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57-507: The monastery was founded in 1337 by one of the most venerated Russian saints, Sergius of Radonezh , who built a wooden church in honour of the Holy Trinity on Makovets Hill. Early development of the monastic community is well documented in contemporary lives of Sergius and his disciples. In 1355, Sergius introduced a charter which required the construction of auxiliary buildings, such as refectory , kitchen , and bakery . This charter

114-552: A posad , which grew into the town of Sergiev Posad , and other villages. When the news of Sergius's accomplishments reached Patriarch Philotheus of Constantinople , Philotheus sent a monastic charter to Sergius. During the reign of Dmitri Donskoi , his disciples started to spread his teaching across central and northern Russia. They settled intentionally in the most impracticable places and founded numerous monasteries, of which Borisoglebsky , Ferapontov , Kirillo-Belozersky and Vysotsky monasteries could be mentioned. Sergius

171-707: A starets (spiritual elder) met him one day and gave him a piece of prosphora (holy bread) to eat, and from that day forward he was able to read. Orthodox Christians interpret the incident as being an angelic visitation. When the Principality of Rostov fell into the hands of Prince Ivan Danilovich of the Grand Duchy of Moscow , his parents Kirill and Maria became impoverished and moved to Radonezh together with their three sons, Stefan, Bartholomew and Peter. Upon his parents' death, Bartholomew went to Khotkovo near Moscow , where his older brother Stefan

228-423: A 17th-century chapel over St. Paraskeva's well are still visible. In 1550s, a wooden palisade surrounding the cloister was replaced with 1.5 km (0.93 mi) long stone walls, featuring twelve towers, which helped the monastery to withstand a celebrated 16-month Polish-Lithuanian siege in 1608–1610. A shell-hole in the cathedral gates is preserved as a reminder of Wladyslaw IV 's abortive siege in 1618. By

285-569: A Russian church topped with a belltower. The interior contains the earliest specimens of the use of glazed tiles for decoration. In the early 16th century, Vasily III added the Nikon annex and the Serapion tent, where several of Sergius' disciples were interred. It took 26 years to construct the six-pillared Assumption Cathedral, which was commissioned by Ivan the Terrible in 1559. The cathedral

342-510: A bishop. As an ascetic, Sergius did not take part in the political life of the country. However, he blessed Dmitry Donskoy when he went to fight the Tatars in the signal Battle of Kulikovo field, but only after he was certain Dmitry had pursued all peaceful means of resolving the conflict. Some historians interpreted his political stance as aspiring to make peace and unite Russian lands under

399-520: A daughter named Maura. In 1517, elder brothers, Stefan, Joseph and Vladimir Stroganov, received a wood and a salt mine in Ustyug district. Vladimir Stroganov's lineage is still continued in the direct male line. However, his descendants became state peasants. His youngest son, Anikey Fyodorovich Stroganov (1488–1570), was the progenitor of the ennobled lineage of the Stroganov family. This lineage

456-464: A salt industrialist. His elder son, Vladimir, became the founder of a branch whose members eventually became state peasants ; this lineage continues. The lineage from Fyodor Lukich Stroganov's youngest son, Anikey (1488–1570), died out in 1923. Anikey's descendants became members of the high Russian nobility under the first Romanovs (tsars from 1613 onwards). There have been suggested several theories of this family's origins. It had been believed that

513-525: A single combat against a Tatar bogatyr . The monastery was devastated by fire, when a Tatar unit raided the area in 1408. St. Sergius was declared patron saint of the Russian state in 1422. The same year the first stone cathedral was built by a team of Serbian monks who had found refuge in the monastery after the Battle of Kosovo . The relics of St. Sergius still may be seen in this cathedral, dedicated to

570-576: A village in the area, which is within the Rostov principality, not very close to the city of Rostov". It is considered that it is the village Varnitsa ( Russian : Варница ) near Rostov. Sergius received the baptismal name of Bartholomew ( Russian : Варѳоломе́й , romanized :  Varfolomei ) in honor of the Apostle Bartholomew . Although an intelligent boy, Bartholomew had great difficulty learning to read. His biography states that

627-578: Is honored in the Calendar of Saints of several churches of the Anglican Communion and is remembered in the Church of England with a commemoration on 25 September . The ecumenical Fellowship of Saint Alban and Saint Sergius is named in part for him. In December 1937, Pavel Florensky (1882–1937), a Russian theologian, priest, mathematician, inventor, philosopher and engineer died in

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684-487: Is much larger than its model and namesake in the Moscow Kremlin . The magnificent iconostasis of the 16th–18th centuries features Simon Ushakov 's masterpiece, the icon of Last Supper . The interior walls were painted with violet and blue frescoes by a team of Yaroslavl masters in 1684. The vault contains burials of Boris Godunov , his family and several 20th-century patriarchs. As the monastery grew into one of

741-507: Is now extinct. He opened the salterns in 1515, which would later become a huge industry. In 1558, Ivan the Terrible granted to Anikey Stroganov and his successors large estates in what was at the time the eastern edge of Russian settlement, along the Kama and Chusovaya Rivers . In 1566, at their own request, their lands were included in the " oprichnina ", the territory within Russia under

798-413: Is unclear: it could be 1314, 1319, or 1322. His medieval biography states that he was born to Kiril and Maria, a boyar family, near Rostov ( Yaroslavl Oblast ), on the spot where Varnitsy Monastery  [ ru ] now stands. The narrative of Epiphanius does not specify the exact birthplace of the monk, stating only that before the migration from Rostov principality the monk's family lived "in

855-455: The Antarctic . Sergii Radonezhsky Sergius of Radonezh ( Russian : Сергий Радонежский , romanized :  Sergiy Radonezhsky ; 14 May 1314 – 25 September 1392) was a spiritual leader and monastic reformer in the Principality of Moscow . Together with Seraphim of Sarov , he is one of Eastern Orthodoxy 's most highly venerated saints in Russia. The date of his birth

912-476: The Holy Trinity . The greatest icon painters of medieval Russia, Andrei Rublev and Daniil Chyorny , were summoned to decorate the cathedral with frescoes . Traditionally, Muscovite royals were baptized in this cathedral and held thanksgiving services here. In 1476, Ivan III invited several Pskovian masters to build the church of the Holy Spirit. This structure is one of the few remaining examples of

969-811: The Ob River . In 1577, he was granted iron bogs and a forest in Sodrolinskaya volost with the right to establish ironworks there. Grigory Anikeevich Stroganov (1533–1577) received large lands in the basin of the Kama river , in the region of Perm . In 1558 he was allowed producing saltpetre. In 1564 he was given the privilege of establishing a town named Kargedan, which was later known as Oryol-gorodok. Semyon Anikeyevich Stroganov (? – 1609) and Anikey's grandsons Maksim Yakovlevich (? – 1620s) and Nikita Grigoriyevich (? – 1620) are believed to be initiators and sponsors of Yermak 's Siberian campaign in 1581. By

1026-560: The Revolution intervened, and prevented the poor Stroganov branch from coming into their inheritance. The titled branch of the Stroganov family was descended from Anikey Stroganov , the youngest son of Fyodor Lukich Stroganov (d. 1497). Since the 17th century Anika's descendants were very close to the royal court; they mingled with the highest nobility and even intermarried with some. During this time of their prime, they started to alienate their impoverished, almost peasant, relations from

1083-579: The Urals and Siberia in favor of Russia. Yakov Anikeevich Stroganov (1528–1577) made Ivan the Terrible forbid the English to trade near Solvychegodsk; he, alongside his brothers, received the right to organize military attacks on Siberian tribes and rulers. He was a provider to the tsar of luxuries, including sable fur. In 1574, together with brother Grigory, he was granted large lands in Siberia , along

1140-748: The 1960s and 1970s. In 1993, the Trinity Lavra was inscribed on the UN World Heritage List . The Lavra has a number of representative churches ( podvorie or metochia ) in its vicinity and throughout Russia. The Lavra's hieromonks have manned a number of sketes at remote locations (such as the Anzer Island in the Solovki Archipelago in the White Sea), as well as Trinity Church on King George Island in

1197-978: The Cathedral of the Presentation of Mary (Введенский собор) in Solvychegodsk (1688–1696), Church of Our Lady of Kazan in Ustyuzhna (1694), Church of Our Lady of Smolensk (церковь Смоленской Богоматери) in Gordeyevka (part of today's Kanavino district of Nizhny Novgorod ) (1697), and the Church of the Synaxis of the Mother of God in Nizhny Novgorod (started in 1697, consecrated in 1719). The descendants of Vladimir Fyodorovich Stroganov, one of

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1254-525: The Serb , also known as Pachomius Logothetes. The original manuscript is housed in the National Library of Russia. Stroganovs Beef Stroganoff The House of Stroganov or Strogonov (Russian: Стро́гановы, Стро́гоновы ), French spelling: Stroganoff , was a Russian noble family of highly successful Russian merchants, industrialists, landowners, and statesmen . From the time of Ivan

1311-580: The Soviet Gulag and it is thought he was condemned by an extrajudicial NKVD troika under NKVD Order No. 00447 to be executed during the 1930s Bolshevik purges after refusing to disclose the hiding place of Sergius' head which the Bolsheviks wanted destroyed. It is rumored that Florensky and other theologians were involved in a plot to save and hide the relics of St. Sergius. The relics were returned by Pavel Golubtsov , later "Archbishop Sergius", to

1368-670: The Stroganovs are known to have shown interest for art, literature, history, and archaeology . They used to own rich libraries, collections of paintings, coins, medals etc. Stroganov Palace (now one of the buildings of the State Russian Museum ) is among the chief sights of Nevsky Prospekt in Saint Petersburg . In 1911, Count Pavel Sergeyevich Stroganov died without issue. His death stirred litigation for his fortune between his relations in female lines and

1425-580: The Terrible ( r.  1533–1584 ) they were the richest businessmen in the Tsardom of Russia . They financed the Russian conquest of Siberia (1580 onwards) and Prince Pozharsky 's 1612 reconquest of Moscow from the Poles . The Stroganov school of icon-painting (late 16th and 17th centuries) takes its name from them. The most recent common ancestor of the family was Fyodor Lukich Stroganov (died 1497),

1482-591: The baronial title by Peter the Great in 1722. During the Great Northern War of 1700–1721, the Stroganovs rendered sizable financial support to the government of Peter the Great , for which Alexander Grigoriyevich , Nikolay Grigoriyevich , and Sergei Grigoriyevich would be raised to the rank of baron in 1722 and later to that of count . From then on, the Stroganovs were members of the Russian aristocracy and held important government posts. Most of

1539-453: The cathedral of Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra in 1946 when it was reopened. Much information about Sergius and his acts is taken from the writing of his life composed in the 15th century, which has come down to us in many later editions in the 15th to 20th century Russian manuscripts. The memory of Sergius of Radonezh has lived on thanks to the unique manuscript entitled "The Life of St. Sergius of Radonezh" written by famous hagiographer Pachomius

1596-833: The church during World War II , the Lavra was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church. On April 16, 1946 divine service was renewed at the Assumption Cathedral. The lavra continued as the seat of the Moscow Patriarchate until 1983, when the patriarch was allowed to settle at the Danilov Monastery in Moscow. After that, the monastery continued as a prime centre of religious education. Important restoration works were conducted in

1653-436: The direct authority of Ivan the Terrible. Seizing lands from the local population by conquest and colonizing them with incoming Russian peasants, the Stroganovs developed farming, hunting , saltworks, fishing, and ore mining in these areas. They built towns and fortresses and, at the same time, suppressed local unrest with the help of a small private army (such private units were known as " druzhina s"), and annexed new lands in

1710-474: The elder sons of Fyodor Lukich Stroganov, had become impoverished by the 18th century, and entered the class of state peasants. Vladimir inherited his father's properties in Solvychegodsk. Later he purchased the village of Tsyrennikovo, to the north of Solvychegodsk, for a hundred rubles. This place was the family seat of this branch for generations. Afanasy Vladimirovich Stroganov (d. 1607) was engaged in

1767-446: The end of the 17th century, when young Peter I twice found refuge within the monastery from his enemies, numerous buildings had been added. These include a small baroque palace of the patriarchs, noted for its luxurious interiors, and a royal palace, with its facades painted in checkerboard design. The refectory of St. Sergius, covering 510 square metres (5,500 sq ft) and also painted in dazzling checkerboard design, used to be

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1824-793: The families they intermarried with in the 1600s were a few princely families, such as the Volkonskys, the Mescherskys , the Baryatinsky, the Golitzines , as well as untitled Rurikids, the Dmitriev-Mamonov family, and such boyar families as Saltykovs and Miloslavsky . In the 17th century, the Stroganovs invested heavily in the salt industry in Solikamsk . In the 1680s, Grigory Dmitriyevich Stroganov (1656–1715) united all

1881-527: The family's progenitor was a merchant in Veliky Novgorod . However, historian Andrey Vvedensky concluded in his research on the family's genealogy, that they should have been hailing from wealthy Pomor peasants (i.e. Russians from Russia's subarctic north, in the region of the White Sea ). The family's earliest ancestor was named Spiridon; he lived during the rule of Duke Dmitry Donskoy and

1938-401: The hall was used to demonstrate the new radio technology before a mixed audience primarily composed of peasants and soldiers, but with some townspeople. The broadcast started with an announcement followed by music with a band from the Moscow cavalry playing Stenka Razin . Then the audience were treated to a short lecture on the benefits of chemical manure and machine ploughs. After a gypsy song

1995-537: The largest hall in Russia. The five-domed Church of John the Baptist's Nativity (1693–1699) was commissioned by the Stroganovs and built over one of the gates. Other 17th-century structures include the monks' cells, a hospital topped with a tented church, and a chapel built over a holy well discovered in 1644. In 1744, Empress Elizabeth conferred on the cloister the dignity of a Lavra . The metropolitan of Moscow

2052-506: The late 16th century, the Stroganovs had become enormously large landowners and salt industrialists. In the early 17th century, owing to the Turmoil , they strengthened their positions by sponsoring the central government's struggle against claimants to the throne and Polish invaders. The family started to gradually merge with the nobility. In 1608 Kozma Danilovich Stroganov (1580–1617) was the voivode at Totma. He died without issue. During

2109-432: The leadership of Moscow. Sergius died on 25 September 1392. His incorrupt relics were found in 1422 and placed in the new cathedral of Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra which he founded. The exact year of his canonization by the Russian Orthodox Church is uncertain, either 1452 or 1448 .The church commemorates him on September 25 , the date of his death, and on July 5 , the day his relics were uncovered. (See ). Among

2166-435: The local salt business and the fur trade. With the income from these, he purchased lands around his village. Afanasy received the title of gost (eminent merchant). He was also a tenant of a royal estate near Solvychegorsk. Afanasy Vladimirovich was still accepted as a relative by Anika's family. But his son, Ivan, was the first of this branch in a continuous downhill trend, both financially and socially. The breach between

2223-546: The many affectionate titles given to him, he has been referred to as the "Abbot of Russia" and "valiant voivod " of the Russian land. The Catholic Church officially recognizes Sergius. In 1940, he was included in the liturgical calendar authorized for the Russian Catholics. Moreover, the most recent edition of the Roman Martyrology commemorates Sergius under the date of 25 September. Sergius

2280-619: The monastery maintained several sketes , one of which is a place of burial for the conservative philosophers Konstantin Leontiev and Vasily Rozanov . After the Russian Revolution of 1917 , the Soviet government closed the lavra in 1920. Its buildings were assigned to different civic institutions or declared museums. Part was used for training electrical engineers specialising in radio. In May 1923 Charles Ashleigh reported how

2337-445: The name Sergius, following which he spent more than a year in the forest alone as a hermit . Soon, however, other monks started coming to him and building their own cells. After some time, they persuaded him to become their hegumen (abbot) and he was ordained to the priesthood . Following his example, all the monks had to live by their own labor. Over time, more and more monks and donations came to this place. Nearby, there appeared

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2394-706: The new title, the received unprecedented privileges for people of trading class: they were subject only to the royal judgement, allowed founding towns and building fortresses, owning armed troops and forging cannons, organizing military campaigns against Siberian rulers and duty-free trade with Asian nations. In the 17th century, the Stroganovs began to marry into high Russian nobility (princes, boyars and courtiers). For example, Pyotr Semyonovich Stroganov (1583–1639) married Matryona Ivanovna Borbischeva-Pushkina. Maksim Maksimovich Stroganov (1603–1627) married Anna Alferyevna Streshneva, cousin of tsarina Eudoxia Streshneva. Stroganovs married daughters of voivodes and courtiers. Amongst

2451-466: The performance was brought to a conclusion with a talk about the wonders of radio. In 1930, monastery bells, including the Tsar-Bell of 65 tons, were destroyed. Pavel Florensky and his followers prevented the authorities from stealing and selling the sacristy collection but overall many valuables were lost or transferred to other collections. In 1945, following Joseph Stalin 's temporary tolerance of

2508-417: The period of Polish intervention in the early 17th century, the Stroganovs offered humanitarian and military support to the Russian government (some 842,000 rubles just in terms of money), for which they received the title of 'eminent men' (imenitye lyudi) in 1610, and allowed official reference with the 'vich' ending to their paternal names, as was only meant for the members of the royal court. Together with

2565-533: The scattered lands of the heirs of the children of Anikey Stroganov. He also annexed the saltworks, which belonged to the Shustov and Filatiyev families. In the 18th century, the Stroganovs established a number of ironworks and copper- smelting factories in the Urals. A number of remarkable Baroque churches throughout Russia were built by the Stroganov family in the late 17th and early 18th century. They include

2622-474: The senior line, to the extreme of completely denying the fact of relation. One of the descendants, Grigory Dmitrievich Stroganov (1656–1715), was a supporter of Peter the Great . He was frequently invited to the court of tsar Alexey Romanov , including invitations to his private dinners. He granted his four military ships built in Voronezh and Astrakhan to Peter the Great. Grigory's sons were rewarded with

2679-594: The senior unnoble descendants of the Stroganov family. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 the Stroganov family emigrated with the White movement and all family property in Russia was nationalized. The Stroganov Foundation, created in 1992 in New York City as a not-for-profit corporation , is dedicated to the conservation and restoration of the Russian heritage of the Stroganov family. The establishment of

2736-445: The wealthiest landowners in Russia, the woods where it had stood were cleared and a village (or posad ) sprang up near the monastery walls. It gradually developed into the modern town of Sergiyev Posad. The cloister itself was a notable centre of chronicle-writing and icon painting. Just opposite the monastery walls St. Paraskeva's Convent was established, among whose buildings St. Paraskeva's Church (1547), Introduction Church (1547), and

2793-581: The wealthy descendants of Anika Stroganov and the poor senior branch of the family had formed by the 1670s, when the wealthy part of the family denied their relationship with the poor one. This may have resulted in the myth of that Anika's elder brothers supposedly died childless. By the late 17th century the living conditions of the poor branch of the Stroganovs were scarcely distinguishable from those of common peasants. Being severely impoverished, this branch began to get involved in manual labour and even robbery. One of this branch, Andrey Vasilyev syn Stroganov,

2850-456: Was a monk . He persuaded Stefan to find a more secluded place to live the ascetic life. In the deep forest at Makovets Hill they decided to build a small monastic cell and a church dedicated in honor of the Trinity . Thus started the history of the great Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra . In time, Stefan moved to a monastery in Moscow. Varfolomei (Bartholomew) was tonsured a monk and given

2907-409: Was a model for Sergius' numerous followers who founded more than 400 cloisters all over Russia, including the celebrated Solovetsky , Kirillov , and Simonov monasteries. St. Sergius supported Dmitri Donskoi in his struggle against the Tatars and sent two of his monks, Peresvet and Oslyabya , to participate in the Battle of Kulikovo (1380). At the outbreak of the battle, Peresvet died in

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2964-422: Was also connected with the foundation of two monastic communities in Moscow, Andronikov and Simonov monasteries. All in all, the disciples of Sergius founded about 40 monasteries, thus greatly extending the geographical extent of his influence and authority. Metropolitan Alexius, Metropolitan of Moscow asked Sergius to become his successor but Sergius declined, preferring to remain a simple monk rather than be

3021-663: Was amongst the Russian pioneers in Siberia in the 17th century. He established strongholds in the Zabaykaliya region. He was later raised to be a head of a Cossack troop. According to the information gathered by historian A. Vvedensky, when in Saint Petersburg the poor relatives visited their wealthy relation's palace located at the crossing of Moyka Street and Nevsky Boulevard , but the servants were ordered to kick those relatives out. In 1911, Count Pavel Sergeevich Stroganov died without issue. His fortune of 120 million rubles

3078-624: Was henceforth also the Archimandrite of the Lavra. Elizabeth particularly favoured the Trinity and annually proceeded afoot from Moscow to the cloister. Her secret spouse Alexey Razumovsky accompanied her on such journeys and commissioned a baroque church to the Virgin of Smolensk, the last major shrine to be erected in the Lavra. Another pledge of Elizabeth's affection for the monastery is a white-and-blue baroque belltower, which, at 88 meters,

3135-729: Was mentioned in the 1390s. His grandson, Luka Kuzmich Stroganov, was a renter of royal properties in the region of the Northern Dvina ; he is claimed to have redeemed Duke Vasily II of Moscow from Tatar imprisonment in 1445. His son, Fyodor Lukich Stroganov (d. 1497), the latest common ancestor of the family, settled in Solvychegodsk (also in the Russian north). He was a local salt industrialist and owner of properties in town, which he passed down to his elder son, Vladimir. He had two brothers, Semyon and Ivan, whose descendants are unknown. He also had six sons: Stefan, Joseph (Osip), Vladimir, Ivan nicknamed Vyshnyak, Afanasy and Anikey, and

3192-470: Was one of the tallest structures built in Russia up to that date. Its architects were Ivan Michurin and Dmitry Ukhtomsky . Throughout the 19th century, the Lavra maintained its status as the richest Russian monastery. A seminary founded in 1742 was replaced by an ecclesiastical academy in 1814. The monastery boasted a supreme collection of manuscripts and books. Medieval collections of the Lavra sacristy attracted thousands of visitors. In Sergiyev Posad,

3249-406: Was to go to the state. The famous lawyer Maklakov initiated research to prove a relationship between the late count and the Stroganovs from Tsyrennikovo. In court Maklakov contended with the late count's relations in the female line; but he won the case. Maklakov settled at Tsyrennikovo, wishing to share the inheritance with Stroganov's relations. However, the inheritance got stuck in red tape. Then

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