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83-823: The philosophy originates from the Cavaliers , a royalist faction which supported the House of Stuart during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms . The Tories , a British political party which emerged during the late 17th century, was a reaction to the Whig-controlled Parliaments that succeeded the Cavalier Parliament . As a political term, Tory was a term derived from the Irish language , that

166-578: A conciliatory position between Blue Tories and Red Tories. The term " Pink Tory " is also used by Canadian politics as a pejorative term to describe a conservative party member who is perceived as liberal. In the United Kingdom, the Conservative and Unionist Party is often colloquially referred to as the Tories , both by themselves and by opponents, and also in the media. Members and voters of

249-620: A contemporary political term. In Canada, a Tory refers to a member of the Conservative Party of Canada , while the party as a whole are colloquially referred to as the Tories . It is also used to refer to the party's predecessor, including the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada . In addition to the federal Conservative Party, the terms have also been used to describe provincial Conservative/Progressive Conservative parties and their members. LGBTory

332-637: A dominant strand in American republicanism. The issues raised by the Americans, starting with the Stamp Act crisis of 1765, ripped Whiggism apart in a battle of parliamentary sovereignty (Tyrrell) versus popular sovereignty (Sidney and Locke). Whiggism took different forms in England and Scotland, even though from 1707 the two nations shared a single parliament . While English Whiggism had at its heart

415-806: A hostile description by the Federalists' foes of whom Jefferson was one and not a name used by the Federalists themselves. The Federalist Party was dissolved in 1835 with no successor parties. Later the Democratic-Republican Party splintered in different parties, with the two dissidences being the National Republican Party and the Whig Party . The rest of the party would become the Democratic Party . The National Republican Party would then merge with

498-777: A member of the Conservative Party or for the party in general in Canada and the UK, and can be used interchangeably with the word Conservative . In the United States, Tory is often used as a historical term to describe supporters of Great Britain during the American Revolution. However, in Canadian parlance, British supporters during the revolution are called Loyalists , with the term Tory being used as

581-421: A moderate Whiggism which interpreted England's balanced and mixed constitution "as the product of a contextualized social compact blending elements of custom, history, and prescription with inherent natural law obligations". Sidney, on the other hand, emphasised the main themes of republicanism and based Whig ideology in the sovereignty of the people by proposing a constitutional reordering that would both elevate

664-583: A pejorative manner, although both later became acceptable terms to use in literary speech to describe either political party. The suffix -ism was quickly added to both Whig and Tory to make Whiggism and Toryism, meaning the principles and methods of each faction. During the American Revolution , the term Tory was used interchangeably with the term " Loyalist " in the Thirteen Colonies to refer to colonists who remained loyal to

747-517: A somewhat different connotation in the United States. By the early 1980s, there was no clear neoconservative in the Tory leadership cadre, but Brian Mulroney (who became leader in 1983) eventually came to adopt many policies from the Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan governments. As Mulroney took the Progressive Conservative Party further in this direction, with policy initiatives in

830-605: A strong Tory tradition and political culture. Thereafter in the 1990s, the Progressive Conservatives were a small party in the House of Commons of Canada and could only exert legislative pressure on the government through their power in the Senate of Canada . Eventually, through death and retirements, this power waned. Joe Clark returned as leader, but the schism with the Reformers effectively watered down

913-563: A substantial overlap with and heavily influenced both early Toryism and what is now termed traditionalist conservatism . While in power, Whig politicians frequently denounced all their political opponents and critics as "Jacobites" or "dupes of Jacobites". The terms "Old Whigs" and Patriot Whigs were also used in Great Britain for those Whigs who formed a de facto coalition with the Tories and jointly opposed Robert Walpole as part of

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996-529: A suggestion of stylishness. Cavalier remained in use as a description for members of the party that supported the monarchy up until the Exclusion Crisis of 1678–1681 when the term was superseded by "Tory" which was another term initially with pejorative connotations. Likewise, during the Exclusion Bill crisis, the term Roundhead was replaced with " Whig ", a term introduced by the opponents of

1079-552: A tee. Of another Cavalier, George Goring, Lord Goring , a general in the Royalist army, the principal advisor to Charles II , Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon , said: [He] would, without hesitation, have broken any trust, or done any act of treachery to have satisfied an ordinary passion or appetite; and in truth wanted nothing but industry (for he had wit, and courage, and understanding and ambition, uncontrolled by any fear of God or man) to have been as eminent and successful in

1162-442: Is an advocacy group for LGBT supporters of the Conservative Party of Canada and provincial conservative parties. The terms " Blue Tory " and " Red Tory " describe two factions of Canada's federal and provincial conservative parties. The former leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario , Tim Hudak , adopted the term " Purple Tory " to characterize himself, aiming to avoid the strong ideological stance and instead provide

1245-633: Is called "Cavaleiro Justice" (knightly judge) and "bully rook", a term meaning "blustering cheat". "Cavalier" is chiefly associated with the Royalist supporters of King Charles I in his struggle with Parliament in the English Civil War. It first appears as a term of reproach and contempt, applied to Charles' followers in June 1642: 1642 (June 10) Propositions of Parlt . in Clarendon v. (1702) I. 504 Several sorts of malignant Men, who were about

1328-555: Is occasionally used as a pejorative term by members of the Australian Labor Party to refer to conservative members of the Liberal Party of Australia and National Party of Australia parties (who are in a long-standing coalition ). The term is not used anywhere near as often as in the UK and Canada, and it is rare – though not unheard of – for members of those parties to self-describe as 'Tories'. Writing in

1411-675: The Australian Dictionary of Biography , Michael Persse notes the impact of 'Liberal Toryism' on the colonial era Australian statesman William Charles Wentworth when he was in Britain. Chief Justice Garfield Barwick titled his memoir A Radical Tory . The newspaper of the University of Sydney Conservative Club is named The Sydney Tory . A moderate faction of the Australian Greens has been pejoratively dubbed

1494-738: The Country Party . Whiggism originally referred to the Whigs of the British Isles , but the name of "Old Whigs" was largely adopted by the American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies of British North America . Before and during the American Revolution , American Whiggism, in a deeply ironic reversal, weaponized Whig political philosophy about the social contract enforced by the right of revolution against both

1577-473: The Democratic-Republican Party ) described the conservative Federalist Party as "[a] political Sect [...] believing that the executive is the branch of our government which the most needs support, [who] are called federalists, sometimes aristocrats or monocrats, and sometimes Tories, after the corresponding sect in the English Government of exactly the same definition". However, that was clearly

1660-719: The Earl of Rochester , the second by Lord Belasyse . A significant faction took part in the Glorious Revolution the military coup d'état that ousted James II with the Whigs to defend the Church of England and definitive Protestantism . A large but dwindling faction of Tories continued to support James in exile and his Stuart heirs to the throne, especially in 1714 after the Hanoverian Succession by George I ,

1743-811: The Family Compact and the Château Clique , an elite within the governing classes and often members within a section of society known as the United Empire Loyalists . The United Empire Loyalists were American loyalists from the Thirteen Colonies who resettled elsewhere in British North America during or after the American Revolutionary War . In post-Confederation Canada, the terms " Red Tory " and " Blue Tory " have long been used to describe

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1826-648: The Glorious Revolution of 1688. By that event, a new supremacy of parliament was established, which itself was one of the principles of Whiggism, much as it had been the chief principle of the Roundheads in an earlier generation. The great Whiggish achievement was the Bill of Rights of 1689 . It made Parliament, not the Crown, supreme. It established free elections to the Commons (although they were mostly controlled by

1909-831: The Scottish Labour Party (especially those from the " Blairite and Brownite " factions) may be referred to as Red Tories by traditional Labour members and advocates of an independent Scotland such as members and supporters of the Scottish National Party , the Alba Party (formerly Solidarity ), the Scottish Socialist Party and the Scottish Greens . Similarly, Labour supporters have referred to SNP members and supporters as being Tartan Tories . In Australia, Tory

1992-642: The Stuart Restoration . The Whigs advocated the supremacy of Parliament (as opposed to that of the king), government centralization , and coercive Anglicisation through the educational system. They also staunchly opposed granting freedom of religion , civil rights , or voting rights to anyone who worshipped outside of the Established Churches of the realm. Eventually, the Whigs grudgingly conceded strictly limited religious toleration for Protestant dissenters , while continuing

2075-545: The Titus Oates plot and Exclusion Crisis of 1679-1681, and the Glorious Revolution of 1688–1689, Whiggism dominated English and British politics until about 1760, after which the Whigs splintered into different political factions . In the same year, King George III was crowned and allowed the Tories back into the Government. Even so, some modern historians now call the period between 1714 and 1783 the, "age of

2158-649: The Tree Tories by the hard left faction. Cavalier The term Cavalier ( / ˌ k æ v ə ˈ l ɪər / ) was first used by Roundheads as a term of abuse for the wealthier royalist supporters of Charles I of England and his son Charles II during the English Civil War , the Interregnum , and the Restoration (1642 – c.  1679 ). It was later adopted by

2241-488: The landed gentry and the traditional officer class of the British armed forces . Whigs especially opposed regime change efforts by adherents of Jacobitism , a movement of legitimist monarchists which promised freedom of religion and civil rights to all outside the Established Churches , devolution in the United Kingdom , linguistic rights for minority languages , and many other political reforms, and which shared

2324-402: The politics of Canada and the United Kingdom . The British Conservative Party and Conservative Party of Canada , and their supporters, continue to be referred to as Tories. Adherents to traditional Toryism in contemporary times are referred to as High Tories , who typically defend the ideas of hierarchy , natural order , and aristocracy . The word Tory originates from an Irish term that

2407-562: The religious persecution and disenfranchisement of Roman Catholics and Scottish Episcopalians . They were particularly determined to prevent the ascension of a Catholic heir presumptive to the British throne, especially of James II or his legitimate male descendants and instead granted the throne to the Protestant House of Hanover in 1714. Whig ideology is associated with early conservative liberalism . Beginning with

2490-401: The 1680s, emerging as a pejorative term to describe supporters of James II of England during the Exclusion Crisis and his hereditary right to inherit the throne despite his Catholic religion. After this, the term Tory began to be used as a colloquial term, alongside the word Whig , to describe the two major political factions/parties in British politics. Initially, both terms were used in

2573-484: The 1830s, as Robert Peel 's followers began to re-interpret elements of Tory tradition under a banner of support for social reform and free trade. The party was eventually succeeded by the Conservative and Unionist Party , with the term Tory enduring to become an interchangeable phrase with Conservative . Provincial Provincial The term Tory was first used to designate the pre-Confederation British ruling classes of Upper Canada and Lower Canada , known as

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2656-601: The Catholic Duke of York. The Tory political faction originally emerged within the Parliament of England to uphold the legitimist rights of James II to succeed his brother Charles II to the thrones of the three kingdoms. James became a Catholic at a time when the state institutions were fiercely independent from the Catholic Church —this was an issue for the Exclusion Crisis supporting Patricians ,

2739-581: The Confederates, Southern Unionists symbolized a direct challenge to their political aspirations and were viewed as "traitors to the white race". Conversely, Unionists regarded Southern Unionists as a loyal segment of the Southern population, swept by the tide of succession, and whom the foundations of Reconstruction would be built. In Texas in 1832–1836, support for the Texas Revolution

2822-458: The Crown during the conflict. The term contrasts the colloquial term used to describe supporters of the revolution, " Patriots " or "Whigs". Towards the end of Charles II 's reign (1660–1685) there was some debate about whether his brother, James, Duke of York , should be allowed to accede to the throne because of James's Catholicism. "Whigs", originally a reference to Scottish cattle-drovers (stereotypically radical anti-Catholic Covenanters ),

2905-823: The Italian word cavaliere , the French word chevalier , and the Spanish word caballero , the Vulgar Latin word caballarius , meaning 'horseman'. Shakespeare used the word cavaleros to describe an overbearing swashbuckler or swaggering gallant in Henry IV, Part 2 (c. 1596–1599), in which Robert Shallow says, "I'll drink to Master Bardolph, and to all the cavaleros about London". Shallow returns in The Merry Wives of Windsor (c. 1597), where he

2988-694: The King; some whereof, under the name of Cavaliers, without having respect to the Laws of the Land, or any fear either of God or Man, were ready to commit all manner of Outrage and Violence. 1642 Petition Lords & Com. 17 June in Rushw. Coll. III. (1721) I. 631 That your Majesty..would please to dismiss your extraordinary Guards, and the Cavaliers and others of that Quality, who seem to have little Interest or Affection to

3071-430: The Mulroney government proved unpopular, some of the provincial-rights elements moved towards Reform as well. In 1993, Mulroney resigned rather than fight an election based on his record after almost nine years in power. This left the Progressive Conservatives in disarray and scrambling to understand how to make Toryism relevant in provinces such as Quebec , Saskatchewan , Alberta and British Columbia that had never had

3154-520: The Parliament of Confederate Ireland. It was later used to refer to dispossessed Catholic Irish in Ulster following the Restoration . Tory was also used to refer to a rapparee and later applied to Confederates or Cavaliers in arms. The term Tory was first introduced in England by Titus Oates , who used the term to describe individuals from Ireland sent to assassinate him and his supporters. Oates continued to refer to his opponents as Tories until his death. The word entered English politics during

3237-532: The Royalist field officers were typically in their early thirties, married with rural estates which had to be managed. Although they did not share the same outlook on how to worship God as the English Independents of the New Model Army , God was often central to their lives. This type of Cavalier was personified by Jacob Astley, 1st Baron Astley of Reading , whose prayer at the start of the Battle of Edgehill has become famous "O Lord, Thou knowest how busy I must be this day. If I forget Thee, do not forget me". At

3320-428: The Royalist side – capricious men who cared more for vanity than the nation at large. The chaplain to King Charles I, Edward Simmons described a Cavalier as "a Child of Honour, a Gentleman well borne and bred, that loves his king for conscience sake, of a clearer countenance, and bolder look than other men, because of a more loyal Heart". There were many men in the Royalist armies who fit this description since most of

3403-409: The Royalists themselves. Although it referred originally to political and social attitudes and behaviour, of which clothing was a very small part, it has subsequently become strongly identified with the fashionable clothing of the court at the time. Prince Rupert , commander of much of Charles I's cavalry, is often considered to be an archetypal Cavalier. Cavalier derives from the same Latin root as

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3486-411: The Spirit of Whiggisme, Faction, and Schism is melted down like the Old-Money". The name probably originates from a shortening of Whiggamore referring to the Whiggamore Raid . The word "Whiggery", deriving from "Whig" and the suffix " -ery ", has a similar meaning and has been used since the late 1600s. The true origins of what became known as Whiggism lie in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and

3569-407: The Whig oligarchy ". Even after 1760, the Whigs still included about half of the newest noble families in England, Ireland, Wales, and Scotland, as well as most merchants, dissenters, and the middle classes . The opposing Tory position was held by the other great families, the non-juring and high church factions within the Church of England , many Catholics and Protestant Dissenters, most of

3652-406: The Whig Party, giving rise to what would be called the Second Party System . Although the Whig Party adopted its name from its British counterpart, the term "Tories" had already completely fallen out of favour in the US. During the American Civil War , Confederate forces commonly referred to Southern Unionists as Tories , drawing a parallel with the Tories of the American Revolutionary War. To

3735-511: The Whig-dominated government in Westminster and the Hanoverian monarchs. In the process, American Whiggism ultimately transitioned from monarchism into republicanism and Federalism , while also co-opting many traditionally Jacobite, Counter-Enlightenment , and early Tory positions. A similar but far more discreet co-opting was also taking place in the British Isles among many self-described Whigs, including Edmund Burke , Henry Grattan , William Wilberforce , Daniel O'Connell , and William Pitt

3818-414: The Whigs and also was initially a pejorative term. An example of the Cavalier style can be seen in the painting Charles I, King of England, from Three Angles by Anthony van Dyck. Whiggism Whiggism or Whiggery is a political philosophy that grew out of the Parliamentarian faction in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639–1651) and was concretely formulated by Lord Shaftesbury during

3901-413: The Younger . Even though they were often influenced in this regard by the writings of early Tories and other intellectual critics of the Whig party like Jonathan Swift , Lord Bolingbroke , and David Hume , these reformist Whigs, similarly to American Patriots, refused to use the word "Tory" as anything other than a term of abuse against those with more traditionalist Whig ideology, which ultimately changed

3984-454: The adoption of "Whig" as the name of a political faction, the word "Whiggism" arose from the appendage of the suffix " -ism ", creating a term for the Whigs' political ideology. It was already in use by the 1680s. In 1682, Edmund Hickeringill published his History of Whiggism . In 1702, writing satirically in the guise of a Tory , Daniel Defoe asserted: "We can never enjoy a settled uninterrupted Union and Tranquility in this Nation, till

4067-406: The archetypal recorder of the Cavalier image, all took the Parliamentary side in the Civil War. Probably the most famous image identified as of a "cavalier", Frans Hals ' Laughing Cavalier , shows a gentleman from the strongly Calvinist Dutch town of Haarlem , and is dated 1624. These derogatory terms (for at the time they were so intended) also showed what the typical Parliamentarian thought of

4150-428: The areas of deregulation , privatization, free-trade and a consumption tax called the Goods and services tax (GST), many traditionally-minded Tories became concerned that a political and cultural schism was occurring within the party. The 1986 creation of the Reform Party of Canada attracted some of the neo-liberals and social conservatives away from the Tory party and as some of the neoconservative policies of

4233-468: The authority of Parliament and democratise its forms. Sidney also emphasised classical republican notions of virtue. Ward says that Locke's liberal Whiggism rested on a radically individualist theory of natural rights and limited government. Tyrrell's moderate position came to dominate Whiggism and British constitutionalism as a whole from 1688 to the 1770s. The more radical ideas of Sidney and Locke, argues Ward, became marginalised in Britain, but emerged as

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4316-566: The combined Blue and Red Tory vote in Canada. By the late 1990s, there was talk of the necessity of uniting the right in Canada, to deter further Liberal Party majorities. Many Tories—both red and blue—opposed such moves, while others took the view that all would have to be pragmatic if there was any hope of reviving a strong party system. The Canadian Alliance party (as the Reform Party had become) and some leading Tories came together on an informal basis to see if they could find common ground. While Progressive Conservative Leader Joe Clark rebuffed

4399-447: The dress of at least the most extreme Roundhead supporters of Parliament , with their preference for shorter hair and plainer dress, although neither side conformed to the stereotypical images entirely. Most Parliamentarian generals wore their hair at much the same length as their Royalist counterparts, though Cromwell was something of an exception. The best patrons in the nobility of Charles I's court painter Sir Anthony van Dyck ,

4482-520: The end of the First Civil War , Astley gave his word that he would not take up arms again against Parliament and having given his word he felt duty bound to refuse to help the Royalist cause in the Second Civil War ; however, the word was coined by the Roundheads as a pejorative propaganda image of a licentious, hard drinking and frivolous man, who rarely, if ever, thought of God. It is this image which has survived and many Royalists, for example Henry Wilmot, 1st Earl of Rochester , fitted this description to

4565-470: The first Hanoverian monarch. Although only a minority of Tories gave their adhesion to the Jacobite risings , this was used by the Whigs to discredit the Tories and paint them as traitors. After the advent of the Prime Ministerial system under the Whig Robert Walpole , Lord Bute 's premiership in the reign of George III marked a revival. Under the Corn Laws (1815–1846) a majority of Tories supported protectionist agrarianism with tariffs being imposed at

4648-404: The highest attempt of wickedness as any man in the age he lived in or before. Of all his qualifications dissimulation was his masterpiece; in which he so much excelled, that men were not ordinarily ashamed, or out of countenance, with being deceived but twice by him. This sense has developed into the modern English use of "cavalier" to describe a recklessly nonchalant attitude, although still with

4731-433: The late 18th century—it synthesised moderate Whig economic policies and many Tory social values to create a new political philosophy and faction in opposition to the French Revolution . Edmund Burke and William Pitt the Younger led the way in this. Interventionism and strong armed forces were to prove a hallmark of Toryism under subsequent prime ministers. The word Conservative began to be used in place of Tory during

4814-410: The liberal Clear Grits . Tory strength and prominence in the political culture was a feature of life in Nova Scotia , New Brunswick , Prince Edward Island , Ontario and Manitoba . By the 1930s, the factions within Canadian Toryism were associated with either the urban business elites, or with rural traditionalists from the country's hinterland. A "Red Tory" is a member of the more moderate wing of

4897-500: The local landlord), free speech in parliamentary debates, and asserted the prohibition of "cruel or unusual punishment". Lee Ward (2008) argues that the philosophical origins of Whiggism came in James Tyrrell 's Patriarcha Non Monarcha (1681), John Locke 's Two Treatises of Government (1689) and Algernon Sidney 's Discourses Concerning Government (1698). All three were united in opposing Sir Robert Filmer 's defence of divine right and absolute monarchy . Tyrrell propounded

4980-479: The merger. They formed the rival Progressive Canadian Party . The term "Loyalist" was used in the American Revolution for those who remained loyal to the British Crown. About 80% of the Loyalists remained in the United States after the war. The 60,000 or so Loyalists who settled in Nova Scotia, Quebec , the Bahamas , or returned to Great Britain after the American War of Independence are known as United Empire Loyalists. On 12 February 1798, Thomas Jefferson (of

5063-448: The necessity of the welfare state . By the 1970s, the Progressive Conservative Party was a Keynesian-consensus party. With the onset of stagflation in the 1970s, some Canadian Tories came under the influence of neo-liberal developments in the United Kingdom and the United States, which highlighted the policies for privatization and supply-side interventions . In Canada, these Tories have been labelled neoconservatives —which has

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5146-428: The notion of a standing army and arbitrary Power... Formerly the Crown of Spain, and now France, supports this root of Popery amongst us; but lay Popery flat, and there's an end of arbitrary Government and power. It is a mere chimera, or notion, without Popery. Although they were unsuccessful in preventing the accession of the Duke of York to the throne, the Whigs in alliance with William of Orange brought him down in

5229-455: The notion, the talks moved ahead and eventually in December 2003, the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative parties voted to rejoin into a new party called the Conservative Party of Canada. After the merger of the Progressive Conservatives with the Canadian Alliance in 2003, there was debate as to whether the "Tory" appellation should survive at the federal level. Commentators speculated that some Alliance members would take offence to

5312-418: The other. However, the immediate origins of the Whigs and Whiggism were in the Exclusion Bill crisis of 1678 to 1681, in which a country party battled a court party in an unsuccessful attempt to exclude James, Duke of York , from succeeding his brother Charles II as king of England , Scotland and Ireland . This crisis was prompted by Charles's lack of a legitimate heir, by the discovery in 1673 that James

5395-478: The party (in the manner of John Farthing and George Grant ). They are generally unified by their adherence to British traditions in Canada. Throughout the course of Canadian history, the Conservative Party was generally controlled by MacDonaldian Tory elements, which in Canada meant an adherence to the English-Canadian traditions of Monarchy , Empire-Commonwealth , parliamentary government , nationalism , protectionism, social reform and eventually acceptance of

5478-447: The party are also often referred to as "Tories" as well. The British Broadcasting Corporation 's own style guide permits the use of the term Tory , although requires the term Conservative be used in its first instance. In Scotland , the term Tory is used to describe members and supporters of the Scottish Conservatives , or to accuse other parties of being insufficiently opposed to that party. For example, members and supporters of

5561-411: The political heirs to the nonconformist Roundheads and Covenanters . During the Exclusion Crisis, the word Tory was applied in the Kingdom of England as a nickname to the opponents of the bill, called the Abhorrers . The word "Tory" had connotations of Papist and outlaw derived from its previous use in Ireland. There were two Tory ministries after James II acceded to the throne: the first led by

5644-514: The power of parliament, creating for that purpose a constitutional monarchy and a permanently Protestant succession to the throne , Scottish Whigs gave a higher priority to using power for religious purposes, including maintaining the authority of the Church of Scotland , justifying the Protestant Reformation and emulating the Covenanters . There were also Whigs in the North American colonies and while Whiggism there had much in common with that in Great Britain , it too had its own priorities. In

5727-401: The power struggle between the Parliament of England and King Charles I , which eventually turned into the English Civil Wars , but only after the example of the successful use of violent opposition to the king set by the Bishops' Wars , which were fought between the same king in his capacity as king of Scotland on the one side and the Parliament of Scotland and the Church of Scotland on

5810-425: The publick Good, their Language and Behaviour speaking nothing but Division and War. Charles, in the Answer to the Petition 13 June 1642, speaks of Cavaliers as a "word by what mistake soever it seemes much in disfavour". It was soon reappropriated as a title of honour by the king's party, who in return applied Roundhead to their opponents. At the Restoration, the court party preserved the name, which survived until

5893-449: The rise of the term Tory . Cavalier was not understood at the time as primarily a term describing a style of dress, but a whole political and social attitude. However, in modern times the word has become more particularly associated with the court fashions of the period , which included long flowing hair in ringlets, brightly coloured clothing with elaborate trimmings (i.e., lace collars and cuffs), and plumed hats . This contrasted with

5976-402: The term lost its original signification with English-speakers and was used to describe "an outlaw papist" or a "robber that is noted for outrages and cruelty". The Irish peasantry also used the term Tory to refer to an outlaw or a miscreant of any kind into the 19th century. However, because later Conservative and anti-revolutionary parties assumed the term Tory , it has also been suggested that

6059-405: The term. Nevertheless, it was officially adopted by the merged party during the 2004 leadership convention . Stephen Harper , former leader of the Conservative Party of Canada and Prime Minister from 2006 to 2015, regularly refers to himself as a Tory and says the new party is a natural evolution of the conservative political movement. However, there were some dissident Red Tories who were against

6142-626: The time for higher food prices , self-sufficiency and enhanced wages in rural employment. English Tories from the time of the Glorious Revolution up until the Reform Act 1832 were characterised by strong monarchist tendencies, support for the Church of England and hostility to radical reform, while the Tory party was an actual organisation which held power intermittently throughout the same period. Conservatism began to emerge in

6225-492: The two wings of the Conservative and previously the Progressive Conservative (PC) parties. The dyadic tensions originally arose out of the 1854 political union of British-Canadian Tories, French-Canadian traditionalists and the monarchist and loyalist leaning sections of the emerging commercial classes at the time—many of whom were uncomfortable with the pro-American and annexationist tendencies within

6308-419: The unfolding of the American Revolution such Whiggism became known as republicanism . In India, Prashad (1966) argues that the profound influence of the ideas of Edmund Burke introduced Whiggism into the mainstream of Indian political thought. The Indians adopted the basic assumptions of Whiggism, especially the natural leadership of an elite, the political incapacity of the masses, the great partnership of

6391-521: The word originated from the Irish word toir , meaning to give, grant and bestow; or toirbhearl , meaning efficiency, bounty or munificence. By the 1640s, the term was used in the English language to refer to dispossessed Irish Catholics. It was also used to refer to isolated Irish rebels and guerrillas resisting Oliver Cromwell 's conquest of Ireland , who were allied with Cavaliers through treaty with

6474-494: The word's meaning completely. Whig history , which was largely developed by Thomas Babington Macaulay to justify the party's political ideology and past practices, remained the official history of the British Empire until serious challenges were raised to its claims by John Lingard , William Cobbett , Hilaire Belloc , G.K. Chesterton , Roger Scruton , Saunders Lewis , and John Lorne Campbell . Quickly following

6557-425: Was a Roman Catholic , and by the so-called Popish Plot of 1678. While a major principle of Whiggism was opposition to popery , that was always much more than a mere religious preference in favour of Protestantism , although most Whigs did have such a preference. Sir Henry Capel outlined the principal motivation of the cry of "no popery" when he said in the House of Commons on 27 April 1679: From Popery came

6640-694: Was first used in English politics during the Exclusion Crisis of 1678–1681. It also has exponents in other parts of the former British Empire , such as the Loyalists of British America , who opposed secession during the American War of Independence . Loyalists who fled to the Canadas at the end of the conflict, known as the United Empire Loyalists , formed the support base for political cliques in Upper and Lower Canada . Toryism remains prominent in

6723-521: Was not unanimous. The "Tories" were men who supported the Mexican government. The Tories generally were long-term property holders whose roots were outside of the lower south. They typically had little interest in politics and sought conciliation rather than war. The Tories wanted to preserve the economic, political and social gains that they enjoyed as citizens of Mexico and the revolution threatened to jeopardize those gains. Tory has become shorthand for

6806-506: Was phonetically anglicised. Several Irish words have been suggested as the etymological root for the word Tory . The Irish word toruidhe or toruighe , meaning "to pursue" or "to hunt", is suggested as the origin for the term Tory . From the 1500s to 1600s, the term Tory first emerged to refer to the Irish who were dispossessed of their lands and took to the woods, forming themselves into bands that subsisted on wild animals and goods taken from settlers. After these activities were suppressed,

6889-413: Was the abusive term directed at those who wanted to exclude James on the grounds that he was a Catholic. Those who were not prepared to exclude James were labelled " Abhorrers " and later "Tories". Titus Oates applied the term Tory , which then signified an Irish robber, to those who would not believe in his Popish Plot and the name gradually became extended to all who were supposed to have sympathy with

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