45-585: Barbus treurensis The Treur River barb ( Enteromius treurensis ) or simply Treur barb is a species of cyprinid fish. It is endemic to northern Mpumalanga , South Africa . Exotic fish like smallmouth bass , brown and rainbow trout were introduced to the Blyde, which reduced its range to upper catchments of the Blyde River system. It disappeared from the Treur River in the 1960s, but during
90-469: A female lays her eggs, male Colorado Pikeminnow will follow the trial of eggs, dispersing semen. These eggs hatch at different rates based on the temperature of the water. When the water was around 20 °C (68 °F), eggs hatched within 3–5 days, and at a higher temperature of 25 °C (77 °F), eggs hatched in around 2–3 days. Upon hatching and swim-up, the small fry are entrained and carried 50–100 km (31–62 mi) downstream. The species
135-497: A few species build nests and/or guard the eggs. The bitterlings of subfamily Acheilognathinae are notable for depositing their eggs in bivalve molluscs , where the young develop until able to fend for themselves. Cyprinids contain the first and only known example of androgenesis in a vertebrate, in the Squalius alburnoides allopolyploid complex. Most cyprinids feed mainly on invertebrates and vegetation , probably due to
180-409: A length around 30 cm (12 in), they feed almost entirely upon fish. This fish has an ontogenetic separation of life history stage. The altricial young emerge from whitewater canyons, enter the drift as sac-fry, and are transported downstream. Habitat for the young fish is predominately alongshore backwaters and associated shorelines of more alluvial reaches of the turbulent and turbid rivers of
225-509: A radical move, though reasonable, is probably premature. The tench ( Tinca tinca ), a significant food species farmed in western Eurasia in large numbers, is unusual. It is most often grouped with the Leuciscinae, but even when these were rather loosely circumscribed, it always stood apart. A cladistic analysis of DNA sequence data of the S7 ribosomal protein intron 1 supports
270-465: A threat in both predation and competition for resources. With the introduction of various invasive catfish species, Greenback cutthroat trout , and red shiner ( Cyprinella lutrensis ), the population of Colorado Pikeminnow has declined drastically. A study was conducted analyzing the factors of recruiting young Colorado Pikeminnow. In particular, it was found that red shiners feed on the larvae of Colorado Pikeminnow in vivo. Additionally, land managers in
315-462: Is a family of freshwater fish commonly called the carp or minnow family , including the carps , the true minnows , and their relatives the barbs and barbels , among others. Cyprinidae is the largest and most diverse fish family, and the largest vertebrate animal family overall, with about 3,000 species ; only 1,270 of these remain extant, divided into about 200 valid genera . Cyprinids range from about 12 mm (0.5 in) in size to
360-573: Is a major pest species in Australia impacting freshwater environments, amenity, and the agricultural economy, devastating biodiversity by decimating native fish populations where they first became established as a major pest in the wild in the 1960s. In the major river system of eastern Australia, the Murray-Darling Basin , they constitute 80–90 per cent of fish biomass. In 2016 the federal government announced A$ 15.2 million to fund
405-435: Is discovered, for example: Psilorhynchus Probarbinae Parapsilorhynchini Labeonini Garrini Torinae Smiliogastrinae Cyprinini Rohteichthyini Acrossocheilini Spinibarbini Schizothoracini Schizopygopsini Barbini Colorado pikeminnow The Colorado pikeminnow ( Ptychocheilus lucius , formerly squawfish ) is the largest cyprinid fish of North America and one of
450-557: The Cultrinae and Leuciscinae, regardless of their exact delimitation, are rather close relatives and stand apart from Cyprininae – but the overall systematics and taxonomy of the Cyprinidae remain a subject of considerable debate. A large number of genera are incertae sedis , too equivocal in their traits and/or too little-studied to permit assignment to a particular subfamily with any certainty. Part of
495-530: The Labeoninae or Squaliobarbinae also remain doubtful, although the latter do appear to correspond to a distinct lineage. The sometimes-seen grouping of the large-headed carps ( Hypophthalmichthyinae ) with Xenocypris , though, seems quite in error. More likely, the latter are part of the Cultrinae. The entirely paraphyletic "Barbinae" and the disputed Labeoninae might be better treated as part of
SECTION 10
#1732780712666540-874: The aquarium and fishpond hobbies, most famously the goldfish , which was bred in China from the Prussian carp ( Carassius (auratus) gibelio ). First imported into Europe around 1728, it was originally much-fancied by the Chinese nobility as early as 1150 AD and, after it arrived there in 1502, also in Japan . In addition to the goldfish, the common carp was bred in Japan into the colorful ornamental variety known as koi — or more accurately nishikigoi ( 錦鯉 ) , as koi ( 鯉 ) simply means "common carp" in Japanese — from
585-536: The common nase , eat algae and biofilms , while others, such as the black carp , specialize in snails, and some, such as the silver carp , are specialized filter feeders . For this reason, cyprinids are often introduced as a management tool to control various factors in the aquatic environment, such as aquatic vegetation and diseases transmitted by snails. Unlike most fish species, cyprinids generally increase in abundance in eutrophic lakes. Here, they contribute towards positive feedback as they are efficient at eating
630-545: The golden mahseer ( Tor putitora ) and mangar ( Luciobarbus esocinus ). The largest North American species is the Colorado pikeminnow ( Ptychocheilus lucius ), which can reach up to 1.8 m (5.9 ft) in length. Conversely, many species are smaller than 5 cm (2 in). The smallest known fish is Paedocypris progenetica , reaching 10.3 mm (0.41 in) at the longest. All fish in this family are egg-layers and most do not guard their eggs; however,
675-400: The pike . The cone-shaped and somewhat flattened head is elongated, forming nearly a quarter of the body length. Color grades from bright olive green on the back to a paler yellowish shade on the flanks, to white underneath. Young fish also have a dark spot on the caudal fin . Both the dorsal and anal fins typically have 9 rays. The pharyngeal teeth are long and hooked. There are no teeth in
720-558: The zooplankton that would otherwise graze on the algae, reducing its abundance. Cyprinids are highly important food fish; they are fished and farmed across Eurasia . In land-locked countries in particular, cyprinids are often the major species of fish eaten because they make the largest part of biomass in most water types except for fast-flowing rivers. In Eastern Europe, they are often prepared with traditional methods such as drying and salting. The prevalence of inexpensive frozen fish products made this less important now than it
765-517: The 18th century until today. Other popular aquarium cyprinids include danionins , rasborines and true barbs . Larger species are bred by the thousands in outdoor ponds, particularly in Southeast Asia , and trade in these aquarium fishes is of considerable commercial importance. The small rasborines and danionines are perhaps only rivalled by characids (tetras) and poecilid livebearers in their popularity for community aquaria . Some of
810-641: The 1970s it was rediscovered in the upper Blyde River, an area that received National Heritage status in 1985. It was reintroduced to the Treur and upper Blyde rivers, where it now flourishes. It occurs alongside the Natal mountain catfish ( Amphilius natalensis ), that occurs here as an isolated population in the Limpopo system. This Barbinae -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Cyprinid and see text Cyprinidae
855-456: The 3 m (9.8 ft) giant barb ( Catlocarpio siamensis ). By genus and species count, the family makes up more than two-thirds of the ostariophysian order Cypriniformes . The family name is derived from the Greek word kyprînos ( κυπρῖνος 'carp'). Cyprinids are stomachless, or agastric , fish with toothless jaws. Even so, food can be effectively chewed by the gill rakers of
900-486: The Colorado Pikeminnow (Sublette et al. 1990, Muth and Snyder 1995). It has also been hypothesized that due to the installation of dams, the change in water temperature has altered breeding tendencies. Breeding is water temperature dependent, meaning the temperature of the water must be perfect for spawning to occur. Changes in these conditions have caused breeding grounds to change. Non-native fish have posed
945-506: The Colorado system. In contrast, adults reside in more well-defined channels, where they seek eddy habitats and prey on suckers and minnows. Colorado pikeminnows are potamodromous, making freshwater spawning migrations to home in on their natal areas. These migrations can begin as upstream or downstream movements, depending on the location of home range of individuals, and may involve 100 kilometres (62 mi) or more. Spawning occurs around
SECTION 20
#1732780712666990-707: The Cyprininae, forming a close-knit group whose internal relationships are still little known. The small African " barbs " do not belong in Barbus sensu stricto – indeed, they are as distant from the typical barbels and the typical carps ( Cyprinus ) as these are from Garra (which is placed in the Labeoninae by most who accept the latter as distinct) and thus might form another as yet unnamed subfamily. However, as noted above, how various minor lineages tie into this has not yet been resolved; therefore, such
1035-608: The Mexican part of its range and was listed as endangered in the US part in 1967, a fate shared by the three other large Colorado Basin endemic fish species: bonytail chub , humpback chub , and razorback sucker . The Colorado pikeminnow is currently listed as vulnerable by the IUCN , while its NatureServe conservation status is "critically imperiled". Like the other three species of pikeminnows , it has an elongated body reminiscent of
1080-486: The National Carp Control Plan to investigate using Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (carp virus) as a biological control agent while minimising impacts on industry and environment should a carp virus release go ahead. Despite initial, favourable assessment, in 2020 this plan was found to be unlikely to work due to the high fecundity of the fish. Numerous cyprinids have become popular and important within
1125-571: The Rasborinae as the basal lineage with the Cyprininae as a sister clade to the Leuciscinae. The subfamilies Acheilognathinae , Gobioninae , and Leuciscinae are monophyletic. The 5th Edition of Fishes of the World sets out the following subfamilies: With such a large and diverse family the taxonomy and phylogenies are always being worked on so alternative classifications are being created as new information
1170-711: The San Juan River. The Colorado pikeminnow was one of the first species listed under the Endangered Species Act in 1973 as endangered, due to its extirpation from the Lower Colorado River Basin following damming in the early 20th century. A stocking program in the Verde River has been discontinued due to futility, and current conservation efforts are aimed at preserving pikeminnow populations in three subbasins within
1215-744: The Upper basin with Colorado pikeminnow. According to the Native Aquatic Species Conservation in Arizona, it was found that small fish could not avoid predation and that the only successful site for reintroduction was the Green River, more specifically the upper Green River. Fish up to 16 inches (410 mm) long have been released in the hopes of increasing the survival rate of the released Colorado pikeminnow. There has been evidence that population numbers are increasing in
1260-528: The cyprinids since they have the Weberian organ , three specialized vertebral processes that transfer motion of the gas bladder to the inner ear. The vertebral processes of the Weberian organ also permit a cyprinid to detect changes in motion of the gas bladder due to atmospheric conditions or depth changes. The cyprinids are considered physostomes because the pneumatic duct is retained in adult stages and
1305-407: The fish are able to gulp air to fill the gas bladder, or they can dispose of excess gas to the gut. Cyprinids are native to North America , Africa , and Eurasia . The largest known cyprinid is the giant barb ( Catlocarpio siamensis ), which may grow up to 3 m (9.8 ft) in length and 300 kg (660 lb) in weight. Other very large species that can surpass 2 m (6.6 ft) are
1350-585: The grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ) are the most important of these, for example in Florida . Carp in particular can stir up sediment , reducing the clarity of the water and making plant growth difficult. In America and Australia, such as the Asian carp in the Mississippi Basin , they have become invasive species that compete with native fishes or disrupt the environment. Cyprinus carpio
1395-543: The jaw, however, and the lip folds back to create a fleshy mouth. The reports of 6 ft (2 m) individuals are estimates from skeletal remains, but a number of community elders , interviewed by the Salt Lake Tribune in 1994, reported that such individuals were once common. Catches in the 1960s ranged up to 60 cm (24 in) for 11-year-old fish, but by the early 1990s, maximum sizes reached no more than 34 cm (13 in). Biologists now consider
Treur River barb - Misplaced Pages Continue
1440-456: The lack of teeth and stomach; however, some species, like the asp , are predators that specialize in fish. Many species, such as the ide and the common rudd , prey on small fish when individuals become large enough. Even small species, such as the moderlieschen , are opportunistic predators that will eat larvae of the common frog in artificial circumstances. Some cyprinids, such as the grass carp , are specialized herbivores; others, such as
1485-510: The largest in the world, with reports of individuals up to 6 ft (1.8 m) long and weighing over 100 pounds (45 kg). Native to the Colorado River Basin of the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico , it was formerly an important food fish for both Native Americans and European settlers. Once abundant and widespread in the basin, its numbers have declined to the point where it has been extirpated from
1530-556: The most popular cyprinids among aquarists , other than goldfish and koi, include the cherry barb , Harlequin rasbora , pearl danios , rainbow sharks , tiger barbs , and the White Cloud Mountain minnow . One particular species of these small and undemanding danionines is the zebrafish ( Danio rerio ). It has become the standard model species for studying developmental genetics of vertebrates , in particular fish. Habitat destruction and other causes have reduced
1575-614: The past have attempted to reduce the native fish population of the Colorado Basin in favor of sport fishing. In the mid-1960s, the federal government poured the poison rotenone into the Green and San Juan Rivers, attempting to create an environment supportive of non-native sportfish. In September 1962, the Green River was poisoned beginning upstream of Flaming Gorge . The poison worked downstream for 3 days until it reached upstream of Dinosaur National Monument . Potassium permanganate
1620-413: The solution seems that the delicate rasborines are the core group, consisting of minor lineages that have not shifted far from their evolutionary niche , or have coevolved for millions of years. These are among the most basal lineages of living cyprinids. Other "rasborines" are apparently distributed across the diverse lineages of the family. The validity and circumscription of proposed subfamilies like
1665-418: The specialized last gill bow. These pharyngeal teeth allow the fish to make chewing motions against a chewing plate formed by a bony process of the skull . The pharyngeal teeth are unique to each species and are used by scientists to identify species. Strong pharyngeal teeth allow fish such as the common carp and ide to eat hard baits such as snails and bivalves . Hearing is a well-developed sense in
1710-402: The summer solstice, with declining flows and increasing temperatures. Breeding males are bronze-colored and heavily covered with tubercles , while females are generally larger, lighter in color and with fewer tubercles. As the fish reach the spawning location, they stage in deeper pools and eddies and make spawning runs into nearby runs and deep riffles, where the adhesive eggs are released. Once
1755-416: The typical size of an adult pikeminnow to be between 4 and 9 pounds (1.8 and 4.1 kg), and reports of the fish lately exceeding 3 feet (0.91 m) in length are now in question. Young pikeminnows, up to 5 cm (2 in) long, eat cladocerans , copepods , and chironomid larvae, then shift to insects around 10 cm (4 in) long, gradually eating more fish as they mature. Once they achieve
1800-542: The view that it is distinct enough to constitute a monotypic subfamily. It also suggests it may be closer to the small East Asian Aphyocypris , Hemigrammocypris , and Yaoshanicus . They would have diverged roughly at the same time from cyprinids of east-central Asia, perhaps as a result of the Alpide orogeny that vastly changed the topography of that region in the late Paleogene , when their divergence presumably occurred. A DNA-based analysis of these fish places
1845-670: The wild stocks of several cyprinids to dangerously low levels; some are already entirely extinct . In particular, the cyprinids of the subfamily Leuciscinae from southwestern North America have been hit hard by pollution and unsustainable water use in the early to mid-20th century; most globally extinct cypriniform species are in fact leuciscinid cyprinids from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. The massive diversity of cyprinids has so far made it difficult to resolve their phylogeny in sufficient detail to make assignment to subfamilies more than tentative in many cases. Some distinct lineages obviously exist – for example,
Treur River barb - Misplaced Pages Continue
1890-592: Was in earlier times. Nonetheless, in certain places, they remain popular for food, as well as recreational fishing , for ornamental use, and have been deliberately stocked in ponds and lakes for centuries for this reason. Cyprinids are popular for angling especially for match fishing (due to their dominance in biomass and numbers) and fishing for common carp because of its size and strength. Several cyprinids have been introduced to waters outside their natural ranges to provide food, sport, or biological control for some pest species. The common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) and
1935-557: Was once a species of fish that resided in much of the Colorado River Basin. Due to human impacts and the introduction of non-native fish species, the population has receded to the upper basin. According to the Native Aquatic Species Conservation in Arizona, the installation of dams has altered the fish's movement. Along with this, dewatering, altered stream flow, channel morphology, water quality, water chemistry, silt loads, and introduction of non-native fish have challenged
1980-628: Was once found throughout the Colorado Basin, so occurred in Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming, as well as in Mexico. Damming and habitat alterations have confined the species to the upper Colorado drainage; currently, remnant populations are known from the Green , Gunnison , White , San Juan , and Yampa Rivers . They have been transplanted to the Salt and Verde Rivers , both within their native range. The Colorado Pikeminnow
2025-493: Was used to neutralize the rotenone, but concentrations were higher than expected and rotenone continued into the Dinosaur National Monument area. Recovery efforts are focused on operating dams to create more natural flow patterns, improving fish passage up- and downstream, and restricting stocking of non-native fish to reduce ecological interactions. In Arizona, hatcheries are in the process of restocking
#665334