Irian Jaya. The province has been renamed as Papua since 2002. Following the Act of Free Choice in 1969, Western New Guinea was formally integrated into the Republic of Indonesia. Instead of a referendum of the 816,000 Papuans, only 1,022 Papuan tribal representatives were allowed to vote, and they were coerced into voting in favor of integration. While several international observers including journalists and diplomats criticized

4968-663: The Trans-Papua Highway project is creating new opportunities for connectivity, trade, and tourism. Additionally, the government's focus on empowering indigenous communities and promoting sustainable development is bringing economic and social benefits to the region. Despite the challenging terrain and climate of New Guinea, major infrastructure projects are being implemented, connecting remote areas and fostering economic growth. The expansion of telecommunications services and renewable energy projects are further accelerating development in rural areas. The 2020 census revealed

5076-486: The United States of Indonesia and proclaimed the unitary Republic of Indonesia . Indonesia also began to initiate incursions to New Guinea in 1952, though most of these efforts would be unsuccessful. Most of these failed infiltrators would be sent to Boven-Digoel which would form clandestine intelligence groups working from the primarily southern part of New Guinea in preparation for war. Meanwhile, following

5184-446: The agriculture, plantation, and fisheries sectors. However, transmigration often triggers social conflict, especially with indigenous people in the destination area. Indigenous people often feel marginalized and lose access to land and natural resources that are an important part of their lives. The program has resulted in communal clashes between ethnic groups that have come into contact through transmigration. For example, in 1999,

5292-501: The beginning of the influence of the Bacan Sultanate in Papua. There he wrote: In 1569 Papoese hoof den bezoeken Batjan. Ee aanterijken worden vermeld (In 1569, Papuan tribal leaders visited Bacan , which resulted in the creation of new kingdoms). According to the oral history of the Biak people, there used to be a relationship and marriage between their tribal chiefs and the sultans of Tidore in connection with Gurabesi ,

5400-539: The conquest of the Philippines in March 1945. Over twenty U.S. bases were established and half a million US personnel moved through the area. West New Guinean farms supplied food for the half million US troops. Papuan men went into battle to carry the wounded, acted as guides and translators, and provided a range of services, from construction work and carpentry to serving as machine shop workers and mechanics. Following

5508-426: The coolies and abuse was common. After independence in 1949, under President Sukarno , the program continued and was expanded to send migrants to more areas of the archipelago such as Papua . At its peak between 1979 and 1984, 535,000 families (almost 2.5 million people) moved under the program. It had a significant impact on the demographics of some regions; for example, in 1981, 60% of the three million people in

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5616-450: The current province of Papua. This relationship plays an important historical role in binding the archipelagic civilizations of Indonesia to the Papuan world. Another theory is that the word Papua comes from the Malay word 'papuwah', which means 'frizzled hair'. It was first mentioned in the 1812 Malay Dictionary by William Marsden , although it was not found in earlier dictionaries. In

5724-488: The defeat of the third Afro-Asian resolution in November 1957, the Indonesian government embarked on a national campaign targeting Dutch interests in Indonesia; A total of 700 Dutch-owned companies with a valuation total of around $ 1.5 billion was nationalised. By January 1958, ten thousand Dutch nationals had left Indonesia, many returning to the Netherlands. By June 1960, around thirteen thousand Dutch nationals mostly Eurasians from New Guinea left for Australia , with around

5832-467: The dry season and the rainy season. From June to September the wind flows from Australia and does not contain much water vapor resulting in a dry season. On the other hand, from December to March, the wind currents contain a lot of water vapor originating from Asia and the Pacific Ocean so that the rainy season occurs. The average temperature in Papua ranges from 19 °C to 28 °C and humidity

5940-550: The eastern half of New Guinea. Great Britain and Germany had recognized the Dutch claims in treaties of 1885 and 1895. At the same time, Britain claimed south-east New Guinea, later as the Territory of Papua , and Germany claimed the northeast, later known as the Territory of New Guinea . The German, Dutch and British colonial administrators each attempted to suppress the still-widespread practices of inter-village warfare and headhunting within their respective territories. In 1901,

6048-767: The end of the war, the Dutch retained possession of West New Guinea from 1945. In 1944, Jan van Eechoud set up a school for bureaucrats in Hollandia (now Jayapura). One early headmaster of the school was Soegoro Atmoprasojo , an Indonesian nationalist graduate of Taman Siswa and former Boven-Digoel prisoners, in one of these meetings the name "Irian" was suggested. Many of these school early graduates would go on to found Indonesian independence movement in Western New Guinea, while some went on to support Dutch authorities and pursue Papuan independence. In December 1945, Atmoprasojo alongside his students were planning for

6156-516: The entry of traders from Europe to the archipelago marking the beginning of colonialism in the Indonesian Archipelago . During Tidore's rule, the main exports of the island during this period were resins, spices, slaves and the highly priced feathers of the bird-of-paradise . Sultan Nuku , one of the most famous Tidore sultans who rebelled against Dutch colonization, called himself "Sultan of Tidore and Papua", during his revolt in

6264-467: The establishment of a hospital in Hollandia (modern–day Jayapura, currently Jayapura Regional General Hospital or RSUD Jayapura), a shipyard in Manokwari , agricultural research sites, plantations, and a military force known as the Papuan Volunteer Corps . By 1960, a legislative New Guinea Council had been established with a mixture of legislative, advisory and policy functions. Half of its members were to be elected, and elections for this council were held

6372-406: The first vice president of Indonesia, and Sutan Sjahrir , the first Indonesian Prime Minister . Before about 1930, European maps showed the highlands as uninhabited forests. When first flown over by aircraft, numerous settlements with agricultural terraces and stockades were observed. The most startling discovery took place on 4 August 1938, when Richard Archbold discovered the Grand Valley of

6480-579: The flag of Australian and the Dutch. This led to the formation of the Komite Indonesia Merdeka or KIM branch in Abepura, Hollandia in October 1946, originally an organization for Indonesian exiles in Sydney. It was led by Dr. J.A. Gerungan, a woman doctor who led an Abepura hospital, by December 1946, it came to be led by Martin Indey . KIM was one of the first Indonesian nationalist groups in New Guinea, whose members were mostly former associates of Soegoro. Simultaneously another separate Indonesian nationalist movement in New Guinea formed when Dr. Sam Ratulangi ,

6588-596: The following year. Most importantly, the Dutch also sought to create a sense of West Papuan national identity, and these efforts led to the creation of a national flag (the Morning Star flag ), a national anthem, and a coat of arms . The Dutch had planned to transfer independence to West New Guinea in 1970. Following the raising of the Papuan National Flag on 1 December 1961, tensions further escalated. Multiple rebellions erupted inside New Guinea against Dutch authorities, such as in Enarotali, Agats, Kokas, Merauke, Sorong and Baliem Valley. On 18 December 1961 Sukarno issued

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6696-462: The government. In the provinces of Papua and West Papua, the program has resulted in the Papuan population of Melanesian origin totalling less than the population of non-Melanesian (principally Austronesian) origin in several locations. According to Papuan independence activists, the Papuans have lived on the New Guinea island for an estimated 50,000 years, but have been outnumbered in less than 50 years by mostly Javanese Indonesians. They criticize

6804-428: The highlands were an early and independent center of agriculture, and show that agriculture developed gradually over several thousands of years; the banana has been cultivated in this region for at least 7,000 years. Austronesian peoples migrating through Maritime Southeast Asia settled in the area at least 3,000 years ago, and populated especially in Cenderawasih Bay . Diverse cultures and languages have developed in

6912-574: The island due to geographical isolation; there are over 300 languages and two hundred additional dialects in the region. Ghau Yu Kuan, a Chinese merchant, came to Papua around the latter half of 500 AD and referred to it as Tungki , the area where they obtained spices. Meanwhile, in the latter half of 600 AD, the Sumatra -based empire of Srivijaya referred to the island as Janggi . The empire engaged in trade relations with western New Guinea, initially taking items like sandalwood and birds-of-paradise in tribute to China , but later making slaves out of

7020-439: The lands became overgrazed , resulting in deforestation. Transmigration in Indonesia covers various regions throughout the country, including Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara region, and Papua. The program was originally intended to reduce density in densely populated areas such as Java and Bali and to develop the economy in relatively sparsely populated areas, which were considered to have great potential in

7128-404: The late 16th century due to spice trade . In the end, the Dutch Empire emerged as the dominant leader in the spice war, annexing the western part of New Guinea into the colony of Dutch East Indies . The Dutch remained in New Guinea until 1962, even though other parts of the former colony has declared independence as the Republic of Indonesia in 1945. Following negotiations and conflicts with

7236-412: The latter being the provincial capital of Jayapura . The province has a large potential in natural resources, such as gold, nickel, petroleum, etc. Papua, along with five other Papuan provinces , has a higher degree of autonomy level compared to other Indonesian provinces . The island of New Guinea has been populated for tens of thousands of years. European traders began frequenting the region around

7344-595: The local Dayaks and Malays clashed against the transmigrant Madurese during the Sambas riots and the Dayaks and Madurese clashed again in 2001 during the Sampit conflict , resulting in thousands of deaths and thousands of Madurese being displaced. Transmigration from Java and Madura have resulted in large numbers of the population elsewhere, particularly in Sumatra , Borneo , and Papua . Based on 2010 census figures and ethnic prevalence, roughly 4.3 million transmigrants and their descendants live in North Sumatra , 200 thousand in West Sumatra , 1.4 million in Riau , almost

7452-437: The mouth of the Mamberamo River (charted as San Agustin ) he took possession of the land for the Spanish Crown, in the process giving the island the name by which it is known today. He called it Nueva Guinea owing to the resemblance of the local inhabitants to the peoples of the Guinea coast in West Africa. The first map showing the whole island as an island was published in 1600 and shown 1606, Luís Vaz de Torres explored

7560-416: The name from Mansren Koreri myths, Iri-an from the Biak language of Biak Island , meaning "hot land" referring to the local hot climate, but also from Iryan which means heated process as a metaphor for a land that is entering a new era. In Serui Iri-an ( lit. land-nation) means "pillar of nation", while in Merauke Iri-an ( lit. placed higher-nation) means "rising spirit" or "to rise". The name

7668-444: The nation as a whole by increasing the utilization of the natural resources of the less-populous islands. The program may have been intended to encourage the unification of the country through the creation of a single Indonesian national identity to augment or replace regional identities. The official position of the Indonesian government is that there is no separation of "indigenous people" and settlers in Indonesia, because Indonesia

7776-564: The nearby islands were occupied by Japan . By late 1942, most of the Netherlands Indies were occupied by Japan . Behind Japanese lines in New Guinea, Dutch guerrilla fighters resisted under Mauritz Christiaan Kokkelink. Allied forces drove out the Japanese after Operations Reckless and Persecution , with amphibious landings near Hollandia, from 21 April 1944. The area served as General Douglas MacArthur 's headquarters until

7884-466: The new land, thus compromising their own chances of success. Transmigration has also been blamed for accelerating the deforestation of sensitive rainforest areas , as formerly sparsely-populated areas experienced considerable increases in population. Migrants were often moved to entirely new "transmigration villages", constructed in regions that had been relatively unimpacted by human activity. By settling on this land, natural resources were used up, and

7992-518: The north coast of Papua proper, the Schouten Islands or Biak Island. When the Dutch colonized this island as part of the Dutch East Indies , they called it Nieuw Guinea . Speakers align themselves with a political orientation when choosing a name for the western half of the island of New Guinea . The official name of the region is "Papua" according to International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Independence activists refer to

8100-496: The north, Cenderawasih Bay to the west, and the provinces of Central Papua and Highland Papua to the south. The province also shares maritime boundaries with Palau in the Pacific. Following the splitting off of twenty regencies to create the three new provinces of Central Papua , Highland Papua , and South Papua on 30 June 2022, the residual province is divided into eight regencies ( kabupaten ) and one city ( kota ),

8208-642: The origin of the word Papua. One theory is that the name comes from the word 'Papo Ua', named by the Tidore Sultanate , which in the Tidore language means "not joining" or "not being united", meaning that there was no king who rules the area. Before the age of colonization, the Tidore Sultanate controlled some parts of the Bird's Head Peninsula in what is now the provinces of West Papua and Southwest Papua before expanding to also include coastal regions in

8316-446: The other hand, separatists have been accused and claimed much of the same violence, such as extrajudicial killings of both Papuan and non-Papuan civilians, torture, rapes, and attacking local villages. Protests against Indonesian rule in Papua happen frequently, the most recent being the 2019 Papua protests , one of the largest and most violent, which include burning of mostly non-Papuan civilians and Papuans that did not want to join

8424-406: The potential for soil erosion, the possibility of declining soil fertility, need for protection against pests and disease, possible adverse effects on wildlife and deforestation, impact on indigenous people, and the need to strengthen the borrower's capacity for managing natural resources. But often, the audits found, the proposed mitigatory measures were unrealistic or were insufficiently monitored by

8532-403: The program argue that considerable resources have been wasted in settling people who have not been able to move beyond subsistence level, with extensive damage to the environment and deracination of tribal people. However, very large scale American and Anglo-Australian strip mining contracts have been developed on the island, as well as other Indonesian islands. The transmigration program in Papua

8640-693: The program as part of "an attempt to wipe out the West Papuans in a slow-motion genocide". There is open conflict between migrants, the state, and indigenous groups due to differences in culture—particularly in administration, and cultural topics such as nudity, food and sex. Religion is also a problem as Papuans are predominantly Christian or hold traditional tribal beliefs while the non-Papuan settlers are mostly Muslim. A number of Indonesians have taken Papuan children and sent them to Islamic religious schools. The recorded population growth rates in Papua are exceptionally high due to migration. Detractors of

8748-679: The province is the Papuan People's Assembly ( Majelis Rakyat Papua ), which was formed by the Indonesian government in 2005, as mandated by the Papua Special Autonomy Law, as a coalition of Papuan tribal chiefs, Papuan religious leaders, and Papuan women representatives, tasked with arbitration and speaking on behalf of Papuan tribal customs. Since 2014, the DPRP has 55 members who are elected through General elections every five years and 14 people who are appointed through

8856-556: The rally. In July 2022, regencies in central and southern Papua were separated from the province, to be created into three new provinces: South Papua administered from Merauke Regency , Central Papua administered from Nabire Regency , and Highlands Papua administered from Jayawijaya Regency . The province of Papua is governed by a directly elected governor and a regional legislature, People's Representative Council of Papua ( Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Papua , abbreviated as DPRP or DPR Papua). A unique government organization in

8964-531: The records of 16th century Portuguese and Spanish sailors, the word 'Papua' is the designation for the inhabitants of the Raja Ampat Islands and the coastal parts of the Bird's Head Peninsula. The former name of the province, Irian Jaya, was suggested during a tribal committee meeting in Tobati, Jayapura, formed by Atmoprasojo, head of the bestuur school in the 1940s. Frans Kaisiepo , the committee leader suggested

9072-466: The referendum as being rigged, the U.S. and Australia support Indonesia's efforts to secure acceptance in the United Nations for the pro-integration vote. That same year, 84 member states voted in favor for the United Nations to accept the result, with 30 others abstaining. Due to the Netherlands' efforts to promote a West Papuan national identity, a significant number of Papuans refused to accept

9180-456: The region as " West Papua ," while Indonesian officials have also used " West Papua " to name the westernmost province of the region since 2007. Historically, the region has had the official names of Netherlands New Guinea (1895–1962), West New Guinea or West Irian (1945–73), Irian Jaya (1973–2002), and Papua (2002–present). Papuan habitation of the region is estimated to have begun between 42,000 and 48,000 years ago. Research indicates that

9288-463: The residual Papua Province consisted of 8 regencies ( kabupaten ) and one city ( kota ); on the map below, these regencies comprise the northern belt from Waropen Regency to Keerom Regency, plus the island groups to their northwest. Initially the area now forming the present Papua Province contained three regencies - Jayapura , Yapen Waropen and Biak Numfor . The City of Jayapura was separated on 2 August 1993 from Jayapura Regency and formed into

9396-475: The rest of Indonesia also tend to inhabit the coastal regions. The province is also home to some uncontacted peoples . [REDACTED] Dutch East India Company 1640s–1799 [REDACTED] Dutch East Indies 1800–1942; 1944–1949 [REDACTED] Empire of Japan 1942–1944 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Dutch New Guinea 1949–1962 [REDACTED] UNTEA 1962–1963 [REDACTED] Indonesia 1963–present There are several theories regarding

9504-478: The southern Sumatra province of Lampung were transmigrants. During the 1980s, the program was funded by the World Bank and Asian Development Bank as well as by many Western governments who appreciated Suharto's anti-communist politics. However, as a result of the 1979 energy crisis and increased transportation costs, the budget and plans for transmigration were severely reduced. In August 2000, after

9612-580: The southern coast of New Guinea from Milne Bay to the Gulf of Papua including Orangerie Bay, which he named Bahía de San Lorenzo . His expedition also discovered Basilaki Island , naming it Tierra de San Buenaventura , which he claimed for Spain in July 1606. On 18 October, his expedition reached the western part of the island in present-day Indonesia, and also claimed the territory for the King of Spain. In 1606,

9720-633: The special autonomy, bringing the total number of DPRP members to 69 people. The DPRP leadership consists of 1 Chairperson and 3 Deputy Chairmen who come from political parties that have the most seats and votes. The current DPRP members are the results of the 2019 General Election which was sworn in on 31 October 2019 by the Chairperson of the Jayapura High Court at the Papua DPR Building. The composition of DPRP members for

9828-474: The territory's integration into Indonesia. These formed the separatist Organisasi Papua Merdeka (Free Papua Movement) and have waged an insurgency against the Indonesian authorities, which continues to this day. In January 2003 President Megawati Sukarnoputri signed an order dividing Papua into three provinces: Central Irian Jaya (Irian Jaya Tengah), Papua (or East Irian Jaya, Irian Jaya Timur), and West Papua (Irian Jaya Barat). The formality of installing

9936-404: The two decades following World War II. In the peak year of 1929, in the Sumatra's east coast, more than 260,000 contract workers were brought, 235,000 of them from Java. Workers entered into a contract several years long as coolie; if a worker asked for the early termination of the contract in the company ('desertion'), he could be punished with hard labour . The mortality rate was very high among

10044-533: The two is merely the terminology, with kepala distrik being the district head. The regencies ( kabupaten ) and the city ( kota ) are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2020 census and subsequent official estimates for mid 2023, together with the 2020 Human Development Index of each administrative divisions. ( Medium ) ( Medium ) ( Medium ) ( Medium ) ( Medium ) ( Medium ) ( Medium ) The province now forms one of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to

10152-540: The western part of the larger Bomberai Peninsula south of the Bird's Head Peninsula. At that time, Papua was said to be the eighth region of the Majapahit Empire. Wanin or Onin was one of the oldest indigenous names in recorded history to refer to the western part of the island of New Guinea. A transcript from the Nagarakretagama says the following: According to some linguists, the word Ewanin

10260-439: Was allowed to stand as an established fact. Following his election in 2014 , Indonesian president, Joko Widodo , embarked on reforms intended to alleviate grievances of Native Papuans , such as stopping the transmigration program and starting massive infrastructure spending in Papua, including building Trans-Papua roads network. The Joko Widodo administration has prioritized infrastructure and human resource development as

10368-498: Was an initiative of the Dutch colonial government and later continued by the Indonesian government to move landless people from densely populated areas of Indonesia to less populous areas of the country. This involved moving people permanently from the island of Java , but also to a lesser extent from Bali and Madura to less densely populated areas including Kalimantan , Sumatra , Sulawesi , Maluku and Papua . The program

10476-519: Was arrested by the Dutch and exiled to Ayamaru for 10 years in 1948. Other movements opposing the Dutch under local Papuan kings includes, New Guinea Islamic Union (KING) led by Ibrahim Bauw, King of Rumbati, Gerakan Pemuda Organisasi Muda led by Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan and Abbas Iha, and Persatuan Islam Kaimana (PIK) of Kaimana led by Usman Saad and King of Namatota, Umbair. Following the Indonesian National Revolution ,

10584-545: Was created from the western part of Sarmi Regency. These regencies and the city are together subdivided as into districts ( distrik ), and thence into "villages" ( kelurahan and desa ). With the release of the Act Number 21 of 2001 concerning the Special Autonomous Region of Papua Province, the term distrik was used instead of kecamatan in the entire Western New Guinea . The difference between

10692-500: Was decided that the present status quo of the territory would be maintained and then negotiated bilaterally one year after the date of the transfer of sovereignty. However, both sides were still unable to resolve their differences in 1950, which led the Indonesian President Sukarno to accuse the Dutch of reneging on their promises to negotiate the handover of the territory. On 17 August 1950, Sukarno dissolved

10800-625: Was defeated by Dutch forces including the Dutch destroyers Evertsen and Kortenaer , the so-called Vlakke Hoek incident . Amongst the casualties was the Indonesian Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff; Commodore Yos Sudarso . It finally was agreed through the New York Agreement in 1962 that the administration of Western New Guinea would be temporarily transferred from the Netherlands to Indonesia and that by 1969

10908-618: Was especially true on Borneo with the Dayak population. In addition to general public criticism, the potential marginalization of native and Indigenous members of the host communities has also been highlighted in research surveying long-term effects of transmigration programs across a number of impacted communities. The environmental damage associated with these projects was caused less by ignorance than by inattention, poor follow-up, and lack of accountability during project implementation. Many environmental issues were identified at project appraisal:

11016-510: Was exiled at Serui , along with his six staff by the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration on 5 July 1946. In exile he met with Silas Papare who was also exiled from a failed Pagoncang Alam led rebellion to free Atmoprasojo, on 29 November 1946, an organization called Indonesian Irian Independence Party (PKII) was formed. A year later, on 17 August 1947, former students of Soegoro and others would held

11124-402: Was first initiated by the Dutch colonial government in the early nineteenth century to reduce crowding and to provide a workforce for plantations on Sumatra . The program diminished during the last years of the Dutch era (the early 1940s) but was revived following Indonesian independence, in an attempt to alleviate the food shortages and weak economic performance during Sukarno 's presidency in

11232-491: Was granted a special autonomous status under Indonesian legislation . Papua is a province rich in natural resources and cultural diversity, offering great potential for future development. As of 2020, Papua had a GDP per capita of Rp 56.1 million (US$ 3,970), placing it 11th among Indonesian provinces. Efforts to improve the province’s Human Development Index, currently at 0.604, are ongoing, with significant investments in education, healthcare, and infrastructure. For example,

11340-759: Was largely unsuccessful in its drive, but did coincide with the development of a plan for Eurasian settlement of the Dutch Indies to establish Dutch farms in northern West New Guinea. This effort also failed as most returned to Java disillusioned, and by 1938 just 50 settlers remained near Hollandia and 258 in Manokwari . The Dutch established the Boven Digul camp in Tanahmerah , as a prison for Indonesian nationalists. Among those interned here were writer Marco Kartodikromo , Mohammad Hatta , who would become

11448-595: Was only formally halted by President Joko Widodo in June 2015. Papua (province) Papua is a province of Indonesia , comprising the northern coast of Western New Guinea together with island groups in Cenderawasih Bay to the west. It roughly follows the borders of Papuan customary region of Tabi Saireri . It is bordered by nation of Papua New Guinea to the east, the Pacific Ocean to

11556-775: Was promoted in 1945 by Marcus Kaisiepo, brother of the future governor Frans Kaisiepo. The name Irian was politicized later by Marthin Indey and Silas Papare with the Indonesian acronym 'Ikut Republik Indonesia Anti Nederland' (Join the Republic of Indonesia oppose the Netherlands). The name was used throughout the Suharto administration , until it was changed to Papua during the administration of President Abdurrahman Wahid . The Dutch, who arrived later under Jacob Le Maire and Willem Schouten , called it Schouten island . They later used this name only to refer to islands off

11664-627: Was still part of Indonesia , the largest transmigrant group was Hindu Balinese (1,634 people) followed by Catholic Javanese (1,212 people). Indigenous peoples saw the program as a part of an effort by the Java-based Indonesian government to extend greater economic and political control over other regions, by moving in people with closer ties to Java and loyalty to the Indonesian state. The government agencies responsible for administering transmigration were often accused of being insensitive to local customary or adat land rights. This

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