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85-615: The rulers of two ancient Indian dynasties - the eastern Gangas and the Somavamshis claimed the title Trikalingadhipati ("Lord of Trikalinga"). The Tripuri Kalachuris apparently also adopted the title after military successes in the region, and a Chandela king adopted it after military successes against the Kalachuris. In addition, the Chalukyas of Vengi claimed to rule over Trikalinga. The earliest extant record to mention

170-590: A battle axe, along with a number below, which depicts the regnal year(anka year) of the reigning monarch. Some coins also carry the legend śrī rāma on the reverse above the letter sa . An interesting aspect of the Eastern Ganga coin dates is that these coins may be the earliest Hindu coins using decimal numbers for dating. Earlier dated coins, such as those of the Western Satraps, the Guptas etc., used

255-422: A large medieval era Indian royal Hindu dynasty that reigned from Kalinga from as early as the 5th century to the mid 20th century. Eastern Gangas ruled much of the modern region of Odisha in three different phases by the passage of time, known as Early Eastern Gangas (493–1077), Imperial Eastern Gangas (1077–1436) and Khemundi Gangas (1436–1947). They are known as "Eastern Gangas" to distinguish them from

340-539: A major military power challenging the authority of the Somavanshi Dynasty at their northern frontiers and allying with their arch rivals the Kalchuris . After a series of victories in battle and making land grants to three hundred Brahmin families in his kingdom, Vajrahasta V assumed the titles as Trikalingadhipati (lord of the three Kalingas) and Sakalakalingadhipati (lord of complete Kalinga) challenging

425-508: A million animals employed to his command. Due to his maternal relation with the Cholas, a Chola uncle of Chodaganga by the name Virachoda had sided by him as a protective guardian against the invading Cholas since his childhood. Chodaganga was married to the daughter of this uncle and also had Tamil officers serving him during his lifelong affairs of war and administration. Chodaganga Deva not only reunited most of ancient Kalinga stretching from

510-478: A new kingdom, reached and ascended the mountain summit of Mahendra, worshipped Shiva as God Gokarnaswamin or Gokarneswara, obtained the bull ( Nandi ) emblem, descended to the eastern side, defeated and killed the local tribal king Sabaraditya (Savaraditya) or Baladitya in battle and acquired the whole of Kalinga with the blessings of Gokarneswara. Historian Bhairabi Prasad Sahu states that the Gangas after conquering

595-564: A successful campaign in the Trikalinga region. The 10th century poet Raja-shekhara uses the title Trilingadhipati ("Lord of Trilinga") for the earlier Kalachuri king Yuvaraja-deva I, in Viddha-shalabhanjika . Mirashi speculates this to be a mistake for Trikalingadhipati , but historian A.M. Shastri disputes this pointing out that "Trilinga" is known to be a distinct geographical region. Karna's successors also claimed

680-414: Is against his western rivals the Kalachuris where he was unsuccessful. His descendant Anangabhima Deva III gradually completed the task of defeating the Kalachuris completely. In his Korni copper plate grant he mentions himself to be the lord of 99,000 war elephants which while counting military strength according to the ancient Gulma system of military divisions, puts his strength to a million men and half

765-593: Is identified as Hara ( Shiva ) in one inscription. Associating Pulindasena with the ancient Pulinda tribe, historians such as Upinder Singh believe that this myth reflects the tribal origins of the dynasty. The motif of emerging from a rock may suggest that the dynasty was initially based in a region featuring rocky terrain: the Shailodbhava inscriptions name the Mahendra mountain as the dynasty's kula-giri (tutelary mountain). The mention of Shiva shows that

850-520: Is known from the Jirjingi Copper Plate Grant . (Eastern Ganga king, feudal under Vakataka rule) The Anka year ( Odia : ଅଙ୍କ Aṅka ) system is a unique regnal year system instituted by the kings of the Eastern Ganga dynasty for dating their reigns. It has a number of unique features that calculates the regnal year different from that actual duration of the year elapsed during the reign. The system still survives today and

935-594: Is said to be the longest reigning dynasty in Odisha. Their currency was called Ganga Fanams and was similar to that of the Cholas and Eastern Chalukyas of southern India. As per B. Masthanaiah, the origin of the Eastern Gangas is not clearly established. However, renowned British scholar, artist, art critic, historian, archaeologist, and an authority on Indian art and architecture, Percy Brown , suggested that

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1020-792: Is the only Atmalinga of God Shiva in the entire world. The Eastern Kadamba family, feudatories of the Early Gangas in the 10th and early 11th century CE, were ruling a small area in the vicinity of the Mahendra mountain. Historian Dineshwar Singh lists several facts that point to a relationship between the Eastern and the Western Gangas. Just as the Gangas and the Kadambas of Karnataka had marital relationship with each other, so were

1105-533: Is used in the Odia calendar (panjis) and the regnal year is marked by the titular reign of the current Gajapati Maharaja of the House of Gajapati at Puri. The Eastern Ganga coinage consisted of gold fanams. The obverse typically depicts a couchant bull along with other symbols. The reverse features a symbol which represents the letter sa (for samvat, which means year) flanked by elephant goads or an elephant goad with

1190-492: The Cholas , Chalukyas . The early state of the dynasty may have started from the early 5th century. The dynasty, towards the end of eleventh century came to be known as Chodaganga dynasty after its founder Anantavarman Chodaganga . He was the son of Rajaraja Deva, the ruler of Kalinga kingdom centered around the region of Southern Odisha and northern Andhra coast, while his mother was the Chola princess, Rajasundari, daughter of

1275-750: The Ghurid Empire Muslims of the Khalji dynasty of Bengal , who invaded Orissa in 1206. Rajaraja's son Anangabhima III, however, repulsed the Muslims and built the temple of Megheswara at Bhuvaneshvara. Narasimhadeva I , the son of Anangabhima, invaded southern Bengal in 1243, defeated its Muslim ruler of the Delhi Sultanate , captured the capital ( Gauda ), and built the Sun Temple at Konark to commemorate his victory. Narasimhadeva I

1360-404: The Mahendra mountain situated to the east of Gangawadi and then onwards to Kalinga . It also states that Kamarnava I, the eldest son of Virasimha, had left Kolahalapura (Kuvalalapura or Kolar), the capital of Gangawadivisaya (Western Ganga kingdom in southern Karnataka) after giving up his rightful throne to his paternal uncle. He set forth eastwards along with his four brothers to establish

1445-553: The Panduvamshis of Dakshina Kosala , who called themselves Kosaladhipati ("Lord of Kosala "). The 9th century Somavamshi king Maha-bhava-gupta Janamejaya I moved eastwards, from Kosala towards Kalinga , and claimed the title Trikalingadhipati in his inscriptions issued from a town called Suvarnapura. He seems to have conquered a part of the Trikalinga region, as his inscriptions do not use this title for his father Shiva-gupta. His successors also claimed this title. The wife of

1530-470: The Western Gangas who ruled over Karnataka . The territory ruled by the dynasty consisted of the whole of the modern-day Indian state of Odisha , as well as major parts of north Andhra Pradesh , parts of Chhattisgarh and some southern districts of West Bengal . Odia language got official status in their regime following the evolution of the language from Odra Prakrit. The early rulers of

1615-427: The ashvamedha and other sacrifices, presumably to assert his independence. The inscriptions issued by Madhavaraja II in the later part of reign feature the myth of origin of the Shailodbhava dynasty. In accordance with the contemporary practices, this mythical origin may have been fabricated by a court poet after the dynasty became independent. The introductory part of these inscriptions is in verse form (instead of

1700-414: The 4th century CE. The script used by the Eastern Ganga king Indravarma of the 7th century CE, like his predecessors, is the common Kannada-Telugu script used also by the Chalukyas of Badami and their related subordinate Vengi Chalukya branch. All these indicate a strong proof for the Eastern Gangas having originated from the earlier Western Gangas (established c. 350 CE) of Karnataka. According to

1785-586: The 6th-8th centuries. Their core territory was known as Kongoda-mandala, and included parts of the present-day Ganjam , Khordha and Puri districts in the Odisha state. Their capital was located at Kongoda, which is identified with modern Banapur . The early rulers of the dynasty were feudatories to the Guptas, Vigrahas, the Mudgalas, and Shashanka . The Shailodbhava ruler Madhavaraja II seems to have assumed sovereignty soon after 620 CE. The dynasty declined in

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1870-479: The 8th century, and their territory came under the Bhauma-Kara rule. The word "Shailodbhava" literally means "born out of rocks". The Shailodbhava inscriptions narrate the following myth of the dynasty's origin: Pulindasena, a famous man of Kalinga , prayed the god Svayambhu to create a man capable of ruling the earth. The dynasty's founder Shailodbhava emerged from a rock as a result of this prayer. The god

1955-559: The Bhanja king Vidyadhara of Vanjulvaka was known as Trikalinga Mahadevi: she was probably a Somavamshi princess. The 11th century Kalachuri king Karna claimed the title Trikalingadhipati in the Varanasi inscription issued during the first year of his reign, as well as several later inscriptions. According to historian V.V. Mirashi , it is possible that Karna inherited this title from his father Gangeya , who may have claimed it after

2040-700: The Chola emperor Virarajendra Chola . He is believed to have ruled from the Ganges River in the north to the Godavari River in the south, thus laying the foundation of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty. Also during his rule, the great Jagannath Temple at Puri was built. He assumed the title of Trikalingadhipathi (ruler of the three Kalingas which comprise Kalinga proper, Utkala north and Koshala west) in 1076 CE, resulting in him being

2125-626: The Dasgoba copper plate of Rajaraja III of 1198/99 AD and the Nagari copperplate of Anangabhima III and other such records trace the ancestry of the Eastern Gangas to Kamarnava I. The Kendupatna copper plate of Narasimhadeva II and the Puri copper plate of Narasimhadeva IV also state that Kamarnava came from Gangawadi province, now in Karnataka. The Korni copper plate mentions that Kamarnava I came to

2210-485: The Dharmaraja's reign. His successor was his son Madhyamaraja II (alias Ayashobhita III), who did not have an heir to succeed him. According to a later inscription issued by Madhyamaraja III, he had a paternal cousin named Allaparaja, presumably a son of Madhavaraja III. The inscription describes Allaparaja's son Tailapanibha as the crown prince ( yuvaraja ). It is not known if Allaparaja or Tailapanibha ever ascended

2295-821: The Eastern Gangas, the Eastern Kadambas, the Rashtrakuta branch of Odisha which ruled from Vagharakotta fort probably in the Sambalpur region and the Tailapa-Vamsis (ruled around Ganjam and Parlakimidi ) who migrated during or after 973 CE on the establishment of the Kalyani Chalukya empire and were their feudatories. Some suspect them to have come along with Vikramaditya VI 's campaigns across north, central, east and north east India, sometime before 1063–68 CE. Five prominent dominions of

2380-513: The Gangas and the Kadambas of Kalinga. The family God of the Kadambas of Vaijayanti (Banavasi), Palasige and Hangal (all in Karnataka) is described in their inscriptions as Jayanti (Vaijayanti) Madhukeshwara of Banavasi. Historian M. Somasekhara Sarma suggests that the Kadambas brought with them their family God Madhukeshwara into their new home Kalinga. It appears that Kamarnava II built

2465-646: The Hindu populace. The Ganga Empire also harbored the fleeing culture and art from other parts of India. The Eastern Gangas were great patrons of religion and the arts, and the temples of the Ganga period rank among the masterpieces of Kalinga and Hindu architecture . A branch of the Eastern Ganga dynasty survived as the kings of the Paralakhemundi state , currently part of the Gajapati district , Odisha. It

2550-666: The Kalingan Prachya Ganga family are identified from five different administrative centers namely – Kalinganagara (Srikakulam), Svetaka Mandala (Ganjam), Giri Kalinga (Simhapur), Ambabadi Mandala (Gunupur, Rayagada) and Vartanni Mandala (Hinjilikatu, Ganjam). The heartland of the Prachya Gangas had three parts of Kalinga namely, Daksina Kalinga (Pithapura), Madhya Kalinga (Yellamanchili Kalinga or Visakhapatnam) and Uttara Kalinga (districts of Srikakulam, Ganjam, Gajapati and Rayagada). The earliest known prominent king

2635-700: The Kongoda-mandala province, and appointed Madhavaraja II as his feudatory of the region. This province was centred around the present-day Ganjam , Khordha and Puri districts. Its capital was Kongoda, which was located on the banks of the Salima river according to the dynasty's inscriptions. The town has been identified with modern Banapur , and the river with the modern Salia river. Madhavaraja II seems to have gained independence soon after 620 CE, as his Khordha inscription does not mention any overlord. It describes him as Sakala-Kalingadhipati (the lord of

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2720-515: The Odishan powers in 1356. Narasimha IV, the last known king of the Eastern Ganga dynasty, ruled until 1425. The "mad king," Bhanudeva IV, who succeeded him, left no inscriptions; his minister Kapilendra usurped the throne and founded the Suryavamsha dynasty in 1434–35. The following is the list of Eastern Ganga rulers: Indravarman I is earliest known Independent king of the dynasty. He

2805-467: The Vigrahas of South Toshali and Mudgalas. Joining the onslaught like his father, he commanded major battles against the Vigrahas and won territories in the northern parts of ancient Kalinga and declared himself as Sakala-Kalingadhipati (the ruler of whole Kalinga). The dynasty though remaining to be a strong ruling family in ancient Odisha and North Andhra Pradesh continued to remain as vassal rulers under

2890-577: The area south of Mahendragiri mountain around 498–500 CE, acknowledged a deity of the Saora ( Savara or Sabara) tribe on the Mahendragiri mountain with the name of Shiva-Gokarnaswamin as the patron deity of their family. Epigraphist, John Faithfull Fleet has identified Gangawadi and Kolahalapuram with the Ganga Dynasty (founded in 350 CE) and Kolar , ruled by the Western Gangas . Both

2975-449: The capital of the early Eastern Gangas. After the decline of the early Eastern Gangas reign, the Chalukyas of Vengi took control of the region. The first monarch of the dynasty Vajrahastha Aniyakabhima I (980-1015 A.D), took advantage of the internal strife and revived the power of the Ganga dynasty. It was during their rule that Shaivism took precedence over Buddhism and Jainism . The magnificent Srimukhalingam Temple at Mukhalingam

3060-404: The central authority of the Bhauma-Kara dynasty which is proven by the fact that a smaller Eastern Ganga king belonging to the clan and named as Jayavarmadeva mentioned himself as the vassal of Sivakara Deva I in his Ganjam grant and by whose permission he gave away the grants. It was during the rule of Anantavarman Vajrahasta V in the mid eleventh century that the clan started emerging as

3145-587: The centralized authority of the Somavanshis and laying the foundation to an imperial era for the Eastern Gangas. In the later years of the century, Devendravarman Rajaraja I defeated the Somavanshi king Mahasivagupta Janmenjaya II completely while challenging the Cholas in battle, along with establishing authority in the Vengi region. The Cholas were defeated by Rajaraja I and Chola princess, Rajasundari,

3230-634: The dynasty ruled from Dantapuram ; the capital was later moved to Kalinganagara (modern Mukhalingam ), and ultimately to Kataka (modern Cuttack ) and then to Paralakhemundi . Today, they are most remembered as the builders of the world renowned Jagannath Temple of Puri and Konark Sun Temple situated in Odisha, as well as the Madhukeshwara temple of Mukhalingam , Nrusinghanath Temple at Simhachalam in erstwhile Kalinga and present-day Andhra Pradesh and Ananta Vasudeva Temple at Bhubaneswar . The Gangas have constructed several temples besides

3315-541: The early and the later Eastern Ganga kings had close relations with the Eastern Kadambas, who functioned under them as chieftains, heads and provincial governors. Most of the early as well as the later Eastern Ganga kings of Kalinga worshipped the holy feet of Gokarneswara of Mahendragiri. This deity also has a strong Karnataka connection through the Mahabaleshwar Temple situated in Gokarna (Karnataka) which

3400-998: The early and the later Eastern Gangas of Kalinga were. Also, while the bardic traditions of the Western Ganga dynasty claim descent from the Sun through the Ikshavaku dynasty , the Eastern Ganga genealogies ascribe descent from the Moon; the Chandravamsa lineage . Unlike the Western Ganga Dynasty who traced their lineage to the Solar Dynasty , the Later Eastern Gangas claimed a lunar descent from Vishnu through Brahma , Atri and Chandra (moon). Dineshwar Singh concludes that in spite of

3485-617: The emergence of the dynasty's founder to Shiva . In addition, the Shailodbhava inscriptions begin with an invocation of Shiva, feature the Shaiva bull motif on the seal, and describe the king as parama-maheshvara (devotee of Shiva). The oldest surviving temple in Bhubaneswar — the Parashurameshvara Shiva Temple — was probably built during the reign of Madhavaraja II. The Shailodbhava inscriptions provide

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3570-502: The entire Kalinga ), although there is no evidence to prove that he actually conquered the whole of Kalinga (the contemporary Ganga king Indravarman also claimed to have conquered the whole of Kalinga). Madhavaraja II may have declared independence taking advantage of Shashanka's conflict with the kings Harsha and Bhaskaravarman . It is also possible that he annexed some part of the Ganga territory, although this success must have been temporary. His inscriptions state that he performed

3655-639: The family that later came to be known as Shailodbhava. The rulers of this family acknowledged the suzerainty of the Vigraha and Mudgala dynasties, before the Gauda king Shashanka conquered the region. The Shailodbhava inscriptions name the descendants of the mythical founder Shailodbhava as Aranabhita (alias Ranabhita), Sainyabhita I (alias Madhavaraja I), Yashobhita (alias Ayashobhita), and Madhavavarman (alias Madhavaraja II or Sainyabhita II). A 620-21 CE (300 Gupta era ) inscription of Madhavaraja II shows that he

3740-585: The first century Roman author Pliny . Cunningham identified these "three Kalingas" as Dhanakataka - Amaravati area, Andhra , and Kalinga proper. According to him, the term " Telangana " is a corruption of "Trikalinga". A.C. Burnell generally agreed with Cunningham, and interpreted the "Modogalingae" mentioned by Pliny as "Modogalingam", deriving the term from the Telugu word "Mudu" (three) and "Kalinga". However, Pliny does not make any connection between these three terms with similar spellings. He mentions Calingae as

3825-411: The first to rule all three divisions of Kalinga. Anantavarman was a religious person as well as a patron of art and literature. He is credited for having built the famous Jagannath Temple of Puri in Odisha . King Anantavarman Chodagangadeva was succeeded by a long line of illustrious rulers such as Narasingha Deva I (1238–1264). Rajaraja III ascended the throne in 1198 and did nothing to resist

3910-495: The following scholars theorize that Trikalinga referred to the three divisions of Kalinga at its widest extent: According to following scholars, Trikalinga refers to three subdivisions of Kalinga proper: Some earlier scholars identified Trikalinga with the Telangana region. For example, Alexander Cunningham identified Trikalinga with the three kingdoms referred to as "Macco-Calingae", " Gangarides -Calingae", and "Calingae" by

3995-594: The historian Upinder Singh , In the 4th century CE, Orissa was divided into several small principalities, some of which owed allegiance to the Guptas. Dynasties such as the Pitribhaktas, Matharas, and Vasishthas rose to power in southern Orissa. The 5th century saw the rise of the Eastern Gangas in south Kalinga. These kings were probably a branch of the Western Gangas and were migrants from Karnataka. The Korni and Vishakhapatnam copper plates of 1113 AD and 1118/1119 AD respectively both of Anantavarman Chodaganga ,

4080-607: The inscriptions found in that temple. Somasekhara Sarma states that the Eastern Kadambas probably came to Kalinga from the districts of Dharwad , Belagavi and Ratnagiri . He substantiates it by showing the presence of a village named as a crude distortion of the Kannada place name Palasige ( Halasi or Palasi in Old Kannada), as Palasa (Palasika) in the Kalinga region. Most of the early Western Gangas were Shaivas , just like

4165-460: The limits of former Vengi kingdom, this large extent of his empire from Bengal to Vengi is clearly stated in his Korni grant inscriptions. In the Sri Kurmam temple grant of Chodaganga, it is clearly stated that he has extended his territory from Bhagirathi Ganga to Gautami Ganga rivers which is literally the region between river Ganga and Godavari . The only front where he faced setbacks

4250-446: The limits of this country there are several tens of small towns which border on the mountains and are built contiguous to the sea. The cities themselves are strong and high; the soldiers are brave and daring; they rule by force the neighbouring provinces, so that no one can resist them. This country, bordering on the sea, abounds in many rare and valuable articles. They use cowrie shells and pearls in commercial transactions. Madhavaraja II

4335-411: The many parts of his ancestral kingdom to the Cholas who were now in an advantageous position. However, Ananatavarman Chodaganga Deva not only lived a young life of prolonged struggles and setbacks but finally managed to completely remove the Chola presence from the region and finally securing Utkala , Kalinga, Gauda , Radha and Vengi as one kingdom. While many of his inscriptions are found inside

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4420-403: The old Brahmic numbering system with separate symbols representing each of the single digits, separate symbols representing two-digit multiples of ten, such as 20, 30, 40, and so on, and further separate symbols representing three-digit numbers such as 100, 200, etc. Thus a number like 123 was written as 100-20-3. But the Eastern Ganga coins were written using the symbols for the single digits, with

4505-528: The ones stated above. The rulers of Eastern Ganga dynasty defended their kingdom from the constant attacks of the Muslim invaders. This kingdom prospered through trade and commerce and the wealth was mostly used in the construction of temples. The rule of the dynasty came to an end under the reign of King Bhanudeva IV (c. 1414–34), in the early 15th century and then Khemundi Ganga started ruling up to abolition of zamindari in modern India. The Eastern Ganga dynasty

4590-643: The position of the number indicating the value such as tens or hundreds, thus effectively using the Zero-place holder system. By successfully defeating the invasion attempts of Muslim invaders, the Eastern Ganga Empire is attributed to have served as the conservatory of the Hindu religion, art and culture at a time when India's indigenous civilization was endangered through the large scale massacre of Hindus , plundering of cities , desecration and destruction of temples and forcible conversions of

4675-508: The powerful Vishnukundina king Indrabhattaraka, defeated and killed him. The Vishnukundins returned with a vengeance, defeated the Vakataka King and members of the alliance while Indravarman declared himself as Tri-Kalingadhipati (the lord of the three Kalingas) rising from obscurity and moving his capital northwards away from the attacking Vishnukundins. His son Hastivarman found himself stuck between two Gupta feudal dynasties of Odisha,

4760-583: The prose form featured in the previous inscriptions). The style of the verse is similar to the one that features in the Aihole inscription of Pulakeshin II (Harsha may have invaded the region after Shashanka's death, and Pulakeshin later defeated Harsha). During the reign of Madhavaraja II, around 638 CE, the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang visited Kongoda (which he calls Kong-u-T'o). He described it as follows: Within

4845-550: The reign of Eastern Gangas, Gajapati empire and later on. A certain temple tower in Odisha shows a combination of both Rekha and Pidha Deul decoration types which was taken from the Kadamba temples of Karnataka where it first appeared. The Mukhalingam ( Kalinganagara ) Madhukeswara (Mukhalingeswara) temple too resembles the Kadamba temples of Karnataka. The towns of Aihole , Badami and Pattadakal had emerged as 'The Cradle of Indian Temple Architecture and Hindu Rock Architecture, Stone Artwork and Construction Techniques' since

4930-412: The rivers Ganga to Godavari but led the foundation to the imperial hegemony of the Eastern Gangas in the Eastern coast of India. Chodaganga Deva was a strong king and was the son of Rajaraja Devendravarman and grandson of Vajrahasta Anantavarman of the Imperial Gangas of Kalinganagara . His mother was princess Rajasundari of the Chola dynasty . After the fall of Mahameghavahana dynasty , Kalinga

5015-509: The rulers were Shaivites . Patit Paban Mishra also suggests that the Shailodbhavas were of tribal descent. Much of the information about the dynasty comes from its sixteen copper-plate inscriptions . This information is corroborated by other sources, such as monuments and accounts of foreign travelers. The Shailodbhavas ruled a region centred around present-day Ganjam ; this region came to be known as Kongoda-mandala during their reign. Earlier, around 570-71 CE (250 Gupta era ), this region

5100-453: The state of Odisha following independence in 1947. This branch were the descendants of the ancient branch of Svetaka mandala of the Early Gangas which became the Chikiti zamindari. Historians conclude that the rulers of Chikiti were from the line of Ganga ruler Hastivarman. Indo-Scythians Indo-Parthians References Sources Kongoda The Shailodbhava ( IAST : Śailodbhava) dynasty ruled parts of eastern India during

5185-487: The temple of Madhukeshwara in Nagara at the instance of one of his feudatories and relatives, the Eastern Kadambas. Historian G. R. Varma further suggests that the Eastern Ganga king Kamarnava II renovated the existing temple of Gokarneshwara before renaming it as Madhukeshwara. Historian R. Subba Rao states that the God Madhukeswara of Kalinganagara was also called Jayanteswara (based on Vaijayanti or Banavasi town) or Gokarneshwara ( Gokarna's Mahabaleshwar deity ) in some of

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5270-408: The temples of Mukhalingam predated the temples of Bhubaneswar (this is unexplained as Bhubaneswar contains several temples predating Mukhalingam) and had been built as per the Badami Chalukya Temple Architecture originating from Karnataka since the 4th century CE and they were followed as a specimen model by the Odia craftsmen in constructing temples in their Trikalinga (Odisha) region during

5355-434: The term Trikalinga is the 537 CE Jirjingi inscription of the Eastern Ganga king Indra-varman I. The next record is the 562 CE Ponnuturu inscription of his successor Samanta-varman. Both these inscriptions describe the kings as Trikalingadhipati ("Lord of Trikalinga"). There is no record of any subsequent Eastern Ganga king claiming the title Trikalingadhipati until the 11th century. Three later Eastern Ganga kings claimed

5440-434: The term Trikalinga referred to three subdivisions of Kalinga: Kongoda , Odra and Utkala . However, the following sources suggest that these regions were considered distinct from Kalinga: According to the following scholars Trikalinga was different from Kalinga, and was located to the west of Kalinga: According to following scholars, Trikalinga was a larger region comprising Kalinga as one of its constituents: Similarly,

5525-410: The throne. After his defeat, Madhava fled and took asylum with king Tivara, but Dharmaraja killed both Madhava and Tivara. Dharmaraja was a strong ruler, and reigned for at least 30 years. In his Nimina (Nivina) inscription, he assumed the royal titles Paramabhattaraka , Maharajadhiraja , and Parameshvara . The disintegration of the Shailodbhava kingdom seems to have started during the last days of

5610-410: The throne: they may have died a premature death. The last known member of the dynasty was Madhyamaraja III, who was probably a son of Tailapanibha. The Shailodbhavas fell into obscurity in the 8th century. Their territory appears to have become part of the Gangas of Shvetaka, who were vassals of the Bhauma-Kara king Unmattakesharin for some time. According to a 786-77 inscription, Ranaka Vishavarnava

5695-432: The title Trikalingadhipati ; these include Yashah-karna , Nara-simha , Jaya-simha , and Vijaya-simha . The 966 CE Parbhani inscription of the Vemulavada Chalukya chief Arikesari III states that his ancestor Yuddha-malla ruled over Vengi and the three Kalingas ( sa-Kalinga-trayim Vengim ), although this record does not use the exact term "Trikalinga". Several Vengi Chalukya inscriptions suggest that Trikalinga

5780-428: The title: Vajra-hasta V Ananta-varman, Rajaraja I Devendra-varman, and Ananta-varman Choda-ganga . The inscriptions of these kings use the term Trikalinga-mahibhuj ("Kings of Trikalinga") for the Eastern Ganga kings in general. The inscriptions of Ananta-varman Choda-ganga state that Kamarnava-deva, the progenitor of the Ganga dynasty, was the founder of the Trikalinga country. The Somavamshis probably descended from

5865-450: The tribes nearest to the sea, and then mentions the Mandei people (who can be identified as the people of the Mahendra mountain). He mentions "Macco-Calingae" (or "Maco-Calingae") as one of tribes of hill-dwelling Brachmanae people, and does not connect them the Calingae in any way. Similarly, according to Pliny, the country of Gangarides and the city of Calingae were two different entities: the later writers John Bostock and H.T. Riley combined

5950-519: The two into a single people called "Gangarides Calingae". Further, Pliny describes "Modogalingae" as a single tribe living on "a very large island in the Gangas", not as three tribes living in or around the Kalinga region. A.M. Shastri notes that "Telangana" is more likely a derivative of "Trilinga", which is distinct from "Trikalinga" as suggested by epigraphic and literary evidence. Eastern Ganga dynasty The Eastern Ganga dynasty (also known as Purba Gangas, Rudhi Gangas or Prachya Gangas) were

6035-439: The various Kalachuri titles including Trikalingadhipati to his new overlord. According to historian P.K. Mishra, the Chandela king adopted the Kalachuri titles after conquering a part of the former Kalachuri territory. Epigraphic and literary sources offer several hints for the identification of Trikalinga: The following sources suggest that Trikalinga and Kalinga were distinct regions: Some modern scholars have suggested that

6120-609: The views and arguments against a relationship between the two Ganga dynasties - the Western and the Eastern Gangas, the similarities listed out between them strongly indicate that the founder of the Eastern Ganga dynasty travelled from the Gangawadi province of Karnataka and arrived in Trikalinga . Historians R. S. Sharma and K. M. Shrimali state that several ruling families of Kannada origin flourished and ruled Odisha like

6205-470: The zamindari into two branches- Badakhemundi and Sanakhemundi. The Hindol princely state was established in 1554 by two brothers, Chandradeva Jenamani and Udhavadeva Jenamani belonging to the family of the Badakhemundi Raja of Ganjam . The kingdom acceded to India and merged into the state of Odisha following independence in 1947. The Bamra kingdom was established by Saraju Gangadeb who

6290-466: Was Indravarman who is known from his Jirjingi copper plate grant. The Godavari grant of Raja Prthivimalla and the Ramatirtham grant of Vishnukundina king Indrbhattaraka refer to a war of four tusked elephants or Chaturdanta Samara in which Indravarman I the son of Mitavarman, a Ganga general of Vakataka king and a local ruler of Dantapura commanded an alliance of small South Kalingan kingdoms against

6375-471: Was a feudatory of Shashanka. His predecessors Madhavaraja I and Ayashobhita may have been feudatories of Shashanka as well, although this cannot be said with certainty. Historian S. C. Behera attempted to identify Ayashobhita as Charamparaja. The Shailodbhava territory was known as Kongoda-mandala. Historian Snigdha Tripathy theorizes that after conquering present-day Odisha, the Gauda king Shashanka created

6460-517: Was a part of their territory. For example: The 1297 CE Rewa inscription of Kumara-pala of Kakaredika uses the title Trikalingadhipati for his overlord, the Chandela king Trailokya-varman , who did not actually rule the Trikalinga region. Kumara-pala was originally a Kalachuri vassal, and later shifted his allegiance to the Chandelas. Historian A.M. Shastri theorizes that he erroneously applied

6545-487: Was also the first king to use the title of "Gajapati" or "Lord of war elephants" or "King with an army of elephants" among the Odishan kings in the 1246 CE inscription at the Kapilash Temple . With the death of Narasimha in 1264, the Eastern Gangas began to decline; the sultan of Delhi, Firuz Shah Tughlaq , invaded Odisha between 1353 and 1358, and levied tribute on the Ganga king. The Musunuri Nayaks defeated

6630-575: Was appointed as a feudatory of the Kongoda-mandala, which was now a province of the Bhauma-Kara kingdom. Some writers have attempted to connect the Shailodbhavas with the Shailendra dynasty of South-East Asia, and Shailavansha dynasty which ruled a kingdom in the present-day Balaghat district . However, these hypotheses are not supported by any concrete evidence. The Shailodbhava rulers followed Shaivism . Their myth of origin attributes

6715-545: Was built during this period. In the 11th century, the Cholas brought the Ganga Kingdom under their rule with the sudden death of Devendravarman Rajraja I. His son Chodaganga Deva who ascended the throne at the age of five under the protection provide by one of his maternal uncles from the Chola family had to overcome multiple obstacles before securing Kalinga, Vengi, Utkala, Odra and parts of Bengal as one kingdom. The Eastern Gangas were known to have intermarried with

6800-468: Was controlled by Dharmaraja of Abhaya family, who ruled as a feudatory of Vigraha, who themselves were viceroy of Guptas. It was later ruled by the semi-independent king Charamparaja. The introductory part of a 620-21 CE inscription of the Shailodbhava ruler Madhavaraja II is similar to that of the 570-71 Sumandala inscription of Dharmaraja of Abhaya family. Historian Snigdha Tripathy theorizes that Dharmaraja of Abhaya family and Charamparaja were members of

6885-788: Was divided into different kingdoms under feudatory chiefs. Each of these chiefs bore the title Kalingadhipathi (Lord of Kalinga). The beginnings of what became the Eastern Ganga dynasty came about when Indravarma I defeated the Vishnukundin king, Indrabhattaraka and established his rule over the region with Kalinganagara (or Mukhalingam ) as his capital, and Dantapuram as a secondary capital. The Ganga kings assumed various titles viz. Trikalingadhipathi or Sakala Kalingadhipathi (Lord of three Kalinga or all three Kalingas namely Kalinga proper (South), Utkala (North), and Dakshina Kosala (West)). Mukhalingam near Srikakulam of Andhra Pradesh bordering Odisha has been identified as Kalinganagara,

6970-638: Was established in 14th century when Narashingha Deba, a son of the Eastern Ganga monarch Bhanudeva II established the Khemudi kingdom. Scions of this line include, This line descends from the Paralakhemundi Ganga branch. In 16th century, the Raja of Parlakhemundi, Subarnalinga Bhanu Deba granted parts of the Khimedi areas to his son Ananga Kesari Ramachandra Deba, whose descendants in turn divided

7055-406: Was married off to the Eastern Ganga king as a goodwill gesture for settlement of affairs between the Cholas and the Gangas. The identification of the father of Rajasundari is a matter of great controversy and some scholars like K. A. Nilakanta Sastri identify the king as Virarajendra Chola . After the sudden death of Rajaraja I, his underage sons Chodaganga Deva ascended the throne, losing

7140-486: Was succeeded by his son Madhyamaraja (alias Ayashobhita II), whose inscriptions also credit him with the performance of ashvamedha and other sacrifices. Epigraphic evidence suggests that he ruled for at least 26 years (up to the end of the 7th century), and his reign was peaceful and prosperous. Madhyamaraja was succeeded by his son Dharmaraja (alias Manabhita). According to Dharmaraja's inscriptions, he defeated his elder brother Madhava (Madhavaraja III) at Phasika to gain

7225-577: Was the son of the local Eastern Ganga administrator of Patna region Hattahamir Deb, who was the son of Eastern Ganga ruler Bhanudeva II. Hattahamir Deb was overthrown in 1360 CE by Ramai Deva of the Chauhan dynasty who led the foundation of Patna state, while the tribal chieftains installed Saraju Gangadeb as the ruler of Bamanda region. This laid the foundation of the Bamanda branch of the Eastern Ganga dynasty. The kingdom acceded to India and merged into

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