155-473: The Trienio Liberal , ( [ˈtɾjenjo liβeˈɾal] ) or Three Liberal Years , was a period of three years in the modern history of Spain between 1820 and 1823, when a liberal government ruled Spain after a military uprising in January 1820 by the lieutenant-colonel Rafael de Riego against the absolutist rule of Ferdinand VII . It ended in 1823 when, with the approval of the crowned heads of Europe,
310-528: A Pragmatic Sanction that had the effect of fundamental law in Spain. As a result of the sanction, women were allowed to accede to the Spanish throne, and the succession would fall on Ferdinand's infant daughter, Isabella , rather than to his brother Carlos. Carlos – who disputed the legality of Ferdinand's ability to change the fundamental law of succession in Spain – left the country for Portugal, where he became
465-627: A famine in Galicia. Riots against the power loom erupted in the cities, and progresistas outraged at a decade of moderado dictatorship and the corruption of the Sartorius government broke out in revolution. General Leopoldo O'Donnell took the lead in the revolution; after the indecisive Battle of Vicálvaro , he issued the Manifesto of Manzanares that pronounced himself in favor of Spain's former progresista dictator, Baldomero Espartero ,
620-574: A French army invaded Spain and reinstated the King's absolute power. This invasion is known in France as the "Spanish Expedition" ( expédition d’Espagne ) and in Spain as " The Hundred Thousand Sons of St. Louis ". King Ferdinand VII provoked widespread unrest, particularly in the army, by refusing to accept the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812 . The King sought to reclaim the Spanish colonies in
775-638: A band of defeated guerrillas in Navarre had turned into an army of 30,000 in control of all of Spain north of the Ebro River , with the exception of the fortified ports on the northern coast. The position of the government was growing increasingly desperate. Rumors of a liberal coup to oust Maria Cristina abounded in Madrid, compounding the danger of the Carlist army which was now within striking distance of
930-480: A decisive victory . Belmonte was captured after he fled to Bari , while other Austrian troops were able to escape to the sea. To celebrate the victory, Naples was illuminated for three nights, and on 30 May, the Duke of Montemar, Charles's army commander, was named the Duke of Bitonto. Today there is an obelisk in the city of Bitonto commemorating the battle constructed and designed by Giovanni Antonio Medrano . After
1085-646: A decree that it represented the Spanish nation, with sovereignty over Spain and Americas. The Cortes opened its session in September 1810 on the Isle of Leon . The Cortes consisted of 97 deputies, of whom 47 were Cadiz residents serving as alternates. The Spanish Constitution of 1812 was established on 19 March 1812 by the Cortes of Cádiz. It abolished the Inquisition and absolute monarchy , and established
1240-534: A few days before the coronation of Charles, the Pope chose to accept the traditional offering of a Hackney horse from the Holy Roman Emperor rather than from Charles. The Hackney was a white mare and a sum of money which the King of Naples offered the Pope as feudal homage every 29 June, at the feast of Saints Peter and Paul. The reason for this choice was that Charles had not yet been recognized as ruler of
1395-538: A few months later, convinced the queen to oust him, replacing him with General Francisco Lersundi . The cortes , which by then were unsatisfied with the army's intervening in government affairs, arranged for Luis José Sartorius , the Count of San Luis , to be named President of the Council of Ministers. Sartorius – who had gained power only by betraying Luis González Bravo and following the fortunes of General Narváez –
1550-517: A five-person Regency. The five regents then convened the meeting of the " Cortes of Cádiz", operating as a government in exile. The delegates to the Cortes were to be representatives of the provinces and colonies, but the Regency was unable to hold elections in much of Spain or the Americas. The Regency therefore tried to establish interim territorial representation in the assembly, which approved
1705-656: A fête in honor of the Patron Saint of Florence, St. John the Baptist , on 24 June. At this fête Gian Gastone named Charles his heir, giving him the traditional Tuscan title of Hereditary Prince of Tuscany , and Charles paid homage to the Florentine senate, as was the tradition for heirs to the Tuscan throne. When Emperor Charles VI heard about the ceremony, he was enraged that Gian Gastone had not informed him, since he
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#17327658965101860-524: A government was, however, highly unpopular with the cortes ; he allegedly received the authority to dissolve the cortes from the queen, but the queen within days withdrew her support for the plan, and cast her lot behind Olózaga's opponent in the cortes , the Minister of State Luis González Bravo . Olózaga was accused of obtaining the order of dissolution by forcing Queen Isabella to sign against her will. Olózaga had to resign, having only been president of
2015-521: A guest of Dom Miguel , the absolutist pretender in that country's civil war. Ferdinand VII died in 1833, at the age of 49. He was succeeded by his daughter Isabella under the terms of the Pragmatic Sanction, and his spouse, Maria Christina , became regent for her daughter, who at that time was only three years of age. Carlos disputed the legitimacy of Maria Christina's regency and the accession of her daughter, and declared himself to be
2170-409: A hundred pretty things; one would not credit the things that she says unless one heard them. She has the mind of an angel, and my son is only too happy to possess her . . . She has charged me to tell you that she loves you with all her heart and that she is quite content with her husband." And to the duchesse d'Orléans she writes: "I find her the most beautiful and most lovable child in the world. It
2325-476: A la reina!" (God save the country, God save the queen!) speech that led to a strong moderate-liberal coalition that opposed Espartero. This coalition sponsored a third and final uprising led by generals Ramón Narváez and Francisco Serrano , who finally overthrew Espartero in 1843, after which the deposed regent fled to England. The cortes , now exasperated by serial revolutions, coups, and counter-coups, decided not to name another regent, and instead declared that
2480-538: A political force, even if it was excluded from actual policy-making by Ferdinand's restored government. Riego himself was hanged, and he would become a martyr for the liberal cause in Spain and would be memorialized in the anthem of the Second Spanish Republic , El Himno de Riego , more than a century later. The remainder of Ferdinand's reign was spent restoring domestic stability and the integrity of Spain's finances, which had been in ruins since
2635-572: A post as far away from Madrid as possible – in this case, in Cuba. The attempt failed and only alienated Baldomero Espartero's colleague; instead, O'Donnell was given a seat in Espartero's cabinet as war minister, though his influence was greater than his portfolio . Charles III of Spain Charles III ( Spanish : Carlos Sebastián de Borbón y Farnesio ; 20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788)
2790-572: A provisional government, leading up to the election of a constituent assembly under universal manhood suffrage that elaborated the 1869 constitution . The brief spell of Amadeo of Savoy as constitutional monarch was followed after his abdication by the proclamation of the First Spanish Republic , which was replaced after a 1874 coup by the reign of Alfonso XII , bringing the Bourbon dynasty back to power. The reign of Charles IV
2945-539: A result of this, a major rebellion broke out in northern Catalonia in 1846, the Second Carlist War . Rebels led by Rafael Tristany launched a guerilla campaign against government forces in the region and pronounced themselves in favor of Carlos, Conde de Montemolin , carrier of the Carlist cause and son of Infante Carlos of Spain . The rebellion grew, and by 1848 it was relevant enough that Carlos sponsored it himself and named Ramón Cabrera as commander of
3100-473: A result, the destinies of Spain and her empire on the American mainland were to permanently take separate paths. Although in the interests of stability Ferdinand VII issued a general amnesty to all those involved in the 1820 coup and the liberal government that followed it, the original architect of the coup, Rafael del Riego , was executed. The liberal Partido Progresista , however, continued to exist as
3255-466: A review. Charles had his triumphant entrance to Naples on 10 May 1734, through the old city gate at Capuana surrounded by the city councilors along with a group of people who threw money to the locals. The procession went on through the streets and ended up at the Naples Cathedral , where Charles received a blessing from the local archbishop , Cardinal Pignatelli. Charles took up residence at
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#17327658965103410-596: A state of siege and dismantled a number of institutions that had been set up by the progressista movement such as elected city councils . Fearing another Carlist insurrection in northern Spain, he established the Guardia Civil , a force merging police and military functions to retain order in the mountainous regions that had been the Carlists' base of support and strength, so as to defend Isabella's rightful kingdom from her enemies. A new constitution, authored by
3565-462: Is the most pleasing thing imaginable to see her with her little husband: how they caress one another and how they love one another already. They have a thousand little secrets to tell one another, and they cannot part for an instant." Out of these proposed marriages, only Louis and Louise Élisabeth would wed. Elisabeth Farnese looked for other potential brides for her eldest son. For this, she looked to Austria, Spain's principal opponent for influence on
3720-637: The Andes Mountains from Argentina to Chile, and went on to defeat Spanish royalist forces at the Battle of Chacabuco in 1817. Mexico, Peru , Ecuador , and Central America still remained under Spanish control in 1820. King Ferdinand VII, however, was dissatisfied with the loss of so much of the Empire and resolved to retake it; a large expedition was assembled in Cádiz with the aim of reconquest. However
3875-616: The Bay of Naples . A week later they defeated the Austrians at sea. On 31 March, his army closed in on the Austrians in Naples. The Spanish flanked the defensive position of the Austrians under general Traun and forced them to withdraw to Capua . This allowed Charles and his troops to advance on to the city of Naples itself. The Austrian viceroy, Giulio Borromeo Visconti, and the commander of his army, Giovanni Carafa , left some garrisons holding
4030-642: The Bayonne Constitution , Spain's first, which Joseph I signed. Although the constitution never came into full force, the fact that it provided for representation from regions of Spain and elsewhere in the Spanish Empire , namely Spanish America and the Philippines, set an important precedent. Although there were a few Spaniards who supported Napoleon's seizure of power in Spain, many regional centers rose up and formed juntas to rule in
4185-484: The Cortes of Cádiz during the French occupation, was ended again by the government, which led to accusations of it being nothing more than afrancesados (francophiles), who, only six years earlier, had been forced out of the country. More radical liberals attempted to revolt against the entire idea of a monarchy, regardless of how little power it had. In 1821, they were suppressed, but the incident served to illustrate
4340-468: The Cortes of Cádiz during the French occupation—was ended again by the Progresista government, summoning up accusations of being nothing more than afrancesados (Francophiles), who only six years before had been forced out of the country. More radical liberals attempted to revolt against the entire idea of a monarchy, constitutional or otherwise, in 1821; these republicans were suppressed, though
4495-705: The Duchy of Lorraine to the deposed Polish King Stanislaus I . The treaty included the transfer to Naples of all the inherited goods of the House of Farnese . He took with him the collection of artwork, the archives and the ducal library, the cannons of the fort, and even the marble stairway of the ducal palace. The peace between Charles and Austria was signed in Vienna in 1740. That year, Emperor Charles died leaving his Kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary (along with many other lands) to his daughter Maria Theresa ; he had hoped
4650-562: The Duchy of Parma and Piacenza for Charles, since he was unlikely to be king of Spain. She also sought for him the Grand Duchy of Tuscany , because Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1671–1737) was also childless. He was a distant cousin of hers, related via her great-grandmother Margherita de' Medici , giving Charles a claim to the title through that lineage. The birth of Charles encouraged Prime Minister Alberoni to start laying out grand plans for Europe. In 1717 he ordered
4805-498: The Duke of Orléans , the French regent, to arrange three Franco-Spanish marriages that could potentially ease tense relations. The young Louis XV of France would marry the three-year-old Infanta Mariana Victoria and thus she would become Queen of France; Charles's half-brother Louis would marry the fourth surviving daughter of the regent, Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans . Charles himself would be engaged to Philippine Élisabeth d'Orléans , who
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4960-724: The Infante Charles of Spain at the Royal Alcázar of Madrid . He was fourth in line to the Spanish throne, after three elder half-brothers: the Infante Luis, Prince of Asturias (who ruled briefly as Louis I of Spain before dying in 1724); the Infante Felipe (who died in 1719); and Ferdinand (the future Ferdinand VI). Because the Duke Francesco of Parma and his heir were childless, Elisabeth sought
5115-732: The Italian Peninsula . She proposed to Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor , that the Infante Charles marry the eight-year-old Archduchess Maria Theresa and that her second surviving son, the Infante Philip , marry the seven-year-old Archduchess Maria Anna . The alliance of Spain and Austria was signed on 30 April 1725 and included Spanish support for the Pragmatic Sanction , a document drafted by Emperor Charles in 1713 to assure support for Maria Theresa in
5270-509: The Kingdom of Sicily , and the Kingdom of Great Britain gained the island of Menorca and the fortress at Gibraltar . In 1700, Charles's father, originally a French Bourbon prince, Philip of Anjou, became King of Spain as Philip V. For the remainder of his reign (1700–46), he continually attempted to regain the ceded territories in Europe. In 1714, after the death of the king's first wife,
5425-621: The Royal Palace of Naples , which had been built by his ancestor, Philip III of Spain . Two chroniclers of the era, the Florentine Bartolomeo Intrieri, and the Venetian Cesare Vignola made conflicting reports on the view of the situation by Neapolitans. Intrieri writes that the arrival was a historic event and that the crowd cried out that "His Royal Highness is beautiful, that his face is as
5580-656: The Urgel Regency . Ferdinand's supporters, accompanied by the Royal Guard, staged an uprising in Madrid that was subdued by forces supporting the new government and its constitution. Despite the defeat of Ferdinand's supporters at Madrid, civil war erupted in the regions of Castile , Toledo , and Andalusia . Three years of liberal rule (the Trienio Liberal ) followed. The Progresista government reorganized Spain into 52 provinces, and it intended to reduce
5735-676: The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14) and reduced the political and military power of Spain , which the House of Bourbon had ruled since 1700. Under the terms of the treaty, the Spanish Empire retained its American territories and the Philippines, but ceded the Spanish Netherlands , the kingdoms of Naples and Sardinia , the Duchy of Milan , and the State of Presidi to Habsburg Austria . The House of Savoy gained
5890-445: The absolutism personified by the rule of Ferdinand VII , who repealed the 1812 Constitution for the first time in 1814, only to be forced to swear over the constitution again in 1820 after a liberal pronunciamiento , giving way to the brief Trienio Liberal (1820–1823). Economic transformations throughout the century included the privatisation of communal municipal lands—not interrupted but actually intensified and legitimised during
6045-401: The apostolic nuncio , the Pope let Charles know he did not consider valid the nomination received by him from Charles's father, Philip V, King of Spain. In response, a committee headed by the Tuscan lawyer Bernardo Tanucci in Naples concluded that papal investiture was not necessary because the crowning of a king could not be considered a sacrament. The situation worsened when, in 1735, just
6200-551: The moderados was written in 1845. It was backed by the new Narváez government begun in May 1844, led by General Ramón Narváez , one of the original architects of the revolution against Espartero . A series of reforms promulgated by Narváez's government attempted to stabilize the situation. The cortes , which had been uneasy with the settlement with the fueros at the end of the First Carlist War , were anxious to centralize
6355-446: The progressista general Baldomero Espartero a man capable of suppressing the rebellion; in 1836, he won a key victory at the Battle of Luchana that turned the tide of the war. After years of vacillation on the issue of reform, events compelled Maria Cristina to accept a new constitution in 1837 that substantively increased the powers of the Spanish parliament, the cortes . The constitution also established state responsibility for
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6510-512: The revolutions of 1848 , is rarely included as part of the same phenomenon, since the rebels in Spain were not fighting for liberal or socialist ideas, but rather conservative and even absolutist ones. Ramón Narváez was succeeded by Juan Bravo Murillo , a practical man and a seasoned politician. Murillo carried the same authoritarian tendencies as Narváez but made serious efforts to advance Spanish industry and commerce. He surrounded himself with technocrats who attempted to take an active role in
6665-482: The " Holy Alliance " of Russia, Austria, and Prussia in his request for help against the liberal revolutionaries in 1820, by 1822 the " Concert of Europe " was sufficiently uneasy with Spain's liberal government and its surprising hardiness that they were prepared to intervene on Ferdinand's behalf. In 1822, the Congress of Verona authorized France to intervene. Louis XVIII of France – himself an arch- reactionary –
6820-603: The "Concert of Europe" was so concerned by Spain's liberal government and its surprising hardiness that it was prepared to intervene on Ferdinand's behalf. In 1822, the Congress of Verona authorized France to intervene. Louis XVIII of France was only too happy to put an end to Spain's liberal experiment, and a massive army, the 100,000 Sons of Saint Louis , was dispatched across the Pyrenees in April 1823. The Spanish army, fraught by internal divisions, offered little resistance to
6975-401: The 13-year-old Isabella II was of age. Isabella, now inundated with the competing interests of courtiers espousing an array of ideologies and interests, vacillated as her mother did between them, and served to aggravate those genuinely interested in progress and reform. Salustiano Olózaga was named the first president of the Council of Ministers after Espartero 's fall. His commission to form
7130-513: The 18th century, only to be rehabilitated by Ferdinand VII after his restoration) were banned again by the radical government. For the duration of liberal rule, King Ferdinand (though technically head of state ) lived under virtual house arrest in Madrid. The Congress of Vienna ending the Napoleonic Wars had inaugurated the " Congress system " as an instrument of international stability in Europe. While Ferdinand had been rebuffed by
7285-399: The Americas that had recently revolted successfully, consequently depriving Spain from an important source of revenue. In January 1820, soldiers assembled at Cádiz for an expedition to South America, angry over infrequent pay, bad food and poor quarters, mutinied under the leadership of Rafael del Riego . Pledging fealty to the 1812 Constitution, they seized their commander. Subsequently,
7440-475: The Bourbon conquest of the island was not complete, he was crowned King of the Two Sicilies ("utriusque Siciliae rex") on 3 July in the ancient Palermo Cathedral , after having traveled overland to Palmi , and by sea from Palmi to Palermo . The coronation bypassed the authority of the Pope thanks to the apostolic legation of Sicily, a medieval privilege which ensured the island a special legal autonomy from
7595-533: The Carlist armies in Spain. A force of 10,000 men was raised by the Carlists; in response to fears of further escalation Narváez was again named President of the Council of Ministers in Madrid in October 1847. The biggest battle of the war, the Battle of Pasteral (January 1849) was inconclusive; Ramón Cabrera, however, was wounded and lost confidence. His departure from Spain caused the rebellion dissolve by May 1849. The Second Carlist War, though contemporaneous with
7750-556: The Carlist threat, Maria Cristina immediately embarked on a campaign to undo the Constitution of 1837, provoking even greater ire from the liberal quarters of her government. Failing in the attempt to overthrow her own constitution, she attempted to undermine the rule of the municipalities in 1840; this proved to be her undoing. She was forced to name the progressista hero of the Carlist War , General Espartero , president of
7905-511: The Carlists back northward. Knowing that much of the support for the Carlist cause came from supporters of regional autonomy, Espartero convinced the Queen-Regent to compromise with the fueros on the issue of regional autonomy and retain their loyalty. The subsequent Convention of Vergara in 1839 was a success, protecting the privileges of the fueros and recognizing the defeat of the Carlists. Don Carlos again went into exile. Freed from
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#17327658965108060-533: The Church. Thus, the papal legate did not attend the ceremony as Charles would have wanted. In March 1735 a new discord developed between Rome and Naples. In Rome, it was discovered that the Bourbons had confined Roman citizens in the basement of Palazzo Farnese , which was the personal property of King Charles; people were brought there to impress them into the newborn Neapolitan army. Thousands of inhabitants in
8215-537: The Congress of Verona in October 1822, gave France a mandate to intervene and restore the Spanish monarchy. On 22 January 1823, a secret treaty was signed at the congress of Verona, allowing France to invade Spain to restore Ferdinand VII as an absolute monarch. With that agreement from the Holy Alliance, on 28 January 1823, Louis XVIII announced that " a hundred thousand Frenchmen are ready to march, invoking
8370-433: The Council of Ministers for an ephemeral fifteen days. Olózaga, a liberal, was succeeded by Luis González Bravo , a moderate, inaugurating a decade of moderado rule. President Luis González Bravo was Isabella's first stable president during her effective kingdom, ruling for 6 straight months (from that moment on he would remain loyal to the queen until the end of her kingdom, acting as her very last president decades later at
8525-531: The Fernandine absolutist restorations —as well as the confiscation of Church properties. The early century saw the loss of the bulk of the Spanish colonies in the New World in the 1810s and 1820s, except for Cuba and Puerto Rico . The regency of Maria Christina and the reign of Isabella II brought reforms repelling the extremes of the absolutist Ominous Decade (1823–1833). Civil wars broke out in
8680-592: The France-Spain border, charging them with halting the spread of Spanish liberalism and the "yellow fever" from encroaching into France. In September 1822, the cordon sanitaire became an observation corps and then very quickly transformed itself into a military expedition. The Holy Alliance (Russia, Austria and Prussia ) refused Ferdinand's request for help, but the Quintuple Alliance ( United Kingdom , France, Russia, Prussia and Austria ), at
8835-459: The Italian states , where he had led Spanish soldiers in the pope's defense against revolutionaries. Murillo, flush with economic and international successes, announced a series of policies on 2 December 1852 to the cortes . Prominent among the reforms he suggested were the reduction of the powers of the cortes as a whole in favor of Murillo's office as President of the Council of Ministers, and
8990-692: The Kingdom of Naples by a peace treaty, and so the Emperor was considered still de jure King of Naples. Receiving the Hackney from the Holy Roman Empire was common while receiving it from a Bourbon was unusual. The Pope, therefore, considered the first option a less dramatic gesture, and in doing so provoked the wrath of the religious Spanish infante. Meanwhile, Charles had landed in Sicily. Although
9145-466: The Kingdom of Naples, claiming he would free it of "excessive violence by the Austrian Viceroy of Naples, oppression, and tyranny". Charles, now "Charles I of Parma", was to be in charge. Charles inspected the Spanish troops at Perugia , and marched toward Naples on 5 March. The army passed through the Papal States then ruled by Clement XII . The Austrians, already fighting the French and Savoyard armies to retain Milan , had only limited resources for
9300-402: The Pope, after long negotiations, through the mediation of its ambassador in Rome, Cardinal Acquaviva , the archbishop Giuseppe Spinelli and the chaplain Celestino Galiani. The agreement was achieved on 12 May 1738. After the death of Pope Clement in 1740, he was replaced by Pope Benedict XIV , who the following year allowed the creation of a concordat with the Kingdom of Naples. This allowed
9455-479: The Princess Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy , the Piacenza Cardinal Giulio Alberoni successfully arranged the swift marriage between Philip and the ambitious Elisabeth Farnese , niece and stepdaughter of Francesco Farnese, Duke of Parma . Elisabeth and Philip married on 24 December 1714; she quickly proved a domineering consort and influenced King Philip to make Cardinal Giulio Alberoni the prime minister of Spain in 1715. On 20 January 1716, Elisabeth gave birth to
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#17327658965109610-405: The Spanish Marriages threatened to break the alliance between Britain and France, which had come to a different agreement over the marriage. France and Britain nearly went to war over the issue before it was resolved; the affair contributed to the fall of Louis-Philippe in 1848. Fury raged in Spain over the queen's nonchalance with the national interest and worsened her public image. Partly as
9765-456: The Spanish invasion of Sardinia . In 1718, Alberoni also ordered the invasion of Sicily , which was also ruled by the House of Savoy . In the same year Charles's first sister, Infanta Mariana Victoria was born on 31 March. In reaction to the Quadruple Alliance of 1718 , the Duke of Savoy then joined the Alliance and went to war with Spain. This war led to the dismissal of Alberoni by Philip in 1719. The Treaty of The Hague of 1720 included
9920-406: The Spanish royalist forces were defeated at the battles of Junin and Ayacucho , where the entire Spanish Army of Peru and the Viceroy were captured. The Battle of Ayacucho signified the end of the Spanish Empire on the American mainland. Although Mexico had been in revolt in 1811 under Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla , resistance to Spanish rule had largely been confined to small guerrilla bands in
10075-415: The Spanish throne. He strengthened the Spanish Army and the Spanish Navy . Although he did not achieve complete control over Spain's finances, and was sometimes obliged to borrow to meet expenses, most of his reforms proved successful in providing increased revenue to the crown and expanding state power, leaving a lasting legacy. In the Spanish Empire his regime enacted a series of sweeping reforms with
10230-404: The ability for the executive to legislate by decree in times of crisis. Twelve days later, the cortes successfully convinced the queen to sack Juan Bravo Murillo and find a new minister. The next President of the Council of Ministers, Federico Roncali , governed briefly, and did well to maintain a civil atmosphere with the cortes after Murillo's flamboyance. The army, dissatisfied with Roncali
10385-497: The abolition of the old kingdoms and the recognition of overseas components of the Spanish Empire for representation. The opening session was held on 24 September 1810. In November 1809, the army of the Central Junta was routed at the Battle of Ocaña . French forces took control of southern Spain and the Junta retreated to Cádiz . Cádiz was besieged by the French from 5 February 1810 to 24 August 1812 but never captured. The Central Junta dissolved itself on 29 January 1810, and set up
10540-418: The abrogation of the Constitution of 1812 when Ferdinand VII 's rule was restored, the new American states were cautious of abandoning their independence, and an alliance between local elites, merchant interests, nationalists rose up against the Spanish in the New World. Although Ferdinand was committed to the reconquest of the colonies, along with many of the Continental European powers, the British government
10695-452: The administration. The law of 8 January 1845 did just that, stifling local autonomy in favor of Madrid ; the act contributed to the revolt of 1847 and the revival of Carlism in the provinces. The Electoral Law of 1846 limited the suffrage to the wealthy and established a property bar for voting. In spite of Bravo and Narváez's efforts to suppress the unrest in Spain, which included lingering Carlist sentiments and progressista supporters of
10850-405: The advancement of the Spanish economy. An aggressive policy of financial reform was coupled with an equally aggressive policy of infrastructure improvement enabled by Alejandro Mon 's financial reforms in the preceding decade. A serious effort to build a rail network in Spain was begun by the Murillo government. Murillo, facing the issue of anti-clericalism, signed a concordat with the Vatican on
11005-591: The aim of bringing the overseas territories under firmer control by the central government, reversing the trend toward local autonomy, and gaining more control over the Church. Reforms including the establishment of two new viceroyalties , realignment of administration into intendancies, creating a standing military, establishing new monopolies, revitalizing silver mining , excluding American-born Spaniards ( criollos ) from high civil and ecclesiastical offices, and eliminating many privileges ( fueros ) of clergy. Historian Stanley Payne writes that Charles "was probably
11160-417: The army was to create political problems of its own. José de San Martín , who had already helped to liberate Chile and Argentina , entered Peru in 1820. In 1821, the inhabitants of Lima invited him and his soldiers to the city. The viceroy fled into the interior of the country. From there he resisted successfully, and it was only with the arrival of Simón Bolívar and Antonio José de Sucre in 1823 that
11315-500: The battlefield. While Zumalacárregui agitated for a campaign to take Madrid, Carlos ordered his commander to take a port on the coast. In the subsequent campaign, Zumalacárregui died after being shot in the calf. There was suspicion that Carlos, jealous of his general's successes and politics, conspired to have him killed. Having failed to take Madrid, and having lost their popular general, the Carlist armies began to weaken. Reinforced with British equipment and manpower, Isabella found in
11470-476: The capital. Appeals for aid did not fall on deaf ears; France, which had replaced the reactionary monarchy of Charles X with the liberal monarchy of Louis-Philippe in 1830, was sympathetic to the Cristino cause. The Whig governments of Viscount Melbourne were similarly friendly, and organized volunteers and material aid for Spain. Still confident of his successes, however, Don Carlos joined his troops on
11625-475: The cause of Ferdinand VII over the Bonapartist pretender to the throne in the midst of the Napoleonic Wars . Joseph I had promised radical reform, particularly the centralization of the state, which would cost the local authorities in the American empire their autonomy from Madrid. The Spanish Americans, however, did not support absolutism and wanted self-governance. The juntas in the Americas did not accept
11780-421: The choice of Agustín Argüelles , a radical liberal politician, as the young queen's tutor. From Paris, Maria Cristina railed against the decision and attracted the support of the moderados in the cortes . The war heroes Manuel de la Concha and Diego de León attempted a coup in September 1841, attempting to seize the queen, only months after Espartero was named regent. The severity with which Espartero crushed
11935-470: The city's fortresses and withdrew to Apulia . There they awaited reinforcements sufficient to defeat the Spanish. The Spanish entered Naples and laid siege to the Austrian-held fortresses. During that interval, Charles received the compliments of the local nobility, and the city keys and the privilege book from a delegation of the city's elected officials. Chronicles of the time reported that Naples
12090-416: The conflict, but his father wanted him to join in and gather troops to aid the French. Charles arranged for 10,000 Spanish soldiers that were to be sent to Italy under the command of the Duke of Castropignano , but they were obliged to retreat when a Royal Navy squadron under Commodore William Martin threatened to bombard Naples if they did not stay out of the conflict. The decision to remain neutral
12245-509: The conservatives, who backed the rebel Infante Carlos of Spain . Carlos, who declared his support for the ancient, pre- Bourbon privileges of the fueros , received considerable support from the Basque country , Aragon, and Catalonia , which valued their ancient privileges from Madrid . The insurrection seemed, at first, a catastrophic failure for the Carlists, who were quickly driven out of most of Aragon and Catalonia, and forced to cling to
12400-497: The countryside. The coup in Spain did not change the centralized policies of the government of Trieno Liberal in Madrid and many Mexicans were disappointed. In 1821, Mexico led by Agustin de Iturbide and Vincente Guerrero presented the Plan de Iguala , calling for an independent Mexican monarchy, in response to the centralism and fears of the liberalism and anticlericalism in Spain. The liberal government of Spain showed less interest in
12555-435: The country—the so-called Carlist Wars —pitting the government forces against the reactionary Carlists , a legitimist movement in favour of the ancien régime . Disaffection with Isabella's government from many quarters led to repeated military intervention in political affairs and to several revolutionary attempts against the government, including the 1854 revolution. The 1868 Glorious revolution deposed Isabella and installed
12710-755: The death of his childless grand-uncle Antonio Farnese . In 1734, at the age of 18, he led Spanish troops in a bold and almost entirely bloodless march down Italy to seize the Kingdom of Naples and Kingdom of Sicily and enforce the Spanish claim to their thrones. In 1738, he married the Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony , daughter of Augustus III of Poland , who was an educated, cultured woman. The couple had 13 children, eight of whom reached adulthood. They resided in Naples for 19 years. Charles gained valuable experience in his 25-year rule in Italy, so that he
12865-490: The defense of Naples and were divided on how best to oppose the Spanish. The Emperor wanted to keep Naples, but most of the Neapolitan nobility was against him, and some conspired against his viceroy. They hoped that Philip would give the kingdom to Charles, who would be more likely to live and rule there, rather than having a viceroy and serve a foreign power. On 9 March the Spanish took Procida and Ischia , two islands in
13020-524: The early years of Charles's reign, the Neapolitan court was engaged in a dispute with the Holy See over jurisdiction, clerical appointments, and revenues. The Kingdom of Naples was an ancient fief of the Papal States. For this reason, Pope Clement XII considered himself the only one entitled to invest the king of Naples, and so he did not recognize Charles of Bourbon as a legitimate sovereign. Through
13175-606: The elimination of any traces of constitutionalism , and a close relationship with the Roman Catholic Church . Though surely not a liberal, Ferdinand VII was fearful of Carlos's extremism. War had broken out in neighboring Portugal in 1828 as a result of just such a conflict between reactionary and moderate forces in the royal family – the War of the Two Brothers . In 1830, at the advice of his wife, Maria Christina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies , Ferdinand VII decreed
13330-679: The empire. He facilitated trade and commerce, modernized agriculture and land tenure , and promoted science and university research. He implemented regalist policies to increase the power of the state regarding the church. During his reign, he expelled the Jesuits from the Spanish Empire and fostered the Enlightenment in Spain . Charles launched enquiries into the Iberian Peninsula 's Muslim past, even after succeeding to
13485-438: The excesses of Maria Cristina 's regency, and the difficulties of the Espartero government left the finances in a terrible situation. Narváez entrusted the finances to the minister Alejandro Mon , who embarked on an aggressive program to restore solvency to Spain's finances; in this he was remarkably successful, reforming the tax system which had been badly neglected since the reign of Charles IV . With its finances more in order,
13640-518: The fall of Reggio Calabria on 20 June, Charles also conquered the towns of L'Aquila (27 June) and Pescara (28 July). The last two Austrian fortresses were Gaeta and Capua . The Siege of Gaeta , which Charles observed, ended on 6 August. Three weeks later, the Duke of Montemar left the mainland for Sicily where they arrived in Palermo on 2 September 1734, beginning a conquest of the island's Austrian-held fortresses that ended in early 1735. Capua,
13795-479: The frail coalition that bound the government together. The election of a radical liberal government in 1823 further destabilized Spain. The army, whose liberal leanings had brought the government to power, began to waver when the Spanish economy failed to improve, and in 1823, a mutiny in Madrid had to be suppressed. The Jesuits , who had been banned by Charles III in the 18th century, only to be rehabilitated by Ferdinand VII after his restoration, were banned again by
13950-461: The government announced a ceasefire for negotiations with the rebels until the 1812 Constitution, which ironically, had been superseded by Ferdinand's actions, was accepted. According to the ceasefire, Spain would end the persecution and would issue a blanket amnesty for the insurgents; otherwise, the war would continue. The 11 commissioners failed, since the patriots demanded recognition of their independence from Spain. In 1822, Ferdinand VII applied
14105-525: The government was able to rebuild the military and, in the 1850s and 1860s, embark on successful infrastructure improvements and campaigns in Africa that are often cited as the most productive aspects of Isabella's reign. Isabella was convinced by the cortes to marry her cousin, a Bourbon prince, Francis, Duke of Cádiz . Her younger sister Maria Louisa Fernanda was married to the French king Louis-Philippe 's son Antoine, Duke of Montpensier . The Affair of
14260-559: The government. For the duration of liberal rule, Ferdinand (still technically head of state) lived under virtual house arrest in Madrid. The Congress of Vienna , ending the Napoleonic Wars, had inaugurated the "Congress system" as an instrument of international stability in Europe. Rebuffed by the Holy Alliance of Russia , Austria , and Prussia in his request for help against the liberal revolutionaries in 1820, by 1822,
14415-414: The government. Maria Cristina resigned the regency after Espartero attempted a program of reform. In the absence of a regent, the cortes named Baldomero Espartero to that post in May 1841. Although a noted commander, Espartero was inexperienced with politics and his regency was markedly authoritarian; it was arguably Spain's first experience with military rule. The government wrangled with Espartero over
14570-527: The governments of the Europeans, neither the French or Spaniards. A conspiracy of liberal mid-ranking officers in the expedition being outfitted at Cádiz mutinied before they were shipped to the Americas. Led by Rafael del Riego , the conspirators seized their commander and led their army around Andalusia hoping to gather support; garrisons across Spain declared their support for the would-be revolutionaries. Riego and his co-conspirators demanded that
14725-593: The ground in Spain already. Napoleon called on Ferdinand to come to Bayonne , where he was currently situated. Ferdinand went, expecting Napoleon to affirm his status as king of Spain. Unbeknownst to Ferdinand, Napoleon also summoned Charles IV. Napoleon called on Ferdinand to abdicate in favor of his father, who had abdicated under pressure. Charles did not want to leave a path open for his detested son to be his heir, and abdicated in favor of Napoleon himself. Napoleon at this point designated his older brother, Joseph Bonaparte as king of Spain. An assembly of Spaniards ratified
14880-421: The hands of a French invasion, Spanish liberals had pinned their hopes on Ferdinand VII's spouse Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies , who bore some marks as a liberal and a reformer. However, when she became regent for her daughter Isabella in 1833, she made it clear to the court that she intended no such reforms. Even still, an alliance of convenience was formed with the progresista faction at court against
15035-482: The incident served to illustrate the frail coalition that bound the Progresista government together. The election of a radical liberal government in 1823 further destabilized Spain. The army – whose liberal leanings had brought the government to power – began to waver when the Spanish economy failed to improve, and in 1823, a mutiny in Madrid had to be suppressed. The Jesuits (who had been banned by Charles III in
15190-512: The issue of religion in Spain; it was conclusively decided that Roman Catholicism remained the state religion of Spain, but that the contribution of the church in education would be regulated by the state. In addition, the state renounced desamortización , the process of selling church lands. Murillo's negotiations with the Papacy were aided by Narváez's role in the Revolutions of 1848 in
15345-445: The king had signed on to agreements with the clergy, the church, and with the nobility in his country to return to the earlier state of affairs even before the fall of Napoleon . The decision to abrogate the Constitution was not welcomed by all, however. Liberals in Spain felt betrayed by the king whom they had decided to support, and many of the local juntas that had pronounced against the rule of Joseph I Bonaparte lost confidence in
15500-472: The king's rule. The army, which had backed the pronouncements, had liberal leanings that made the king's position tenuous. Even so, agreements made at the Congress of Vienna (where Spain was represented by Pedro Gómez Labrador, Marquis of Labrador ) starting a year later would cement international support for the old, absolutist regime in Spain. The Spanish Empire in the New World had largely supported
15655-550: The liberal Constitution of 1812 be restored. Before the coup became an outright revolution, King Ferdinand agreed to the demands of the revolutionaries and swore by the constitution. A " Progresista " (liberal) government was appointed, though the king expressed his disaffection with the new administration and constitution. Three years of liberal rule (the Trienio Liberal ) followed. The Progresista government reorganized Spain into 52 provinces , and intended to reduce
15810-630: The liberal revolutions in the New World with which they sympathized. The arrival of Spanish forces in the American colonies began in 1814, and was briefly successful in restoring central control over large parts of the Empire. Simón Bolívar , the leader of revolutionary forces in New Granada , was briefly forced into exile in the British colony of Jamaica , then to the Republic of Haiti . In 1816, however, Bolívar found enough popular support that he
15965-460: The man that O'Donnell had actively rebelled against in 1841. The moderado government collapsed before them and Espartero returned to politics at the head of an army. Espartero was appointed as President of the Council of Ministers, this time by the very queen for whom he had been regent ten years before. Espartero, indebted to O'Donnell for restoring him to power but concerned about having to share power with another man, tried to get him installed to
16120-534: The many signatories to the Pragmatic Sanction would not interfere with this succession. However, this was not the case, and the War of the Austrian Succession broke out. France was allied with Spain and Prussia , all of whom were against Maria Theresa. Maria Theresa was supported by Great Britain , ruled by George II , and the Kingdom of Sardinia , which was then ruled by Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia . Charles had wanted to stay neutral during
16275-406: The military reconquest of the colonies than Ferdinand, although it rejected the independence of Mexico in the failed Treaty of Córdoba . The last bastion of San Juan de Ulúa resisted to 1825, and Isidro Barradas tried to recapture Mexico from Cuba in 1829. With the king Ferdinand VII's death in 1833 Spain finally abandoned all plans of military re-conquest. After their fall from grace in 1823 at
16430-514: The most successful European ruler of his generation. He had provided firm, consistent, intelligent leadership. He had chosen capable ministers ... [his] personal life had won the respect of the people." John Lynch 's assessment is that in Bourbon Spain "Spaniards had to wait half a century before their government was rescued by Charles III." In 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht concluded
16585-492: The name of Saint Louis , to safeguard the throne of Spain for a grandson of Henry IV of France ". History of Spain (1810%E2%80%9373) Spain in the 19th century was a country in turmoil. Occupied by Napoleon from 1808 to 1814, a massively destructive " liberation war " ensued. Following the Spanish Constitution of 1812 , Spain was divided between the 1812 constitution's liberal principles and
16740-487: The name of the ousted Bourbon king, Ferdinand VII . Spanish America also created juntas to rule in the name of the king, since Joseph I was considered an illegitimate sovereign. Bloody warfare raged in Spain and Portugal in the Peninsular War , much of which was fought using guerrilla tactics. The Cortes of Cádiz was the first national assembly to claim sovereignty in Spain and the Spanish Empire. It represented
16895-468: The occupation of the Napoleonic Wars . The end of the wars in the Americas improved the government's financial situation, and by the end of Ferdinand VII's rule the economic and fiscal situation in Spain was improving. A revolt in Catalonia was crushed in 1827, but at large the period saw an uneasy peace in Spain. Ferdinand's chief concern after 1823 was how to solve the problem of his own succession. He
17050-468: The occupation. Ostia was sacked, while Palestrina avoided the same fate by the payment of a ransom of 16,000 crowns. The commission of cardinals to whom the case was assigned decided to send a delegation of prisoners of Trastevere and Velletri to Naples as reparations. The papal subjects were punished with just a few days in jail and then, after seeking royal pardon, were granted it. The Neapolitan king subsequently managed to iron out his differences with
17205-437: The old Espartero government, Spain's situation remained uneasy. A revolt led by Martín Zurbano in 1845 included the support of key generals, including Juan Prim , who was imprisoned by Narváez. Narváez ended the sale of church lands promoted by the progresistas . This put him into a difficult situation, as the progresistas had had some progress in improving Spain's financial situation through those programs. The Carlist War,
17360-442: The one of San Gennaro on the statue that the representative". Vignola wrote in contrast that "there were only some acclamations", and that the crowd applauded with "a lot of languors" and only "to incite those that threw the money to throw it in more abundance". Charles's father, King Philip V of Spain, wrote the following letter to Charles. The letter began with the words "To the King of Naples, My Son, and My Brother". Charles
17515-490: The only remaining Austrian stronghold in Naples, was held by von Traun until 24 November 1734. In the kingdom, independence from the Austrians was popular. In 1735, pursuant to the treaty ending the war, Charles formally ceded Parma to Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI in exchange for his recognition as King of Naples and Sicily. Following the loss of Parma, Charles removed the Farnese Collection to Naples. During
17670-474: The opportunity to regain the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, which Spain had lost in the Treaty of Utrecht . On 20 January 1734, Charles, now 18, reached his majority, and was "free to govern and to manage in a manner independent its states". He was also named commander of all Spanish troops in Italy, a position he shared with the Duke of Montemar . On 27 February, King Philip declared his intention to capture
17825-492: The outbreak of the 1868 Revolution ). Isabella's kingdom was to include unstable administration, policies, and governments, due to the various opposition parties that continuously wanted to take over her government – in 1847, for instance, she went through five presidents of the Government. Luis González Bravo , leading the moderate faction, dissolved the cortes himself and ruled by royal decree. He declared Spain to be in
17980-488: The point that it became insolvent. In 1836, the president of the government, Juan Álvarez Mendizábal , offered a program of desamortización , the Ecclesiastical Confiscations of Mendizábal , that involved the confiscation and sale of church, mainly monastic, property. Many liberals, who bore anti-clerical sentiments, saw the clergy as having allied with the Carlists, and thus the desamortización
18135-428: The principles of universal male suffrage, national sovereignty, constitutional monarchy, and freedom of the press, and supported land reform and free enterprise. On 24 March 1814, six weeks after returning to Spain, Ferdinand VII abolished the constitution. King Ferdinand VII 's refusal to agree to the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812 on his accession to the throne in 1814 came as little surprise to most Spaniards;
18290-422: The rebel forces moved to nearby San Fernando , where they began preparations to march on the capital, Madrid . Despite the rebels' relative weakness, Ferdinand accepted the constitution on 9 March 1820, granting power to liberal ministers and ushering in the so-called Liberal Triennium ( el Trienio Liberal ), a period of liberal rule. However, political conspiracies of both right and left proliferated in Spain, as
18445-481: The rebellion led to considerable unpopularity; the cortes , increasingly rebellious against him, selected an old rival, José Ramón Rodil y Campillo , as their chief minister. Another uprising in Barcelona in 1842 against his free trade policies prompted him to bombard the city, serving only to loosen his tenuous grip on power. On 20 May 1843, Salustiano Olózaga delivered his famous "Dios salve al país, Dios salve
18600-602: The rebels in the Americas by the opposition of the United Kingdom and the United States, who voiced their support of the new Latin American republics in the form of the Monroe Doctrine . The recent betrayal of the army demonstrated to the king that his own government and soldiers were untrustworthy, and the need for domestic stability proved to be more important than the reconquest of the Empire abroad. As
18755-529: The recognition of Charles as heir to the Italian Duchies of Parma and Piacenza. Charles's half-brother, Infante Philip Peter, died on 29 December 1719, putting Charles third in line to the throne after Luis and Ferdinand. He would retain his position behind these two until they died and he succeeded to the Spanish throne. His second full brother, Infante Philip of Spain , was born on 15 March 1720. Beginning in 1721, King Philip had been negotiating with
18910-540: The regional autonomy that had been a hallmark of Spanish bureaucracy since Habsburg rule in the 16th and 17th centuries. The opposition of the affected regions – in particular, Aragon , Navarre, and Catalonia – shared the king's antipathy for the liberal government. The anticlerical policies of the Progresista government led to friction with the Roman Catholic Church , and its attempts to bring about industrialization alienated ancient trade guilds . The Inquisition —which had been abolished by both Joseph Bonaparte and
19065-646: The regional autonomy that had been a hallmark of Spanish bureaucracy since Habsburg rule in the 16th and 17th centuries. Opposition of the affected regions, in particular, Aragon, Navarre, and Catalonia, shared in the king's antipathy for the liberal government. The anticlerical policies of the Progresista government led to friction with the Catholic Church , and attempts to bring about industrialisation alienated old trade guilds . The Spanish Inquisition , which had been abolished by both Joseph Bonaparte and
19220-572: The restoration of absolutist rule in Spain, King Ferdinand VII embarked on a policy intended to restore old conservative values to government; the Jesuit Order and the Spanish Inquisition were reinstated once more, and some autonomy was again devolved to the provinces of Aragon , Navarre, and Catalonia . Although he refused to accept the loss of the American colonies, Ferdinand was prevented from taking any further action against
19375-480: The right to occupy Parma, Piacenza, and Tuscany by force if necessary. After the Treaty of Seville, Philip V disregarded its provisions and formed an alliance with France and the Kingdom of Great Britain . Antonio Farnese , the Duke of Parma, died on 26 February 1731 without naming an heir. This was because the widow of Antonio, Enrichetta d'Este was thought to have been pregnant at the time of his death. The Duchess
19530-554: The rightful heir to the Spanish throne. A half-century of civil war and unrest would follow. Already in 1810, Caracas and Buenos Aires juntas declared their independence from the Bonapartist government in Spain and sent ambassadors to the United Kingdom. The British alliance with Spain had also moved most of the Latin American colonies out of the Spanish economic sphere and into the British sphere, with whom extensive trade relations were developed. Spanish liberals opposed to
19685-465: The suburb of Trastevere stormed the palace to liberate them. The riot then degenerated into pillage. Next, the crowd directed itself toward the embassy of Spain in Piazza di Spagna . During the clashes that followed, several Bourbon soldiers were killed, including an officer. The disturbances spread to the town of Velletri , where the population attacked Spanish troops on the road to Naples. The episode
19840-525: The succession to the throne of the Habsburgs . The emperor also relinquished all claims to the Spanish throne and promised to support Spain in its attempts to regain Gibraltar . The ensuing Anglo-Spanish War stopped the ambitions of Elisabeth Farnese, and the marriage plans were abandoned with the signing of the Treaty of Seville on 9 November 1729. Provisions of the treaty did allow the Infante Charles
19995-412: The taxation of certain property of the clergy, the reduction of the number of the ecclesiastical, and the limitation of their immunity and autonomy of justice via the creation of a mixed tribunal. Charles was the seventh king of that name to rule Naples, but he never styled himself Charles VII. He was known simply as Charles of Bourbon (Italian: Carlo di Borbone ). This was intended to emphasize that he
20150-526: The terms of the Congress of Vienna , lobbied for the assistance of the other absolute monarchs of Europe, in the process joining the Holy Alliance formed by Russia, Prussia, Austria and France to restore absolutism. In France, the ultra-royalists pressured Louis XVIII to intervene. To temper their counter-revolutionary ardour, the Duc de Richelieu deployed troops along the Pyrenees Mountains along
20305-473: The upkeep of the church, and a resurgence of anti-clerical sentiment, led to the disbandment of some religious orders which considerably reduced the strength of the Church in Spain. The Jesuits – expelled during the Trienio Liberal and readmitted by Ferdinand VII – were again expelled by the wartime regency in 1835. The Spanish government was growing deeper in debt as the Carlist war dragged on, nearly to
20460-464: The uplands of Navarre by the end of 1833. At this crucial moment, however, Carlos named the Basque Tomás de Zumalacárregui , a veteran guerrilla of the Peninsular War , to be his commander-in-chief . Within a matter of months, Zumalacárregui reversed the fortunes of the Carlist cause and drove government forces out of most of Navarre, and launched a campaign into Aragon. By 1835, what was once
20615-480: The well organised French force, who seized Madrid and reinstalled Ferdinand as absolute monarch. The liberals' hopes for a new Spanish War of Independence were dashed. Regarding the policy for America in the absolutist period, the new government changed political repression into negotiation. Sending troops was replaced by commissioners to attract pro-independence leaders, who were invited to submit to royal authority in exchange for recognition by Spain. With that in mind,
20770-458: Was King of Spain in the years 1759 to 1788. He was also Duke of Parma and Piacenza , as Charles I (1731–1735); King of Naples , as Charles VII ; and King of Sicily , as Charles III (1735–1759). He was the fourth son of Philip V of Spain and the eldest son of Philip's second wife, Elisabeth Farnese . He was a proponent of enlightened absolutism and regalism . In 1731, the 15-year-old Charles became Duke of Parma and Piacenza following
20925-551: Was able to return to South America, and in a daring march from Venezuela to New Granada ( Colombia ), he defeated Spanish forces at the Battle of Boyacá in 1819, ending Spanish rule in Colombia. Venezuela was liberated on 24 June 1821 when Bolívar destroyed the Spanish army on the fields of Carabobo on the Battle of Carabobo . Argentina declared its independence in 1816. Chile was retaken by Spain in 1814, but lost permanently in 1817 when an army under José de San Martín , crossed
21080-472: Was again revived and was poorly received by the French and his father in Spain. Charles's parents encouraged him to take arms as his brother Infante Felipe had done. After publishing a proclamation on 25 March 1744 reassuring its subjects, Charles took the command of an army against the Austrian armies of the prince of Lobkowitz , who were at that point marching for the Neapolitan border. In order to oppose
21235-730: Was captured "with humanity" and that the combat was only due to a general climate of courtesy between the two armies, often under the eyes of the Neapolitans that approached with curiosity The Spanish took the Carmine Castle on 10 April; Castel Sant'Elmo fell on 27 April; the Castel dell'Ovo on 4 May, and finally the Castel Nuovo on 6 May. This all occurred even though Charles had no military experience, seldom wore uniforms, and could only with difficulty be persuaded to witness
21390-528: Was characterized by his lack of interest in governing. His wife Maria Luisa dominated him, and both husband and wife backed Manuel de Godoy as first minister. Many of Godoy's decisions were criticised and increasingly Charles's son and heir, Ferdinand gathered support against his detested father. A mob supporting Ferdinand attacked Godoy at the palace of Aranjuez, arresting him. Charles IV under pressure abdicated in favor of his son, now Ferdinand VII . Napoleon had already invaded Portugal 1807, and had troops on
21545-501: Was concluded on 3 October 1735. However, the peace was not finalized until three years later with the Treaty of Vienna (1738) , ending the War of the Polish Succession . Naples and Sicily were ceded by Austria to Charles, who gave up Parma and Tuscany in return. (Charles had inherited Tuscany in 1737 on the death of Gian Gastone.) Tuscany went to Emperor Charles VI's son-in-law Francis Stephen , as compensation for ceding
21700-509: Was examined by many doctors without any confirmation of her pregnancy. As a result, the Second Treaty of Vienna on 22 July 1731 officially recognized the young Infante Charles as Duke of Parma and Piacenza. The duchy was occupied by Count Carlo Stampa, who served as the lieutenant of Parma for the young Charles. Charles was from then on known as HRH Don Charles of Spain (or Borbón), Duke of Parma and Piacenza, Infante of Spain . Since he
21855-605: Was later performed at the Teatro Farnese in the city. In 1733, the death of Augustus II , King of Poland , sparked a succession crisis in Poland. France supported one pretender, and Austria and Russia another. France and Savoy formed an alliance to acquire territory from Austria. Spain, which had allied with France in late 1733 (the Bourbon Compact ), also entered the conflict. Charles's mother, as regent, saw
22010-462: Was married four times in his life, and bore two daughters in all his marriages; the succession law of Philip V of Spain , which still stood in Ferdinand's time, excluded women from the succession. By that law, Ferdinand's successor would be his brother, Carlos . Carlos, however, was a reactionary and an authoritarian who desired the restoration of the traditional moralism of the Spanish state,
22165-587: Was named his co-tutor and despite Charles being the second in line to inherit Tuscany, the Grand Duke still gave him a warm welcome. En route to Florence from Pisa , Charles was taken ill with smallpox . Charles made a grand entrance to the Medici capital of Florence on 9 March 1732 with a retinue of 250 people. He stayed with his host at the ducal residence, the Palazzo Pitti . Gian Gastone staged
22320-503: Was notorious for falsifying election results in favor of his co-conspirators and himself. His appointment as President of the Council of Ministers drew violent agitation from the liberal wing of the Spanish government. In July 1854, a major rebellion broke out bringing together a wide coalition of outrages against the state. The Crimean War , which had broken out in March of that year, had led to an increase in grain prices across Europe and
22475-483: Was only justice. Mendizábal recognized, also, that immense amounts of Spanish land (much of it given as far back as the reigns of Philip II and Philip IV ) were in the hands of the church lying unused – the church was Spain's single largest landholder in Mendizábal's time. The Mendizábal government also passed a law guaranteeing freedom of the press . After Luchana, Espartero's government forces successfully drove
22630-509: Was only too happy to put an end to Spain's liberal experiment, and a massive army – the " 100,000 Sons of Saint Louis " – was dispatched across the Pyrenees in April 1823. The Spanish army, fraught by internal divisions, offered little resistance to the well organised French force, who seized Madrid and reinstalled Ferdinand as absolute monarch. The liberals' hopes for a new Spanish War of Independence were not fulfilled. Immediately following
22785-466: Was opposed to the move which would hinder her new commercial interests. Latin American resistance to Spanish reconquest of the colonies was compounded by uncertainty in Spain itself, over whether or not the colonies should be reconquered; Spanish liberals – including the majority of military officers – already disdainful of the monarchy's rejection of the constitution, were opposed to the restoration of an empire that they saw as an obsolete antique, as against
22940-518: Was overlord of Tuscany and the nomination should have been his prerogative. Despite the celebrations, Elisabeth Farnese urged her son to go on to Parma, which he did in October 1732, where he was warmly greeted. On the front of the ducal palace in Parma was written Parma Resurget (Parma shall rise again). At the same time the play La Venuta di Ascanio in Italia was created by Carlo Innocenzo Frugoni . It
23095-417: Was perceived as a serious affront to the Bourbon court. Consequently, the Spanish and Neapolitan ambassadors left Rome, the seat of the papacy, while apostolic nuncios were dismissed from Madrid and Naples. The regiments of Bourbon troops invaded the Papal States. The threat was such that some of the gates of Rome were barred and the civil guard was doubled. Velletri was occupied and forced to pay 8000 crowns for
23250-635: Was still a minor, his maternal grandmother, Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg , was named regent. After a solemn ceremony in Seville, Charles was given the épée d'or ("sword of gold") by his father; the sword had been given to Philip V of Spain by his grandfather Louis XIV before his departure to Spain in 1700. Charles left Spain on 20 October 1731 and traveled overland to Antibes ; he then sailed to Tuscany , arriving at Livorno on 27 December 1731. His cousin Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany ,
23405-530: Was the case across much of the rest of Europe. Liberal revolutionaries stormed the King's palace and seized Ferdinand VII, who was a prisoner of the Cortes in all but name for the next three years and retired to Aranjuez . The elections to the Cortes Generales in 1822 were won by Rafael del Riego . Ferdinand's supporters set themselves up at Urgell , took up arms and put in place an absolutist regency,
23560-490: Was the fifth surviving daughter of the Duke of Orléans. In 1726 Charles met Philippine Élisabeth for the first time; Elisabeth Farnese later wrote to the regent and his wife regarding their meeting: "I believe, that you will not be displeased to learn of her first interview with her little husband. They embraced very affectionately and kissed one another, and it appears to me that he does not displease her. Thus, since this evening they do not like to leave one another. She says
23715-572: Was the first King of Naples to live there, and to mark the discontinuity between him and previous rulers named Charles, specifically his predecessor, the Habsburg Charles VI . In Sicily, he was known as Charles III of Sicily and of Jerusalem , using the ordinal III rather than V . The Sicilian people had not recognized Charles I of Naples ( Charles d'Anjou ) as their sovereign (they rebelled against him), nor Emperor Charles, whom they also disliked. A preliminary peace with Austria
23870-512: Was unique in the fact that he was the first ruler of Naples to actually live there, after two centuries of viceroys. However, Austrian resistance had not yet been completely eliminated. The emperor had sent reinforcements to Naples directed by the Prince of Belmonte , which arrived at Bitonto . Spanish troops led by the Count of Montemar attacked the Austrians on 25 May 1734 at Bitonto, and achieved
24025-401: Was well prepared as the monarch of the Spanish Empire . His policies in Italy prefigured ones he would put in place in his 30-year rule of Spain. Charles succeeded to the Spanish throne in 1759 upon the death of his childless half-brother Ferdinand VI . As king of Spain, Charles III made far-reaching reforms to increase the flow of funds to the crown and defend against foreign incursions on
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