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32-793: The Treason Act 1795 (sometimes also known as the Treasonable and Seditious Practices Act ) ( 36 Geo. 3 . c. 7 ) was one of the Two Acts introduced by the British government in the wake of the stoning of King George III on his way to open Parliament in 1795, the other being the Seditious Meetings Act 1795 . The Act made it high treason to "within the realm or without compass, imagine, invent, devise or intend death or destruction, or any bodily harm tending to death or destruction, maim or wounding, imprisonment or restraint, of

64-599: A pro forma bill as a symbol of the right of parliament to give priority to matters other than the monarch's speech (always written by the cabinet of the day). In the parliament of the United Kingdom , prorogation is immediately preceded by a speech to both legislative chambers, with procedures similar to the Throne Speech. The monarch usually approves the oration—which recalls the prior legislative session, noting major bills passed and other functions of

96-600: A short title ; however, some of these acts have subsequently been given a short title by acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (such as the Short Titles Act 1896 ). The fifth session of the 17th Parliament of Great Britain , which met from 30 December 1794 until 27 June 1795. This session was also traditionally cited as 35 G. 3 . The sixth session of the 17th Parliament of Great Britain , which met from 29 October 1795 until 19 May 1796. This session

128-535: A result of the agitation following the incident, the Treasonable Practices Bill was passed on December 18, 1795. To this was coupled a Seditious Meetings Bill , aimed at the gatherings that Pitt had taken exception to. The government was thus thoroughly established in the position aimed at by Pitt, which position placed him personally in the height of his power." The rest of the Act was repealed by

160-410: A set stipend, meet only part of the year. State constitutions, statutes or legislative rules may set deadlines for adjournment sine die per session or term, depending on whether a state constitution defines entire time allowed for a session as "legislative days" (any day from when either house meets quorum until the speaker gavels the body into adjournment) or "calendar days" (any specific 24-hour day on

192-544: A single session. When the leaders of the majority party in each house have determined that no more business will be conducted by that house during that term of Congress, a motion is introduced to adjourn sine die , effectively dissolving that house. Typically, this is done at some point after the general congressional election in November of even-numbered years. If the party in power is retained, it may happen as early as mid-November and members return to their districts for

224-589: A single session. (There were only four prorogations since 1961, twice to allow the visiting Queen to "open" Parliament, once after the 1967 death of Prime Minister Harold Holt and for political reasons in 2016.) Since 1990, it has been the practice for the parliament to be prorogued on the same day that the House is dissolved so that the Senate will not be able to sit during the election period. However, on 21 March 2016, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull announced that

256-491: A way to avoid investigations into the Afghan detainees affair and triggered citizen protests . In October 2012, the provincial legislature of Ontario was prorogued under similar circumstances, allegedly to avoid scrutiny of the provincial Government on a number of issues. Bills are numbered within each session. For example, in the federal House of Commons each session's government bills are numbered from C-2 to C-200, and

288-519: A year; between general elections; there are usually anywhere from one to six sessions of parliament before a dissolution by either the Crown-in-Council or the expiry of a legally mandated term limit. Each session begins with a speech from the throne , read to the members of both legislative chambers either by the reigning sovereign or a viceroy or other representative. Houses of parliament in some realms will, following this address, introduce

320-536: Is most convenient, but a "good faith exercise of the power" to prorogue parliament does not include preventing it from frustrating the prime minister's agenda. When the Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy conquered the power to decide on its recalling, the MP Modigliani spoke of a coup d'état , if the right to prorogue or close the session was exercised immediately after Parliament had recalled itself. During

352-438: Is still constituted – i.e. no general election takes place and all Members of Parliament thus retain their seats. In many legislatures, prorogation causes all orders of the body – bills, motions , etc. – to be expunged. Prorogations should thus not be confused with recesses, adjournments, or holiday breaks from legislation, after which bills can resume exactly where they left off. In

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384-488: The 44th Parliament , elected in 2013, would be prorogued on 15 April and that a second session would begin on 18 April. Prorogation is now a procedural device, the effect of which is to call the Parliament back on a particular date (especially the Senate, which the government did not control), and to wipe clean all matters before each House, without triggering an election. In the Parliament of Canada and its provinces,

416-531: The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 . This legislation in Great Britain article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . 36 Geo. 3 Interregnum (1642–1660) Rescinded (1639–1651) This is a complete list of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain for the year 1795 . For acts passed until 1707, see the list of acts of the Parliament of England and the list of acts of

448-416: The electoral campaign , this break takes place so as to prevent the upper house from sitting and to purge all upper chamber business before the start of the next legislative session. It is not uncommon for a session of parliament to be put into recess during holidays and then resumed a few weeks later exactly where it left off. In Commonwealth realms , legislative sessions can last from a few weeks to over

480-418: The head of state , or a representative thereof, will address the legislature in an opening ceremony . In both parliamentary and presidential systems , sessions are referred to by the name of the body and an ordinal number  – for example, the 2nd Session of the 39th Canadian Parliament or the 1st Session of the 109th United States Congress . Governments today end sessions whenever it

512-464: The list of acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland . The number shown after each act's title is its chapter number. Acts are cited using this number, preceded by the year(s) of the reign during which the relevant parliamentary session was held; thus the Union with Ireland Act 1800 is cited as "39 & 40 Geo. 3. c. 67", meaning the 67th act passed during the session that started in the 39th year of

544-404: The 1st session of the 114th Congress commenced on January 3, 2015, and the 2nd session commenced on January 3, 2016, with the same members and no intervening election. All legislative business, however, is cleared at the end of each session. It is common for bills to be reintroduced in the second session that were not passed in the first session, and the restrictions on reconsideration only apply to

576-489: The Gregorian calendar). Constitutional limits on the length of sessions may lead legislative leaders to change rules or pass statutes which define a day on the legislative calendar, such as extending a calendar day beyond 24 hours or defining what legislative business counts against a maximum number of legislative days. Depending upon limitations of the state's constitution, if business arises that must be addressed before

608-588: The King, the Constitution or the government into contempt could be transported for a period of 7 years. This clause was repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1871 . A later perspective given on the context surrounding its passage: "In the meantime, the supporters of Fox had been active in protesting against the attitude of the government. To offset this, so it is claimed, an incident

640-578: The Parliament of Scotland . See also the list of acts of the Parliament of Ireland . For acts passed from 1801 onwards, see the list of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . For acts of the devolved parliaments and assemblies in the United Kingdom, see the list of acts of the Scottish Parliament , the list of acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly , and the list of acts and measures of Senedd Cymru ; see also

672-421: The United Kingdom, however, the practice of terminating all bills upon prorogation has slightly altered; public bills may be re-introduced in the next legislative session, and fast-tracked directly to the stage they reached in the prorogued legislative session. A new session will often begin on the same day that the previous session ended. In most cases, when a parliament reconvenes for a new legislative session,

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704-452: The advent of rapid transcontinental travel. More recently, prorogations have triggered speculation that they were advised by the sitting prime minister for political purposes: for example, in the 40th Parliament , the first prorogation occurred in the midst of a parliamentary dispute , in which the opposition parties expressed intent to defeat the minority government, and the second was suspected by opposition Members of Parliament to be

736-689: The government —but rarely delivers it in person, Queen Victoria being the last to do so. Instead, the speech is presented by the Lords Commissioners and read by the Leader of the House of Lords . When King Charles I dissolved the Parliament of England in 1628, after the Petition of Right , he gave a prorogation speech that effectively cancelled all future meetings of the legislature, at least until he again required finances. Prior to 1977, it

768-469: The holiday season. However, when the party in power is ousted or if important business, such as approval of appropriation bills , has not been completed, Congress will often meet in a lame-duck session , adjourning as late as December 31, before the newly elected Congress takes office on January 3. In the United States , most state legislatures , most of which are part-time paid legislatures with

800-620: The legislature is typically prorogued upon the completion of the agenda set forth in the Speech from the Throne (called the legislative programme in the UK). It remains in recess until the monarch, governor general , or lieutenant governor summons parliamentarians again. Historically, long prorogations allowed legislators to spend part of their year in the capital city and part in their home ridings . However, this reason has become less important with

832-401: The length of sessions varies. Legislatures plan their business within a legislative calendar , which lays out how bills will proceed before a session ceases, although related but unofficial affairs may be conducted by legislators outside a session or during a session on days in which parliament is not meeting. While a parliament is prorogued, between two legislative sessions, the legislature

864-574: The numbering returns again to C-2 following a prorogation ( Bill C-1 is a pro-forma bill). The Congress is renewed every two years as required by the US Constitution , with all members of the House of Representatives up for reelection and one-third of the members of the US Senate up for reelection. (Senators serve a six-year term; House members serve a two-year term). Each Congress sits in two sessions lasting approximately one year. Thus,

896-674: The person of ... the King". This was derived from the Sedition Act 1661 , which had expired. The 1795 Act was originally a temporary Act which was to expire when George III died, but it was made permanent by the Treason Act 1817 . Some other treasons created by the Act (which also originated with the 1661 Act) were reduced to felonies by the Treason Felony Act 1848 , which also extended the 1795 Act to Ireland. The Act also stipulated that anyone found to have brought either

928-408: The reign of George III and which finished in the 40th year of that reign. Note that the modern convention is to use Arabic numerals in citations (thus "41 Geo. 3" rather than "41 Geo. III"). Acts of the last session of the Parliament of Great Britain and the first session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are both cited as "41 Geo. 3". Acts passed by the Parliament of Great Britain did not have

960-607: Was also traditionally cited as 36 G. 3 . Parliamentary session Historically, each session of a parliament would last less than one year, ceasing with a prorogation during which legislators could return to their constituencies . In more recent times, development in transportation technology has permitted these individuals to journey with greater ease and frequency from the legislative capital to their respective electoral districts (sometimes called ridings , electorate, division) for short periods, meaning that parliamentary sessions typically last for more than one year, though

992-422: Was common for the federal Parliament to have up to three sessions, with Parliament being prorogued at the end of each session and recalled at the beginning of the next. This was not always the case, for instance the 10th Parliament (1926–1928) went full term without prorogation. The practice of having multiple sessions in the same parliament gradually fell into disuse, and all parliaments from 1978 to 2013 had

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1024-422: Was prearranged by the ministry which was calculated to arouse the indignation of loyal subjects of George III. While the king was on his way to attend the opening of Parliament on October 29, 1795, a riotous crowd assembled and stoned his carriage, breaking some panes of glass. The evidence is not altogether clear that this assault was not a premeditated affair, arranged with the knowledge of responsible ministers. As

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