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35-457: The Ulster University's Transitional Justice Institute (TJI) , is a law-led multidisciplinary research institute of Ulster University which is physically located at the Jordanstown , and Magee campuses. It was created in 2003, making it the first and longest-established university research centre on this theme. In the 2014 Research Excellence Framework (REF) Law at Ulster University

70-700: A Washington, D.C. -based liberal think tank. Recipients of 2016 culminating grants include the London School of Economics , for support of the International Inequalities Institute, and the Rhodes Trust , to fund the newly established Atlantic Institute. The Atlantic Philanthropies awarded UC San Francisco and Trinity College Dublin $ 177 million to create the Global Brain Health Institute,

105-615: A congratulatory video message from Bill Gates . Irish-American businessman Chuck Feeney established the Atlantic Philanthropies in Bermuda in 1982. The organization made its first grant of $ 7 million that same year to Cornell University . Feeney, who co-founded Duty Free Shoppers (DFS) , transferred all of his assets and his entire 38.75% ownership stake in DFS to what became the Atlantic Philanthropies in 1984. For

140-579: A national law mandating helmet use by motorcycle riders) and revitalize libraries and universities. In 2014, the Atlantic Philanthropies announced that it was making a series of major culminating grants, including one to foster peace and human rights in Northern Ireland, another to help fund a national dementia strategy in Ireland, and a third to expand the Center for Budget and Policy Priorities ,

175-492: A new graduate school campus on New York City's Roosevelt Island . At the time, the gift was the largest donation in the university's history. From 1997 to 2013, AP donated $ 381.5 million towards health and educational causes in Vietnam, including funds to modernize the country’s public and primary health systems, promote healthier behavior (including backing a country-wide anti-smoking campaign and an initiative that resulted in

210-614: A short course in Gender and Transition and in Equality Law. The TJI is led by a director. The institute has staff from the School of Law and the School of Applied Social and Policy Sciences. Directors have included: Associate Directors have included: The TJI was created in 2003, with a grant from Atlantic Philanthropies . Staff members: Former staff members: The TJI External Board include: Research institute In

245-679: A total of $ 226 million in Atlantic grants have leveraged $ 1.3 billion of government money to the Irish university system. AP gave several grants to the Centre for Ageing Research and Development in Ireland . In March 2009, AP pledged $ 125 million to the University of California, San Francisco to fund a medical center at the Mission Bay campus. At the time, it was the single largest grant

280-447: A €1.2 million grant to Barnardo's , one of Ireland's best-known children's charities. In 2004–13, AP provided $ 11.5m and political advice to the Gay and Lesbian Equality Network and three other Irish gay-rights groups. Prior to the 2015 same-sex marriage referendum , Catholic commentator Breda O'Brien characterised this as "American money buy[ing] an Irish referendum". As of 2014,

315-492: Is internationally recognised, receiving recognition from the American Society of International Law in 2006 with TJI scholars being awarded top book and article prize for creative and outstanding contributions to international legal scholarship . Staff have been awarded the 2009 Hart SLSA Early Career Award and jointly awarded the 2009 British Society of Criminology Book Prize as well as the 2010 Basil Chubb Prize for

350-601: The Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) process in 2008, the Ulster was ranked 13th out of 64 Law submissions in the UK. In the 2014 Research Excellence Framework (REF) Law at Ulster University was ranked 4th overall in the UK (based on GPA) out of more than 60 law submissions. As a result, 88% of all work was deemed to be internationally excellent or world leading. Concerning the new impact criterion, Law

385-570: The Affordable Care Act in the United States. About half of the Atlantic Philanthropies' grants were made in donations that allow lobbying. The Atlantic Philanthropies commenced a spend-down process in 2012, and planned to fully close down by 2020 after the remaining portion of Feeney's fortune was donated. On September 14, 2020, Feeney signed the documents to officially close the nonprofit in an online ceremony that included

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420-817: The Belfast Guidelines on Amnesty and Accountability ; the Transitional Justice Grassroots Toolkit (with Bridge of Hope); TJI Principles for Transformative Reparations; databases on peace agreements. TJI staff have helped author the Gender Principles for Dealing with the Legacy of the Past and participated in a project to draft a Model Implementation bill for the Stormont House Agreement . In 2015

455-858: The Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission in its work to develop and promote proposals for a Bill of Rights for the region. It has also funded a coalition of civil society groups, the Bill of Rights Consortium. AP helped to fund the Irish Government 's research funding mechanism, the Programme for Research in Third Level Institutions (aka PRTLI), through its five cycles from 1998 to around 2018. AP invested over $ 1 billion in third-level education in Ireland, funding research facilities at

490-643: The Rockefeller Institute , Carnegie Institution of Washington and the Institute for Advanced Study . Research was advanced in both theory and application. This was aided by substantial private donation. As of 2006, there were over 14,000 research centres in the United States. The expansion of universities into the faculty of research fed into these developments as mass education produced mass scientific communities . A growing public consciousness of scientific research brought public perception to

525-493: The United States and Vietnam . It was among the largest foreign charitable donors in each of the countries in which it operated, and was the single largest funder of programs that encouraged the civic engagement of older people and of comprehensive immigration reform in the United States. With the single largest advocacy grant ever made by a foundation, the Atlantic Philanthropies committed $ 27 million to win passage of

560-503: The University of Limerick and Dublin City University as well as a library and sports facility at Trinity College Dublin . AP's grants in Ireland have been credited by some for stimulating the Irish economy in the 1990s. In 2005, it funded the short-lived Centre for Public Inquiry . In 2009, AP indicated that it would grant €80 million in Ireland in 2009 to children, elderly and human rights projects. In 2011, AP awarded

595-568: The 14th and 16th centuries and the original discoveries of the school seems to have ended with Narayana Bhattathiri (1559–1632). In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently discovered a number of important mathematical concepts. The earliest research institute in Europe was Tycho Brahe 's Uraniborg complex on the island of Hven , a 16th-century astronomical laboratory set up to make highly accurate measurements of

630-523: The Atlantic Philanthropies had given. The project broke ground in October 2010. From 2008-10, AP donated $ 27 million to Health Care for America Now (HCAN) to support their efforts to pass the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act . It was the single largest advocacy grant ever made by a foundation. In 2011, AP gave $ 350 million to Cornell University to help build Cornell Tech ,

665-498: The International Centre for Theoretical Physics and the research complex Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, the biology project EMBL, and the fusion project ITER which in addition to technical developments has a strong research focus. Research institutes came to emerge at the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1900, at least in Europe and the United States, the scientific profession had only evolved so far as to include

700-718: The TJI joined a DFID funded collaborative project on Political Settlements. TJI scholarship and policy work has been widely cited by international organisations including in a UN study on UNSCR 1325, the Trust Fund for Victims of the International Criminal Court and in judgments of international courts. Other TJI projects include: The TJI manages the Law submission in the RAE and REF process for Ulster University. In

735-615: The areas of aging, children and youth, population and health, and reconciliation and human rights. As of 2013, the Atlantic Philanthropies had distributed $ 6.5 billion, which would increase to over $ 8 billion by the time of its dissolution. In Australia, AP donated more than $ AUD500 million, including $ AUD250 million in Queensland. These donations have been directed toward the building or expansion of 20 research facilities in Australia. In Northern Ireland, AP controversially supported

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770-570: The best PhD produced in any field of politics in an Irish university. The Institute is associated with the Association of Human Rights Institutes (AHRI) . In line with the University's rebranding in October 2014 the institute updated its logo. The TJI undertakes research on transitional justice , conflict , international law , human rights and gender equality . The Institute has four main research streams or clusters: Projects include

805-674: The early medieval period, several astronomical observatories were built in the Islamic world. The first of these was the 9th-century Baghdad observatory built during the time of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun , though the most famous were the 13th-century Maragheh observatory , and the 15th-century Ulugh Beg Observatory . The Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics was a school of mathematics and astronomy founded by Madhava of Sangamagrama in Kerala , India . The school flourished between

840-418: The first fifteen years of Atlantic's existence, donations were made anonymously, and organizations receiving grants were required to sign contracts agreeing to not reveal the source of their donations. Atlantic's charitable giving remained anonymous until 1997, when a business dispute Feeney was involved in forced him to disclose the funding for Atlantic. The President and CEO of the Atlantic Philanthropies

875-641: The fore in driving specific research developments. After the Second World War and the atom bomb specific research threads were followed: environmental pollution and national defence . Atlantic Philanthropies The Atlantic Philanthropies ( AP ) was a private foundation created in 1982 by American businessman Chuck Feeney . The Atlantic Philanthropies focused its giving on health, social, and politically left-leaning public policy causes in Australia , Bermuda , Ireland , South Africa ,

910-762: The principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention in the late 1800s, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory. From the throes of the Scientific Revolution came the 17th century scientific academy. In London, the Royal Society was founded in 1660, and in France Louis XIV founded the Académie royale des sciences in 1666 which came after private academic assemblies had been created earlier in

945-516: The seventeenth century to foster research. In the early 18th century, Peter the Great established an educational-research institute to be built in his newly created imperial capital, St Petersburg . His plan combined provisions for linguistic, philosophical and scientific instruction with a separate academy in which graduates could pursue further scientific research. It was the first institution of its kind in Europe to conduct scientific research within

980-403: The stars. In the United States there are numerous notable research institutes including Bell Labs , Xerox Parc , The Scripps Research Institute , Beckman Institute , RTI International , and SRI International . Hughes Aircraft used a research institute structure for its organizational model. Thomas Edison , dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park", was one of the first inventors to apply

1015-843: The structure of a university. The St Petersburg Academy was established by decree on 28 January 1724. At the European level, there are now several government-funded institutions such as the European Space Agency (ESA), the nuclear research centre CERN , the European Southern Observatory (ESO) (Grenoble), the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) (Grenoble), EUMETSAT , the Italian-European Sistema Trieste with, among others,

1050-430: The successful completion of its task of giving away to charity all of founder Chuck Feeney's fortune (except for $ 2 million he had set aside decades earlier for the retirement of himself and his wife). In 2020, Feeney announced that the foundation had successfully achieved its purpose, and on September 14, 2020, he signed the documents to officially close the nonprofit in an online ceremony. AP concentrated its donations in

1085-421: The theoretical implications of science and not its application. Research scientists had yet to establish a leadership in expertise. Outside scientific circles it was generally assumed that a person in an occupation related to the sciences carried out work which was necessarily "scientific" and that the skill of the scientist did not hold any more merit than the skill of a labourer. A philosophical position on science

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1120-410: Was Christopher Oechsli as of 2011. He was appointed in 2011, succeeding Gara LaMarche . Martin O'Brien was appointed Senior Vice President of Programmes shortly thereafter. The Atlantic Philanthropies donated over US$ 8 billion from 1982 to 2020. The Atlantic Philanthropies was a limited-life foundation (following plans for a spend-down put forward in 2002), which stated it would close its doors upon

1155-597: Was not thought by all researchers to be intellectually superior to applied methods. However any research on scientific application was limited by comparison. A loose definition attributed all naturally occurring phenomena to "science". The growth of scientific study stimulated a desire to reinvigorate the scientific discipline by robust research in order to extract "pure" science from such broad categorisation. This began with research conducted autonomously away from public utility and governmental supervision. Enclaves for industrial investigations became established. These included

1190-604: Was ranked 1st in the UK, with 100% of impact rated as world-leading (4 *). In addition, 100% of research submitted was given an impact and environment rating of 3* or 4*. In terms of research intensity, Law at Ulster was ranked 9th in the UK. The 4* impact case studies were: The TJI, in cooperation with the Ulster University School of Law offers masters programmes in Human Rights and Transitional Justice, and Gender, Conflict and Human Rights. It also runs

1225-613: Was ranked 4th overall in the UK. Ulster was ranked first for impact in law with 100% of impact rated as world-leading, the only University to achieve this in law. Within the Institute, there are over 15 researchers based on the Jordanstown and Magee campuses of the university. In addition, the TJI has approximately 15 doctoral students researching and studying towards their chosen topics. Visiting scholars and visiting professors are often closely involved in research. The institute

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