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67-598: The Trinil Fauna is a biostratigraphic faunal assemblage composed from several Javanese sites by Ralph von Koenigswald . Von Koenigswald assigned the early hominid fossils Java Man to the Trinil Fauna after discovering the main fossil of Java Man, a skullcap catalogued as " Trinil 2", in the same geological horizon . References [ edit ] ^ de Vos 2004 , p. 275. Works cited [ edit ] Vos, John de (2004), "The Dubois collection:

134-407: A faunal assemblage , rather than an individual species — this allows greater precision as the time span in which all of the species in the assemblage existed together is narrower than the time spans of any of the members. Furthermore, if only one species is present in a sample, it can mean either that (1) the strata were formed in the known fossil range of that organism; or (2) that the fossil range of

201-597: A Goguryeo general by the name of Dae Jo-yeong founded the Korean-Mohe state of Balhae and successfully expelled the Tang presence from much of the former Goguryeo territories. Baekje was founded by Onjo , a Goguryeo prince and the third son of Jumong, the founder of Goguryeo, in 18 BC. Baekje and Goguryeo shared founding myths and originated from Buyeo . The Records of the Three Kingdoms mentions Baekje as

268-639: A candidate has been reported. Tool-making artifacts from the Paleolithic period have been found in present-day North Hamgyong , South Pyongan , Gyeonggi , and north and south Chungcheong provinces, which dates the Paleolithic Age to half a million years ago, though it may have begun as late as 400,000 years ago or as early as 600,000–700,000 years ago. The earliest known Korean pottery dates back to around 8000 BC, and evidence of Mesolithic Pit–Comb Ware culture (or Yunggimun pottery )

335-543: A competitive electoral system. The South Korean economy has prospered , and the country is now considered to be fully developed. North Korea has maintained a totalitarian militarized rule , with a personality cult constructed around the Kim family . Economically, North Korea has remained heavily dependent on foreign aid . [1] No fossil proven to be Homo erectus has been found in the Korean Peninsula , though

402-575: A few meters, up to hundreds of meters. They can also range from local to worldwide, as the extent of which they can reach in the horizontal plane relies on tectonic plates and tectonic activity. Two of the tectonic processes that run the risk of changing these zones' ranges are metamorphic folding and subduction . Furthermore, biostratigraphic units are divided into six principal kinds of biozones: Taxon range biozone , Concurrent range biozone, Interval biozone, Lineage biozone, Assemblage biozone, and Abundance biozone . The Taxon range biozone represents

469-482: A fresh invasion in 667, aided by the defector Yeon Namsaeng, and was finally able to conquer Goguryeo in 668. After the collapse of Goguryeo, Tang and Silla ended their alliance and fought over control of the Korean Peninsula . Silla succeeded in gaining control over most of the Korean Peninsula, while Tang gained control over Goguryeo's northern territories. However, 30 years after the fall of Goguryeo,

536-567: A member of the Mahan confederacy in the Han River basin (near now Seoul ). It expanded into the southwest ( Chungcheong and Jeolla provinces) of the peninsula and became a significant political and military power. In the process, Baekje came into fierce confrontation with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies in the vicinity of its territorial ambitions. At its peak in the 4th century during

603-1844: A new look at an old collection" , Scripta Geologica , 4 : 267–85, ISSN   0922-4564 . See also [ edit ] Trinil H. K. Fauna v t e Prehistoric Asia Paleolithic Dmanisi hominins Japanese Paleolithic Java Man List of Paleolithic sites in China Natufian culture Paleolithic Mesopotamia Peking Man Riwat Sangiran Soanian Solo Man South Asian Stone Age Ubeidiya Xiaochangliang Neolithic Fertile Crescent Early Neolithic settlements Khiamian culture Trialetian culture Nemrikian culture Zarzian culture Neolithic China Neolithic Tibet Neolithic Korea Neolithic Revolution Neolithic South Asia Ohalo Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (Mesopotamia) Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (Mesopotamia) Chalcolithic Daimabad Halaf culture Uruk period Bronze Age Andronovo culture Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex Bronze Age Anatolia Bronze Age Caucasus Bronze Age China Bronze Age India Bronze Age Korea Bronze Age Levant List of Bronze Age sites in China Seima-Turbino phenomenon [REDACTED] Archaeological periods [REDACTED] Time periods Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trinil_Fauna&oldid=912843732 " Categories : 1891 archaeological discoveries East Java Prehistoric Indonesia Biostratigraphy Basic concepts of biostratigraphic principles were introduced centuries ago, going as far back as

670-404: A new period, most of the periods we recognize today are terminated by a major extinction event or faunal turnover. A stage is a major subdivision of strata, each systematically following the other each bearing a unique assemblage of fossils. Therefore, stages can be defined as a group of strata containing the same major fossil assemblages. French palaeontologist Alcide d'Orbigny is credited for

737-399: A particular span of geologic time or environment, and can be used to identify and date the containing rocks. To be practical, index fossils must have a limited vertical time range, wide geographic distribution, and rapid evolutionary trends. Rock formations separated by great distances but containing the same index fossil species are thereby known to have both formed during the limited time that

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804-527: A powerful empire and one of the great powers in East Asia, when Gwanggaeto the Great and his son, Jangsu , expanded the country into almost all of Manchuria, parts of Inner Mongolia, parts of Russia, and took the present-day city of Seoul from Baekje. Goguryeo experienced a golden age under Gwanggaeto and Jangsu, who both subdued Baekje and Silla during their times, achieving a brief unification of

871-546: A total of 78 states within the Samhan. The Samhan were eventually conquered by Baekje , Silla , and Gaya in the 4th century. Goguryeo was founded in 37 BC by Jumong (posthumously given the royal title Dongmyeongseong). Later, King Taejo centralized the government. Goguryeo was the first Korean kingdom to adopt Buddhism as the state religion in 372, in King Sosurim 's reign. Goguryeo (also spelled as Koguryŏ )

938-404: A unique association of three or more taxa within it. Abundance biozones are strata in which the abundance of a particular taxon or group of taxa is significantly greater than in the adjacent part of the section. Index fossils (also known as guide fossils , indicator fossils , or dating fossils ) are the fossilized remains or traces of particular plants or animals that are characteristic of

1005-524: Is found throughout the peninsula, such as in Jeju Island . Jeulmun pottery , or "comb-pattern pottery", is found after 7000 BC, and is concentrated at sites in west-central regions of the Korean Peninsula, where a number of prehistoric settlements, such as Amsa-dong , existed. Jeulmun pottery bears basic design and form similarities to that of Mongolia , the Amur and Songhua river basins of Manchuria ,

1072-761: The Bronze Age by 2000 BC, and the Iron Age around 700 BC. The Paleolithic people are likely not the direct ancestors of the present Korean people, but their direct ancestors are thought to be the Neolithic People of about 2000 BC. According to the mythic account recounted in the Samguk yusa (1281), the Gojoseon kingdom was founded in northern Korea and southern Manchuria in 2333 BC. The first written historical record on Gojoseon can be found from

1139-544: The Goguryeo–Sui War , in which Goguryeo defeated a huge force traditionally said to number over a million men, and contributed to the Sui dynasty 's fall. In 642, the powerful general Yeon Gaesomun led a coup and gained complete control over Goguryeo. In response, Emperor Taizong of Tang China led a campaign against Goguryeo , but was defeated and retreated. After the death of Taizong, his son Gaozong allied with

1206-636: The Japanese invasions of Korea . The combined force of the Ming dynasty of China and the Joseon dynasty (whose naval fleet was successfully led by Admiral Yi Sun-sin ) repelled these Japanese invasions, but at a cost to both countries. Henceforth, Joseon gradually became more and more isolationist and stagnant with frequent internal strifes. By the mid 19th century, with the country unwilling to modernize, and under encroachment by European powers , Joseon Korea

1273-641: The Joseon dynasty (1392–1897) after a coup d'état in 1388 that overthrew the Goryeo dynasty. King Sejong the Great (1418–1450) implemented numerous administrative, social, scientific, and economic reforms, established royal authority in the early years of the dynasty, and personally created Hangul , the Korean alphabet. After enjoying a period of peace for nearly two centuries, the Joseon dynasty faced foreign invasions from 1592 to 1637. Most notable of these were

1340-810: The Jōmon culture in Japan, and the Baiyue in Southern China and Southeast Asia . Archaeological evidence demonstrates that agricultural societies and the earliest forms of social-political complexity emerged in the Mumun pottery period (c. 1500–300 BC). People in southern Korea adopted intensive dry-field and paddy-field agriculture with a multitude of crops in the Early Mumun Period (1500–850 BC). The first societies led by big-men or chiefs emerged in

1407-678: The Nakdong River basin and uniting the city-states. By the 2nd century, Silla was a large state, occupying and influencing nearby city-states. Silla gained further power when it annexed the Gaya confederacy in 562. Silla often faced pressure from Goguryeo, Baekje and Japan, and at various times allied and warred with Baekje and Goguryeo . Silla was the smallest and weakest of the Three Kingdoms of Korea , but it used cunning diplomatic means to make opportunistic pacts and alliances with

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1474-560: The Three Kingdoms of China retaliated by invading and destroying Hwando in 244. This forced the king to flee with Cao Wei in pursuit and broke Goguryeo's rule over the Okjeo and Ye, damaging its economy. The king eventually settled in a new capital, and Goguryeo focused on rebuilding and regaining control. In the early 4th century Goguryeo once again attacked the Chinese (now Sima Jin ) to cut off their access to Korea and this time succeeded, and soon afterward conquered Lelang and Daifang ending

1541-412: The Three Kingdoms of Korea and becoming the most dominant power of the Korean peninsula. Jangsu's long reign of 79 years saw the perfecting of Goguryeo's political, economic and other institutional arrangements. Goguryeo was a highly militaristic state; in addition to contesting for control of the Korean Peninsula, Goguryeo had many military conflicts with various Chinese dynasties, most notably

1608-531: The Yayoi of Japan . Around 100 BC, Jin evolved into the Samhan confederacies. Many smaller states sprang from the former territory of Gojoseon such as Buyeo , Okjeo , Dongye , Goguryeo , and Baekje . The Three Kingdoms refer to Goguryeo , Baekje , and Silla , although Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy existed into the 5th and 6th centuries respectively. The Proto-Three Kingdoms period, sometimes called

1675-544: The 12th century BC, Gija , a prince from the Shang dynasty of China, purportedly founded Gija Joseon . In pre-modern Korea, Gija represented the authenticating presence of Chinese civilization, and until the 20th century, Koreans commonly believed that Dangun bestowed upon Korea its people and basic culture, while Gija gave Korea its high culture—and presumably, standing as a legitimate civilization. However, due to contradicting historical and archaeological evidence, its existence

1742-514: The Baekje court retreated to Japan after Baekje was conquered by the Silla–Tang alliance. Baekje was once a great military power on the Korean Peninsula, especially during the time of Geunchogo , but was critically defeated by Gwanggaeto the Great and declined. Ultimately, Baekje was defeated by a coalition of Silla and Tang forces in 660. According to legend, the kingdom of Silla began with

1809-462: The Chinese presence in Korea. However Goguryeo's expansion led to confrontation with the rising Xianbeis. The Xianbeis devastated Goguryeo's capital in the mid 4th century and the king retreated. Goguryeo eventually regrouped and began striking back in the late 4th century by King Gogukyang, culminating with the conquests of Gwanggaeto the Great. Goguryeo reached its zenith in the 5th century, becoming

1876-663: The King of Gojoseon was overthrown by Wi Man (also known as Wei Man), a Korean-Chinese refugee from the Han vassal state of Yan . Wi Man then established Wiman Joseon . In 128 BC, Nan Lü (南閭), a leader of Ye who was receiving pressure from Wiman Joseon , surrendered to the Han dynasty and became the Canghai Commandery . In 108 BC, the Chinese Han dynasty defeated Wiman Joseon and installed four commanderies in

1943-626: The Korean Empire ; the treaties involved were later confirmed to be null and void. Korea then became a de facto Japanese colony from 1910 to 1945. Korean resistance manifested in the widespread March First Movement of 1919. Thereafter the resistance movements , coordinated by the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in exile, became largely active in neighboring Manchuria, China proper , and Siberia . After

2010-422: The Korean kingdom of Silla and invaded Goguryeo again, but was unable to overcome Goguryeo's stalwart defenses and was defeated in 662. However, Yeon Gaesomun died of a natural cause in 666 and Goguryeo was thrown into chaos and weakened by a succession struggle among his sons and younger brother, with his eldest son defecting to Tang and his younger brother defecting to Silla. The Tang–Silla alliance mounted

2077-679: The Middle Mumun (850–550 BC), and the first ostentatious elite burials can be traced to the Late Mumun (c. 550–300 BC). Bronze production began in the Middle Mumun and became increasingly important in ceremonial and political society after 700 BC. Archeological evidence from Songguk-ri , Daepyeong , Igeum-dong , and elsewhere indicate that the Mumun era was the first in which chiefdoms rose, expanded, and collapsed. The increasing presence of long-distance trade, an increase in local conflicts, and

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2144-473: The Several States Period (열국시대,列國時代), is the time before the rise of the Three Kingdoms of Korea , which included Goguryeo , Silla , and Baekje , and occurred after the fall of Gojoseon . This time period consisted of numerous states that sprang up from the former territories of Gojoseon. Among these states, the largest and most influential were Eastern Buyeo and Northern Buyeo . After

2211-490: The ancient times. The Bronze Age in Korea is often held to have begun around 900–800 BC, though the transition to the Bronze Age may have begun as far back as 2300 BC. Bronze daggers, mirrors, jewelry, and weaponry have been found, as well as evidence of walled-town polities. Rice, red beans, soybeans and millet were cultivated, and rectangular pit-houses and increasingly larger dolmen burial sites are found throughout

2278-452: The appearance of species chosen at the base of the zone and the appearance of other species chosen at the base of the next succeeding zone. Oppel's zones are named after a particular distinctive fossil species, called an index fossil. Index fossils are one of the species from the assemblage of species that characterize the zone. Biostratigraphy uses zones for the most fundamental unit of measurement. The thickness and range of these zones can be

2345-531: The conflict ended with a ceasefire in 1953. In 1991, both states were accepted into the United Nations . In 2018, the two nations agreed to work toward a final settlement to formally end the Korean conflict and promote the common prosperity and reunification of Korea. While both countries were essentially under authoritarian rule after the war, South Korea eventually liberalized . Since 1987 it has had

2412-499: The early 1800s. A Danish scientist and bishop by the name of Nicolas Steno was one of the first geologists to recognize that rock layers correlate to the Law of Superposition . With advancements in science and technology, by the 18th century it began to be accepted that fossils were remains left by species that had become extinct, but were then preserved within the rock record. The method was well-established before Charles Darwin explained

2479-586: The end of World War II in 1945, the Allies divided the country into a northern area (protected by the Soviets ) and a southern area (protected primarily by the United States ). In 1948, when the great powers failed to agree on the formation of a single government, this partition became the modern states of North and South Korea. The peninsula was divided at the 38th Parallel : the " Republic of Korea "

2546-416: The fall of Gojoseon , Buyeo arose in today's North Korea and southern Manchuria , from about the 2nd century BC to 494 AD. Its remnants were absorbed by Goguryeo in 494, and both Goguryeo and Baekje , two of the Three Kingdoms of Korea , considered themselves its successor. Although records are sparse and contradictory, it is thought that in 86 BC, Dongbuyeo (Eastern Buyeo) branched out, after which

2613-409: The intervention of its neighboring kingdoms. Okjeo became a tributary of Goguryeo, and was eventually annexed into Goguryeo by Gwanggaeto the Great in the 5th century. Dongye (Eastern Ye) was another small kingdom that was situated in the northern Korean Peninsula . Dongye bordered Okjeo , and the two kingdoms faced the same fate of becoming tributaries of the growing empire of Goguryeo . Dongye

2680-462: The introduction of bronze and iron metallurgy are trends denoting the end of the Mumun around 300 BC. In addition, 73 tombs similar to the ones found in Japan, estimated to date back to Gojoseon (100 BC), have been found in the southern tip of the Korean peninsula, and the discovery of jar burials , suggest a close relationship with Japan, and Gojoseon, proving that Gojoseon and Yayoi period Japan maintained close relations with one another even during

2747-414: The invention of this concept. He named stages after geographic localities with particularly good sections of rock strata that bear the characteristic fossils on which the stages are based. In 1856 German palaeontologist Albert Oppel introduced the concept of zone (also known as biozones or Oppel zone). A zone includes strata characterized by the overlapping range of fossils. They represent the time between

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2814-413: The isotopes found within fossils via radioactive decay. Current 21st century uses of biostratigraphy involve interpretations of age for rock layers, which are primarily used by oil and gas industries for drilling workflows and resource allocations. Fossil assemblages were traditionally used to designate the duration of periods. Since a large change in fauna was required to make early stratigraphers create

2881-481: The known stratigraphic and geographic range of occurrence of a single taxon. Concurrent range biozone includes the concurrent, coincident, or overlapping part of the range of two specified taxa. Interval biozones include the strata between two specific biostratigraphic surfaces and can be based on lowest or highest occurrences. Lineage biozones are strata containing species representing a specific segment of an evolutionary lineage. Assemblage biozones are strata that contain

2948-507: The late 18th century the Cambrian and Carboniferous periods were internationally recognized due to these findings. During the early 20th century, advancements in technology gave scientists the ability to study radioactive decay . Using this methodology, scientists were able to establish geological time, the boundaries of the different eras ( Paleozoic , Mesozoic , Cenozoic ), as well as Periods ( Cambrian , Ordovician , Silurian ) through

3015-454: The mechanism behind it— evolution . Scientists William Smith , George Cuvier , and Alexandre Brongniart came to the conclusion that fossils then indicated a series of chronological events, establishing layers of rock strata as some type of unit, later termed biozone . From here on, scientists began relating the changes in strata and biozones to different geological eras, establishing boundaries and time periods within major faunal changes. By

3082-414: The more powerful Korean kingdoms, and eventually Tang China, to its great advantage. In 660, King Muyeol of Silla ordered his armies to attack Baekje. General Kim Yu-shin , aided by Tang forces, conquered Baekje. In 661, Silla and Tang moved on Goguryeo but were repelled. King Munmu , son of Muyeol and nephew of Kim, launched another campaign in 667 and Goguryeo fell in the following year. Gaya

3149-550: The northern Korean peninsula. Three of the commanderies fell or retreated westward within a few decades, but the Lelang Commandery remained as a center of cultural and economic exchange with successive Chinese dynasties for four centuries, until it was conquered by Goguryeo in 313 AD. Around 300 BC, a state called Jin arose in the southern part of the Korean peninsula. Very little is known about Jin, but it established relations with Han China and exported artifacts to

3216-622: The old territories of Goguryeo, which led to the Northern and Southern States period (698–926) with Balhae and Silla coexisting. In the late 9th century, Silla was divided into the Later Three Kingdoms (892–936), which ended with the unification by Wang Kŏn 's Goryeo dynasty. Meanwhile, Balhae fell after invasions by the Khitan -led Liao dynasty ; fleeing refugees including the last crown prince emigrated to Goryeo, where he

3283-466: The organism was incompletely known, and the strata extend the known fossil range. For instance, the presence of the trace fossil Treptichnus pedum was used to define the base of the Cambrian period, but it has since been found in older strata. If the fossil is easy to preserve and easy to identify, more precise time estimating of the stratigraphic layers is possible. The concept of faunal succession

3350-421: The original Buyeo is sometimes referred to as Bukbuyeo (Northern Buyeo). Jolbon Buyeo was the predecessor to Goguryeo , and in 538, Baekje renamed itself Nambuyeo (Southern Buyeo). Okjeo was a tribal-state that was located in the northern Korean Peninsula , and was established after the fall of Gojoseon. Okjeo had been a part of Gojoseon before its fall. It never became a fully developed kingdom due to

3417-440: The peninsula. Contemporaneous records suggest that Gojoseon transitioned from a feudal federation of walled cities into a centralised kingdom at least before the 4th-century BC. It is believed that by the 4th century BC, iron culture was developing in Korea by northern influence via today's Russia's Maritime Province. Gojoseon was the first Korean kingdom, located in the north of the peninsula and Manchuria, later alongside

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3484-562: The principle of faunal succession, where fossil organisms succeed one another in a definite and determinable order, and therefore any time period can be categorized by its fossil extent. Bronze Age Korea The Lower Paleolithic era on the Korean Peninsula and in Manchuria began roughly half a million years ago. The earliest known Korean pottery dates to around 8000 BC and the Neolithic period began thereafter, followed by

3551-531: The reign of King Geunchogo , Baekje absorbed all of the Mahan states and subjugated most of the western Korean peninsula (including the modern provinces of Gyeonggi , Chungcheong , and Jeolla , as well as part of Hwanghae and Gangwon ) to a centralized government. Baekje acquired Chinese culture and technology through maritime contacts with the Southern dynasties during the expansion of its territory. Baekje

3618-832: The species lived. Index fossils were originally used to define and identify geologic units, then became a basis for defining geologic periods , and then for faunal stages and zones. Ammonites , graptolites , archeocyathids , inoceramids , and trilobites are groups of animals from which many species have been identified as index fossils that are widely used in biostratigraphy. Species of microfossils such as acritarchs , chitinozoans , conodonts , dinoflagellate cysts, ostracods , pollen , spores and foraminiferans are also frequently used. Different fossils work well for sediments of different ages; trilobites, for example, are particularly useful for sediments of Cambrian age. A long series of ammonite and inoceramid species are particularly useful for correlating environmental events around

3685-437: The state of Jin in the south of the peninsula. The founding legend of Gojoseon, which is recorded in the Samguk yusa (1281) and other medieval Korean books, states that the country was established in 2333 BC by Dangun , said to be descended from heaven. While no evidence has been found that supports whatever facts may lie beneath this, the account has played an important role in developing Korean national identity. In

3752-584: The text Guanzi , attributable to 7th century BC. The Jin state was formed in southern Korea by the 3rd century BC. In the late 2nd century BC, Gojoseon eventually fell to the Han dynasty of China, which led to succeeding warring states, the Proto–Three Kingdoms period. From the 1st century BC, Goguryeo , Baekje , and Silla grew to control the peninsula and Manchuria as the Three Kingdoms of Korea (57 BC–668 AD), until unification by Silla in 676. In 698, Dae Jo-young established Balhae in

3819-687: The unification of six chiefdoms of the Jinhan confederacy by Park Hyeokgeose in 57 BC, in the southeastern area of Korea. Its territory included the present-day port city of Busan , and Silla later emerged as a sea power responsible for destroying Japanese pirates, especially during the Unified Silla period. Silla artifacts, including unique gold metalwork, show influence from the northern nomadic steppes and Iranian peoples and especially Persians , with less Chinese influence than are shown by Goguryeo and Baekje. Silla expanded rapidly by occupying

3886-642: The world during the super-greenhouse of the Late Cretaceous . To work well, the fossils used must be widespread geographically, so that they can be found in many different places. They must also be short-lived as a species, so that the period of time during which they could be incorporated in the sediment is relatively narrow. The longer lived the species, the poorer the stratigraphic precision, so fossils that evolve rapidly, such as ammonites, are favored over forms that evolve much more slowly, like nautiloids . Often biostratigraphic correlations are based on

3953-571: Was a confederacy of small kingdoms in the Nakdong River valley of southern Korea since AD 42, growing out of the Byeonhan confederacy of the Samhan period. Gaya's plains were rich in iron, so export of iron tools was possible and agriculture flourished. In the early centuries, the Confederacy was led by Geumgwan Gaya in the Gimhae region. However, its leading power changed to Daegaya in

4020-503: Was a great maritime power; its nautical skill, which made it the Phoenicia of East Asia, was instrumental in the dissemination of Buddhism throughout East Asia and continental culture to Japan. Baekje played a fundamental role in transmitting cultural developments, such as Chinese characters , Buddhism , iron-making, advanced pottery , and ceremonial burial to ancient Japan . Other aspects of culture were also transmitted when

4087-554: Was absorbed into the ruling family, thus unifying the two successor states of Goguryeo. During the Goryeo period, laws were codified , a civil service system was introduced, and culture influenced by Buddhism flourished. However, Mongol invasions in the 13th century brought Goryeo under the influence of the Mongol Empire and the Yuan dynasty of China until the mid-14th century. In 1392, General Yi Seong-gye established

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4154-486: Was also a former part of Gojoseon before its fall. Sam-han ( 삼한 ; 三韓 ) refers to the three confederacies of Mahan , Jinhan , and Byeonhan . The Samhan were located in the southern region of the Korean Peninsula . The Samhan countries were strictly governed by law, with religion playing an important role. Mahan was the largest, consisting of 54 states, and assumed political, economic, and cultural dominance. Byeonhan and Jinhan both consisted of 12 states, bringing

4221-478: Was also known as Goryeo (also spelled as Koryŏ ), and it eventually became the source of the modern name of Korea. The 3rd and 4th centuries were characterized by territorial competition with the Chinese and Xianbei, resulting in both losses and gains. Goguryeo initiated the Goguryeo–Wei War by attacking a Chinese fortress in 242 in an attempt to cut off Chinese access to its territories in Korea. Cao Wei of

4288-480: Was challenged in the 20th century, and today no longer forms the mainstream understanding of this period. The historical Gojoseon kingdom was first mentioned in the Chinese record in a text called Guanzi , attributed to 7th century BCE. By about the 4th century BC, Gojoseon had developed to the point where its existence was well known in China, and around this time, its capital moved to Pyongyang . In 194 BC,

4355-567: Was created in the south, with the backing of the US and Western Europe, and the " Democratic People's Republic of Korea " in the north, with the backing of the Soviets and the communist People's Republic of China . The new premier of North Korea, Kim Il Sung , launched the Korean War in 1950 in an attempt to reunify the country under Communist rule . After immense material and human destruction,

4422-658: Was forced to sign unequal treaties with foreign powers. After the assassination of Empress Myeongseong by Japanese mercenaries in 1895, the Donghak Peasant Revolution , and the Gabo Reforms of 1894 to 1896 , the Korean Empire (1897–1910) came into existence, heralding a brief but rapid period of social reform and modernization. However, in 1905, the Korean Empire was forced to sign a protectorate treaty and in 1910, Japan effectively annexed

4489-619: Was theorized at the beginning of the 19th century by William Smith . When Smith was studying rock strata, he began to recognize that rock outcrops contained a unique collection of fossils. The idea that these distant rock outcrops contained similar fossils allowed for Smith to order rock formations throughout England. With Smith's work on these rock outcrops and mapping around England, he began to notice some beds of rock may contain mostly similar species, however there were also subtle differences within or between these fossil groups. This difference in assemblages that appeared identical at first, lead to

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