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30-408: † Tremarctos floridanus (Gildey, 1928) Tremarctos ornatus (Cuvier, 1825) Tremarctos is a genus of the monophyletic bear subfamily Tremarctinae , endemic to Americas from the Pliocene to recent . The northern species, the Florida short-faced bear , became extinct 11,000 years ago. The sole living Tremarctos species is the South American spectacled bear . Tremarctos

60-462: A buccal viewpoint . The crown is large and conical, very convex on its labial surface, a little hollowed and uneven on its lingual surface, and tapering to a blunted point or cusp, which projects beyond the level of the other teeth. The root is single, but longer and thicker than that of the incisors, conical in form, compressed laterally, and marked by a slight groove on each side. The lingual surface also presents two depressions on either side of

90-636: A possible continuation into the Greenlandian stage of the Holocene from presumed 8,000 years old material from the Devil's Den Cave , subsequent research indicates the fossils present were from the Rancholabrean epoch instead. Fossils of T. floridanus have been found at the following sites: Canine tooth There are generally four canine teeth: two in the upper (maxillary) and two in

120-592: Is also the only living genus under the Tremarctinae subfamily, with the other genera, Plionarctos , Arctodus , and Arctotherium all being extinct. Tremarctos floridanus bears lived in the southern parts of North America. Tremarctos ornatus however lives in South America, such as in the Andes Mountains of Peru.They also live in countries like Bolivia and Venezuala. Tremarctos orantus

150-630: Is an extinct species of bear in the family Ursidae , subfamily Tremarctinae . T. floridanus became extinct at the end of the last ice age , 11,000 years ago. It's fossils have been found throughout the Southeastern United States , in northeastern Mexico , and in Belize from the Rancholabrean epoch (250,000–11,000 years ago), and from earlier epochs at some sites in western North America. Tremarctos floridanus

180-514: Is called the Florida spectacled bear , Florida cave bear , or rarely Florida short-faced bear . T. floridanus is presumed to closely resemble its modern relative that shares the same genus, the spectacled bear ( Tremarctos ornatus ) found in the Andes Mountains of South America. Intermediate in size between a modern American black bear and grizzly bear , it was noticeably larger than its South American relation though still much smaller than

210-427: Is the only species of bear to live in South America. They like to build nests that they use to sleep and eat in, in trees of high elevation in humid tropical rain forests . They are able to live in other types of biomes too such as temperate grasslands , deciduous forests , and more. Where they choose to live is dependent upon the type of food/resources that are available in the habitat. The diet of Tremarctos bears

240-860: Is unknown, they presumably resembled the Tremarctos Ornatus. Although they have large, deep skulls, they are the smallest in length among the bear species. The species under the Tremarctos genus have short mandibles as well as short crania. Even though they are omnivores, the evidence of having short mandibles and crania indicates they feed mostly on plants and fruits and only sometimes eat meat. Because of this they also have resilient teeth near their cheeks. They also have small canines and large molars showing they eat meat as well. They have 42 teeth. Courtship occurs between male and female Tremarctos bears and this usually involves vocalizations or playful fighting. Tremarctos are polygamous meaning

270-500: Is varied. They are considered Omnivores as they eat fruit, corn, plants, insects, farm animals, and more. Species under this genus are able to use their paws to manipulate food. They can strip leaves off of trees, pick apart fruits, grasp food, etc. They do this with the help of having a radius sesamoid , also referred to as a "false thumb". Hunting and eating take up most of a Tremarctos bears activity levels. Tremarctos bears are diturnal meaning that they will hunt during either

300-679: The Melbourne Bone Bed in Melbourne, Florida. The closest living relative of the Florida cave bear is the spectacled bear of South America; they are classified together with the huge short-faced bears in the subfamily Tremarctinae . T. floridanus was widely distributed south of the continental ice sheet from Florida along the Gulf Coast through Texas to Nuevo León and north to South Carolina and Tennessee during

330-560: The Rancholabrean epoch (250,000–11,000 years ago). A few fossil specimens have been reported from the Irvingtonian (2.5 million–250,000 years ago) and Blancan (4.75–1.8 million years ago) epochs in western North America, although western specimens have not been found in the Rancholabrean. Fossils of T. floridanus have been reported from two sites in Belize, at least one of which is also Rancholabrean. While once thought to have had

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360-606: The Threatened Species List. One of the biggest reasons for their decline is due to humans poaching and causing their habitat loss. In some locations they encounter predators such as jaguars and cougars . They are also susceptible to parasites such as ticks and nematodes as well as diseases such as alopecia and neoplasia . This article about a carnivoran is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tremarctos floridanus Arctodus floridanus Gidley, 1928 Tremarctos floridanus

390-495: The baby tooth, typically erupt between the ages of sixteen and twenty-two months and shed between ten and twelve years. Lower deciduous canines typically erupt between the ages of seventeen and twenty-two months and shed between nine and twelve years. Transposition (positional interchange of two adjacent teeth) is a development defect that most commonly found in the permanent canine, with the maxillary being more commonly seen than mandibular. The upper canine frequently transposed with

420-667: The bear's eyes, making it look like the bear has holes for eyes, giving it the Jukumari in the Andean culture. Species under the Tremartcos genus are about average-sized bears, similar in size to the American Black Bear . They can weigh anywhere from 150-400 lbs. The Tremarctos Floridanus however, was bigger than Tremarctos Orantus . Both species are sexually dimorphic , meaning the males are most times larger than

450-430: The cubs for about three years and after which, they separate. Male Tremarctos bears tend to live longer than females. While the Tremarctos bear is higher up on the food chain, it still has a couple of predators and other things that threaten them. With Tremarctos floridanus extinct, Tremarctos ornatus is the only living species of this genus, their population is slowly declining and they are considered vulnerable on

480-623: The cusp of the maxillary canine. Lingually, the surface of the tooth is much smoother compared to the very pronounced surface of the maxillary canine, and the cingulum is noted as less developed. The cusp may be lost with attrition over time and may resemble an upper second permanent incisor. In many species the canine teeth in the upper or lower jaw, or in both jaws, are much larger in males than in females, where they are sometimes hidden or completely absent. Animals where this occurs include antelopes , musk-deer , camels , horses , wild boar , some apes, seals, narwhal , and walrus . Humans have

510-448: The day, evening, or night, meaning they do not hibernate. It depends on where the bear is located and what the current season is that determines when they are the most active. The genus name Tremarctos was created in 1855 by Alfred Gervais. While his suggestion for making Tremarctos a separate genus was rejected, after further studies comparing skeletal structures of the teeth and jaws of Tremarctos to other bear species his suggestion

540-457: The fellow Tremarctinae bear Arctodus . Arctodus was a contemporary of and shared its habitat with T. floridanus . Despite one such common name, T. floridanus is not considered a close relative of the cave bear , Ursus spelaeus , which belonged to a different genus. Like modern spectacled bears, T. floridanus was omnivorous and likely subsisted chiefly on plant material with a majority of animal matter consumed being carrion . Similar to

570-405: The females in size. This also results in the males having protein blood levels higher than the females' levels. The forelimbs of Tremarctos bears are longer than their hindlimbs. They have long curved claws and have plantigrade feet. As for their fur, they are usually black with a tannish marking that extends from their chest to around their face. While Tremarctos Floridanus' s exact appearance

600-413: The first premolar whilst the lower canine transposed with the lateral incisor. Occasionally canines are congenitally missing. From a facial aspect, maxillary canines are approximately one millimetre narrower than the central incisor. Their mesial aspects resemble the adjacent lateral incisors, while their distal aspects anticipate the first premolars. They are slightly darker and more yellow in color than

630-424: The lower (mandibular) arch. A canine is placed laterally to (outside of) each lateral incisor and mesial to (inwards of) the premolars . They are larger and stronger than the incisors, and their roots sink deeply into the bones, causing well-marked prominences upon the surface. They are the only teeth in dentition with a single cusp, their crowns are roughly triangular from a mesial viewpoint and trapezoidal from

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660-419: The male bears breed with multiple female bears. They are also polyesterous , meaning the bears have specific breeding seasons with twins being the most common litter. Cubs are usually born during seasons when fruits and vegetables are growing and becoming ripe. The mothering bears create dens for raising their offspring. When the cubs are born, their eyes are closed and they lack teeth. The mothers will care for

690-422: The mesial incisal edge is slightly shorter than the distal incisal edge, which places the cusp slightly mesial to the long axis of the tooth. They are also thicker labiolingually than mesiodistally. Because of the disproportionate incisal edges, the contacts are also asymmetrical. Mesially, the contact sits at the junction of the incisal and middle third of the crown, while distally, the contact as more cervical, in

720-414: The middle of the middle third of the crown. The root of the maxillary canines are the longest root of any tooth and conical in shape. The lower canine teeth are placed nearer the middle line than the upper, so that their summits correspond to the intervals between the upper canines and the lateral incisors. From a facial aspect, the mandibular canine is notably narrower mesiodistally than the maxillary one,

750-462: The modern American black bear that shares its habitat today; insects, fish, small animals, and hoofed animals such a young deer might have also been hunted on occasion. Originally, Gidley named this animal Arctodus floridanus in 1928. It was recombined as T. floridanus by Kurten (1963), Lundelius (1972) and Kurten and Anderson (1980). The type specimen was found in the Golf Course site of

780-452: The other anterior teeth. From a lingual aspect, they have well developed mesial and distal marginal ridges and a well-developed cingulum. A prominent lingual ridge divides the lingual aspect in half and creates the mesial and distal lingual fossae between the lingual ridge and the marginal ridges. From a proximal aspect, they resemble the incisors, but are more robust, especially in the cingulum region. Incisally, they are visibly asymmetrical, as

810-728: The proportionately smallest male canine teeth among all anthropoids and exhibit relatively little sexual dimorphism in canine tooth size. It has been proposed that the receding canine teeth in human males was likely to be a result of sexual selection for less aggressive partners by female humans. The dimorphism is also similarly less pronounced in chimpanzees . In non- synapsids , such as reptiles and crocodiles, teeth similar to canines may be termed "caniniform" ("canine-shaped") teeth. Teeth or appendages with similar appearances found in many snakes and invertebrates, such as spiders, are referred to as fangs , but are usually modified to inject venom. [REDACTED] This article incorporates text in

840-436: The root is compressed mesiodistally with well-marked grooves on both sides and may be just as long as the maxillary (and at times bifurcated). A distinctive feature is the nearly straight outline this tooth has compared to the maxillary canine which is slightly more bowed. As in the maxillary canine, the mesial incisal edge (or cusp ridge) is shorter than the distal side, however, the cusp is displaced slightly lingual relative to

870-471: The surface separated by a ridge in between; these depressions are known as mesial and distal lingual fossae. In humans, the upper canine teeth (popularly called eye teeth, from their position under the eyes ) are larger and longer than the lower, and usually present a distinct basal ridge. Eruption typically occurs between the ages of eleven and twelve years for upper canines and between nine and ten years for lower canines. Upper deciduous canines also known as

900-524: Was later then accepted. The word Tremarctos is derived from the Greek language and translates to "hole bear" in English. If one were to look at humerus of this type of bear, one would notice a hole in the middle of it. This is where its name comes from and why it is called the "hole bear". However, the name "hole bear" could also come from the fact that the tan facial markings appear on the face except around

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