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123-549: The 1983 Triple-A World Series was held as a round-robin tournament involving the champions of the American Association (AA), International League (IL), and Pacific Coast League (PCL) at Cardinal Stadium in Louisville, Kentucky . A combination of low attendance and the three league presidents being unable to agree on a more suitable location resulted in the cancellation of a proposed 1984 series. Following

246-463: A bye . The schedule can therefore be computed as though the dummy were an ordinary player, either fixed or rotating. Instead of rotating one position, any number relatively prime to ( n − 1 ) {\displaystyle (n-1)} will generate a complete schedule. The upper and lower rows can indicate home/away in sports, white/black in chess , etc.; to ensure fairness, this must alternate between rounds since competitor 1

369-743: A World Series game during the daytime hours would not have approached such a record number. Kuhn's vision in this instance has been fulfilled, as all the World Series games since 1988 have been played in prime time. On October 7, 1969 , the St. Louis Cardinals traded Curt Flood , catcher Tim McCarver , outfielder Byron Browne , and left-handed pitcher Joe Hoerner to the Philadelphia Phillies for first baseman Dick Allen , second baseman Cookie Rojas , and right-handed ace relief pitcher Jerry Johnson . However, Flood refused to report to

492-721: A berth in the 2000 Triple-A World Series by winning the IL championship over the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons , 3–2. The Memphis Redbirds won the PCL championship and advanced to the series by defeating the Salt Lake Buzz , 3–1. In Game One, Lyle Mouton led the Indianapolis offense with four RBIs and a three-run home run in the seventh inning on the way to an 8–3 Indians win. Both teams scored in

615-592: A best-of-five series at Cashman Field in Las Vegas, home of the PCL's Las Vegas Stars . The agreement was joint venture between the two Triple-A leagues, Major League Baseball, and the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority and was scheduled to run for three years, from 1998 to 2000. The site was chosen because of its reasonable travel costs and other offerings in the city. The series were to be televised on ESPN2 . The 1998 Triple-A World Series

738-715: A best-of-seven (or eight) series modeled on the World Series of Major League Baseball . Most often, it was held between the champions of the International League (IL) and the American Association (AA), though the Pacific Coast League (PCL) participated in place of the IL in 1919. Officials from the International League voted to discontinue the series after 1975 due to their playoff teams being weakened by major league call-ups,

861-459: A big league field." Bill Veeck claimed Landis prevented him from purchasing the Phillies when Landis learned of Veeck's plan to integrate the team. The signing of the first black ballplayer in the modern era, Jackie Robinson , came less than a year after Landis's death on Chandler's watch and was engineered by one of Landis's old nemeses, Branch Rickey . Eleven weeks after Robinson's debut with

984-464: A bye. If the number is even, an added player (ω) becomes the opponent. For an even number n {\displaystyle n} or an odd number n − 1 {\displaystyle n-1} of competitors, Schurig builds a table with n / 2 {\displaystyle n/2} vertical rows and n − 1 {\displaystyle n-1} horizontal rows. Then he populates it starting from

1107-413: A comfortable retirement as the titular head of baseball. Instead, Landis ruled baseball with an iron hand for the next 25 years. He established a fiercely independent commissioner's office that would go on to often make both players and owners miserable with decisions that he argued were in the best interests of the game. He worked to clean up the hooliganism that was tarnishing the reputation of players in

1230-411: A competitor to play the strongest opponents in a round robin in quick succession while others play them intermittently with weaker opposition. This asymmetry means that playing the same opponents is not necessarily completely equitable. There is also no scheduled showcase final match unless (by coincidence) two competitors meet in the last match of the tournament, with the result of that match determining

1353-477: A competitor's chance of ultimate victory. Final records of participants are more accurate, in the sense that they represent the results over a longer period against the same opposition. The system is also better for ranking all participants, not just determining the winner. This is helpful to determine the final rank of all competitors, from strongest to weakest, for purposes of qualification for another stage or competition as well as for prize money. In team sports,

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1476-476: A lifetime contract. The owners, still reeling from the perception that the sport was crooked, readily agreed. Landis's first significant act was to deal with the Black Sox scandal . Following a trial, the eight players suspected of involvement in the fix were acquitted. Nevertheless, immediately following the players' acquittal, Landis banned them all from baseball for life. He famously declared, "Regardless of

1599-538: A lot about our casualties during the war. Plenty of Negro boys were willing to go out and fight and die for this country. Is it right when they came back to tell them they can't play the national pastime? You know, Branch, I'm going to have to meet my Maker some day. And if He asks me why I didn't let this boy play, and I say it's because he's black, that might not be a satisfactory answer. If the Lord made some people black, and some white, and some red or yellow, he must have had

1722-489: A lower-placed qualifier is perceived to be easier than for a higher-placed one). Four pairs in the 2012 Olympics Women's doubles badminton , having qualified for the next round, were ejected from the competition for attempting to lose in the round robin stage to avoid compatriots and better ranked opponents. The round robin stage at the Olympics was a new introduction, and these potential problems were readily known prior to

1845-537: A player in the off-season draft, as in this occasion recorded in the book Dodger Daze and Knights : All the clubowners and managers, and Commissioner Landis, were assembled to conduct the draft. One team representative said he "claim[s] Player [Paul] Richards of Brooklyn". "You can't do that!" barked a surprised Wilbert Robinson , manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers. "Why not?" asked Landis. "Because Brooklyn has him covered up", sputtered Robbie. Most of

1968-732: A playoff for the Triple-A World Series title with a win over Denver in Game Six. In a close back-and-forth contest, Denver defeated Portland, 5–4, with Marv Foley scoring twice and driving in two runs. The Tidewater Tides (IL, 3–1) won the series against the Portland Beavers (PCL, 2–2) and Denver Bears (AA, 1–3). Tidewater first baseman Gary Rajsich was selected as the Triple-A World Series Most Valuable Player (MVP). Over

2091-506: A pretty good reason. It isn't my job to decide which colors can play big league baseball. It is my job to see that the game is fairly played and that everybody has an equal chance. I think if I do that, I can face my Maker with a clear conscience. In 1951 , National League president Ford Frick succeeded Happy Chandler as commissioner of baseball. Frick's critics accused him of favoring the National League in his rulings, such as how

2214-437: A round in which players meets each other. For example, player 7 plays against player 11 in round 4. If a player meets itself, then this shows a bye or a game against player n. All games in a round constitutes a diagonal in the table. The above schedule can also be represented by a graph, as shown below: Both the graph and the schedule were reported by Édouard Lucas in as a recreational mathematics puzzle. Lucas, who describes

2337-497: A round, a non-leftmost position (not including 1 {\displaystyle 1} ) can only be taken by competitors of a fixed distance. In round 1 {\displaystyle 1} of the example, in the second position competitor 2 {\displaystyle 2} plays against 13 {\displaystyle 13} , their distance is 2 {\displaystyle 2} . In round 2 {\displaystyle 2} , this position

2460-540: A schedule where player 14 has a fixed position, and all other players are rotated counterclockwise n 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {n}{2}}} positions. This schedule is easily generated manually. To construct the next round, the last player, number 8 in the first round, moves to the head of the table, followed by player 9 against player 7, player 10 against 6, until player 1 against player 2. Arithmetically, this equates to adding n 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {n}{2}}} to

2583-619: A straight knockout system. The top one, two, or occasionally three teams in these groups then proceed to a straight knockout stage for the remainder of the tournament. In the circle of death it is possible that no champion emerges from a round-robin tournament, even if there is no draw, but most sports have tie-breaker systems which resolve this. Round-robins can suffer from being too long compared to other tournament types, and with later scheduled games potentially not having any substantial meaning. They may also require tie-breaking procedures. Swiss system tournaments attempt to combine elements of

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2706-405: A strong business background to deal with the problems that were confronting the game at the time. Retired US Army LTG William Eckert became a serious candidate for the commissionership only after fellow general officer Curtis LeMay gave Major League Baseball a recommendation for him. On November 17, 1965 , by a unanimous vote of the then, 20 major league club owners, William Eckert became

2829-526: A table. In France this is called the Carousel -Berger system (Système Rutch-Berger). The schedule can also be used for "asynchronous" round-robin tournaments where all games take place at different times (for example, because there is only one venue). The games are played from left to right in each round, and from the first round to the last. When the number of competitors is even, this schedule performs well with respect to quality and fairness measures such as

2952-416: A tournament of 16 teams can be completed in just 4 rounds (i.e. 15 matches) in a knockout format; a double elimination tournament format requires 30 (or 31) matches, but a round-robin would require 15 rounds (i.e. 120 matches) to finish if each competitor faces each other once. Other issues stem from the difference between the theoretical fairness of the round robin format and practice in a real event. Since

3075-657: A twelfth team in Cleveland or Detroit. With the American League's status as a major league (and possibly its very existence) suddenly in jeopardy, the five American League owners loyal to Johnson sued for peace. Eventually, at the urging of Detroit Tigers owner and Johnson loyalist Frank Navin , a compromise was reached in late 1920 to reform the National Commission with a membership of non-baseball men. Having agreed to appoint only non-baseball men to

3198-571: A variety of tiebreaker criteria. Frequently, pool stages within a wider tournament are conducted on a round-robin basis. Examples with single round-robin scheduling include the FIFA World Cup , UEFA European Football Championship , and UEFA Cup (2004–2009) in football, Super Rugby ( rugby union ) in the Southern Hemisphere during its past iterations as Super 12 and Super 14 (but not in its later 15- and 18-team formats),

3321-558: Is a competition format in which each contestant meets every other participant, usually in turn. A round-robin contrasts with an elimination tournament , wherein participants are eliminated after a certain number of wins or losses. The term round-robin is derived from the French term ruban ('ribbon'). Over time, the term became idiomized to robin . In a single round-robin schedule, each participant plays every other participant once. If each participant plays all others twice, this

3444-613: Is a simple algorithm to create a schedule for a round-robin tournament. All competitors are assigned to numbers, and then paired in the first round: Next, one of the competitors in the first or last column of the table is fixed (number one in this example) and the others rotated clockwise one position: This is repeated until when the next iteration would lead back to the initial pairings: With an even number n {\displaystyle n} of competitors this algorithm realizes every possible combination of them (equivalently, that all pairs realized are pairwise different). First,

3567-435: Is always on the first row. If, say, competitors 3 and 8 were unable to fulfil their fixture in the third round, it would need to be rescheduled outside the other rounds, since both competitors would already be facing other opponents in those rounds. More complex scheduling constraints may require more complex algorithms. This schedule is applied in chess and draughts tournaments of rapid games, where players physically move round

3690-691: Is even, then in each of ( n − 1 ) {\displaystyle (n-1)} rounds, n 2 {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{\frac {n}{2}}\end{matrix}}} games can be run concurrently, provided there exist sufficient resources (e.g. courts for a tennis tournament). If n {\displaystyle n} is odd, there will be n {\displaystyle n} rounds, each with n − 1 2 {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{\frac {n-1}{2}}\end{matrix}}} games, and one competitor having no game in that round. The circle method

3813-566: Is frequently called a double round-robin . The term is rarely used when all participants play one another more than twice, and is never used when one participant plays others an unequal number of times, as is the case in almost all of the major North American professional sports leagues. In the United Kingdom , a round-robin tournament has been called an American tournament in sports such as tennis or billiards which usually have single-elimination (or "knockout") tournaments, although this

Triple-A World Series - Misplaced Pages Continue

3936-1054: Is held by competitors 14 {\displaystyle 14} and 12 {\displaystyle 12} , also having distance 2 {\displaystyle 2} , etc. Similarly, the next position ( 3 {\displaystyle 3} against 12 {\displaystyle 12} in round 1 {\displaystyle 1} , 2 {\displaystyle 2} against 11 {\displaystyle 11} in round 2 {\displaystyle 2} , etc.) can only hold distance- 4 {\displaystyle 4} competitors. For every k < n 2 {\displaystyle k<{\frac {n}{2}}} , there are exactly n − 1 {\displaystyle n-1} pairs of distance k {\displaystyle k} . There are n − 1 {\displaystyle n-1} rounds and they all realize one distance- k {\displaystyle k} pair at

4059-406: Is now considered a classic. On October 13, 1971 , the World Series held a night game for the first time. Kuhn, who thought that baseball could attract a larger audience by featuring a prime time telecast (as opposed to a mid-afternoon broadcast, when most fans either worked or attended school), pitched the idea to NBC . An estimated 61 million people watched Game 4 on NBC; TV ratings for

4182-456: Is now rarely done. A round-robin tournament with four players is sometimes called "quad" or "foursome". In sports with a large number of competitive matches per season, double round-robins are common. Most association football leagues in the world are organized on a double round-robin basis, in which every team plays all others in its league once at home and once away. This system is also used in qualification for major tournaments such as

4305-408: Is the fairest way to determine the champion from among a known and fixed number of contestants. Each contestant, whether player or team, has equal chances against all other opponents because there is no prior seeding of contestants that will preclude a match between any given pair. The element of luck is seen to be reduced as compared to a knockout system since one or two bad performances need not ruin

4428-593: The 1919 World Series had been thrown to Herrmann's Reds. Meanwhile, the commission came under pressure to remove Herrmann from his post due to anti-German sentiment following U.S. entry into World War I . At the end of the 1920 season, the National League, whose owners had never been on good terms with Johnson, agreed to invite the White Sox along with the Boston Red Sox and New York Yankees to join their league. The National League also unveiled plans to put

4551-574: The 2025 ICC Champions Trophy . In a more extreme example, the KBO League in baseball plays a 16-fold round robin, with each of the 10 teams playing each other 16 times for a total of 144 games per team. LIDOM (Baseball Winter League in the Dominican Republic) plays an 18-fold round robin as a semi final tournament between four classified teams. Group tournaments rankings usually go by number of matches won and drawn, with any of

4674-561: The American Association championship . The Tidewater Tides beat the Richmond Braves , 3–1, to win the International League championship and advance to the series. The Portland Beavers won the Pacific Coast League championship and a spot in the series by sweeping the Albuquerque Dukes , 3–0. In Game One, Tidewater defeated Denver, 7–1, behind the pitching performances of Tim Leary and Terry Leach , who limited

4797-490: The Brooklyn Dodgers , Veeck became the first American League owner to break the color line. Landis tried to curb the growth of minor league farm systems by innovators such as Rickey, in the name of protecting the lower levels of professional ball. Landis argued that because a parent club could unilaterally call up players from teams that were involved in pennant races, the organization was unfairly interfering with

4920-656: The Cricket World Cup along with Indian Premier League , major Twenty-20 Cricket tournament, and many American football college conferences , such as the Conference USA (which currently has 9 members). The group phases of the UEFA club competitions and Copa Libertadores are contested as a double round-robin, as are most basketball leagues outside the United States, including the regular season of

5043-536: The EuroLeague (as well as its former Top 16 phase); the United Football League has used a double round-robin for both its 2009 and 2010 seasons. Season ending tennis tournaments also use a round robin format prior to the semi on stages. The champion in a round-robin tournament is the contestant that wins the most games, except when draws are possible. In theory, a round-robin tournament

Triple-A World Series - Misplaced Pages Continue

5166-606: The FIFA World Cup and the continental tournaments (e.g. UEFA European Championship , CONCACAF Gold Cup , AFC Asian Cup , CONMEBOL Copa América and CAF Cup of Nations ). There are also round-robin cricket , bridge , chess , draughts , go , ice hockey , curling , and Scrabble tournaments. The World Chess Championship decided in 2005 and in 2007 on an eight-player double round-robin tournament where each player faces every other player once as white and once as black. There has been several major international cricket tournaments held in this format including ICC events, including

5289-453: The 1920s. Without a union to represent them, the players had no meaningful recourse to challenge Landis' virtually unchecked authority. On the other hand, Landis inserted his office into negotiations with players, where he deemed appropriate, to put an end to a few of the more egregious labor practices that had contributed to the players' discontent. He also personally approved broadcasters for the World Series. Landis's only significant rival in

5412-459: The 1960s expansion teams would be stocked. Frick's most well-known statement as commissioner was made in 1961 when several players were on a pace to break Babe Ruth 's single-season home run record. In a press conference, Frick stated that the single-season home run record should be separated into multiple lists, based on the length of a season. (Frick has at times been credited with the saying that there should be an asterisk to differentiate between

5535-563: The AA wanted to keep it in Louisville. Commissioner of Baseball Bowie Kuhn , who felt uneasy about playing games in Las Vegas due to the presence of legalized gambling, cancelled the series in April 1984 after the three Triple-A presidents could not come to an agreement as to its location. There was not another postseason meeting of these minor leagues until 1988, when the International League and

5658-607: The American Association held the first Triple-A Classic , a best-of-seven series played in conjunction with the Triple-A Alliance . The Triple-A Classic continued as an annual event until league owners voted to end the Triple-A Alliance after 1991. On July 9, 1997, Triple-A owners voted for a realignment plan that resulted in the American Association disbanding and its teams being absorbed by

5781-485: The American League owners to choose between him and Johnson. The owners promptly sent Johnson on a sabbatical from which he never really returned. Landis perpetuated the color line and prolonged the segregation of organized baseball. His successor, Happy Chandler , said, "For twenty-four years Judge Landis wouldn't let a black man play. I had his records, and I read them, and for twenty-four years Landis consistently blocked any attempts to put blacks and whites together on

5904-511: The Bears to one run , and the offense of Rusty Tillman , who led the scoring with three runs batted in (RBIs). In Game Two, played the next day as the first part of a nine-inning double header , Portland took a three-run lead in the first inning and never relinquished, winning 11–8 over Tidewater. Portland's Rick Schu and Steve Jeltz each came home to score three times, and Dick Davis and Tim Corcoran each drove in three runs. In Game Three,

6027-515: The Boston Red Sox and New York Yankees for $ 3.5 million, Kuhn blocked the deals on the grounds that they would be bad for the game. Some believe that Kuhn's actions were simply a revenge tactic, aimed at Finley, after Finley attempted to force an owners vote to remove Kuhn as commissioner in 1975 . After being in office for over ten years, Kuhn had grown a strong reputation for being particularly hard on players who abused drugs . Kuhn

6150-499: The Continental League to fold without ever playing a game. More than 150 names appeared on the original list of nominees for the commissionership following Ford Frick 's retirement. The club owners initially were unable to decide if the next commissioner should come from within the ranks of the game as Frick had, or from elsewhere like Frick's two predecessors had. They finally decided that the new commissioner should have

6273-580: The Hall formalizing its policy against inducting banned persons, and the Hall took no action as a result of Kuhn's decision. Both players were re-instated by Kuhn's successor in 1985. In 1980 , during the Iranian hostage crisis , Kuhn sat at a baseball game with Jeremiah Denton , a Navy admiral and former POW in Vietnam who would be elected U.S. senator later that year from the state of Alabama . Recalling

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6396-432: The International League and Pacific Coast League in 1998. A committee was established to explore the possibility of reviving the Triple-A World Series in a four-team IL-versus-PCL format involving either the champions and runners-up from each league or the incorporation of each league championship series into the series' semifinals. Plans were finalized before the start of the 1998 season. The IL and PCL champions would meet in

6519-698: The International League and the Pacific Coast League returned to ending their seasons after the crowning of their own champions. No other postseason meetings between the leagues occurred until 2006 with the creation of the Bricktown Showdown , a single game to determine a champion of the Triple-A classification. The Denver Bears qualified for the 1983 Triple-A World Series by defeating the Louisville Redbirds, 4–0, to win

6642-708: The June assassination of Robert F. Kennedy , while also incurring team owners' disdain because he refused to deal forcefully with substantive business issues. Anticipating a players' strike and having no ownership confidence in his ability to handle the situation, Eckert was forced to resign at the end of the 1968 season, although he still had three years on his contract. In spite of his much-publicized failures and shortcomings, William Eckert also developed more effective committee actions, streamlined business methods, and helped stabilize franchises with bigger stadiums and long-term leases. In addition, Eckert worked hard toward promoting

6765-484: The National Commission, the owners tapped federal judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis , an ardent baseball fan, to serve as the reformed commission's chairman. Landis responded by declaring that he would only accept an appointment as sole commissioner, with nearly unlimited authority to act in the "best interests of baseball" – in essence, serving as an arbitrator whose decisions could not be appealed. Finally, Landis insisted on

6888-460: The Series be canceled, and loudly criticized Landis's handling of the affair, to which Landis responded by threatening to resign. The American League owners promised to throw Johnson out of office if he stepped out of line again. Two years later , when Johnson criticized Landis's decision to give Ty Cobb and Tris Speaker an amnesty after it surfaced they had bet on a fixed game in 1919, Landis told

7011-636: The Vancouver Canadians (PCL) won in 1999. The Indianapolis Indians (IL) won the final series in 2000. IL and PCL teams tied in the all-time series with two wins apiece. The only American Association team to participate lost in their only series appearance. One player from the winning team was recognized for their outstanding play in the series and was given the Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award. Round-robin tournament A round-robin tournament or all-play-all tournament

7134-538: The Zephyrs ahead. New Orleans won a decisive Game 4 behind the bat of Lance Berkman , who hit three home runs and drove in six, in the 12–6 victory. Berkman, a left fielder , was voted the series MVP after he hit .467 with 3 home runs and 6 RBIs. The Charlotte Knights won the IL championship and advanced to the 1999 Triple-A World Series by defeating the Durham Bulls, 3–1. The Vancouver Canadians qualified for

7257-446: The algorithm obviously realizes every pair of competitors if one of them equals 1 {\displaystyle 1} (the non-moving competitor). Next, for pairs of non- 1 {\displaystyle 1} competitors, let their distance be the number k < n 2 {\displaystyle k<{\frac {n}{2}}} of times the rotation has to be carried out in order that one competitor arrives at

7380-540: The amount of rest between games. On the other hand, when the number of competitors is odd, it does not perform so well and a different schedule is superior with respect to these measures. Alternatively Berger tables, named after the Austrian chess master Johann Berger , are widely used in the planning of tournaments. Berger published the pairing tables in his two Schach-Jahrbücher (Chess Annals), with due reference to its inventor Richard Schurig. This constitutes

7503-435: The championship. A notable instance of such an event was the 1950 FIFA World Cup match between Uruguay and Brazil . Further issues arise where a round-robin is used as a qualifying round within a larger tournament. A competitor already qualified for the next stage before its last game may either not try hard (in order to conserve resources for the next phase) or even deliberately lose (if the scheduled next-phase opponent for

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7626-526: The direction of the commissioner, the Office of the Commissioner of Baseball hires and maintains the sport's umpiring crews, and negotiates marketing , labor, and television contracts . The commissioner is chosen by a vote of the owners of the teams. The incumbent MLB commissioner is Rob Manfred , who assumed office on January 25, 2015. The title "commissioner", which is a title that is now applied to

7749-472: The disbandment of the AA after the 1997 season, the Triple-A World Series was revived as a contest between the IL and PCL from 1998 to 2000. Held at Cashman Field in Las Vegas , Nevada , the series was discontinued after three years of poor attendance. Two of the four Triple-A World Series were won by International League teams, and two were won by Pacific Coast League teams. The Tidewater Tides (IL) won

7872-419: The early years was longtime American League founder and president Ban Johnson , who had been reckoned as the most powerful man in the game before Landis's arrival. Johnson was as strong-willed as Landis, and a clash between the two was inevitable. It happened in the 1924 World Series . When several Giants were implicated in a plan to bribe players on the moribund Phillies late in the season, Johnson demanded that

7995-635: The event beyond the original three-year deal. At the same time, they also explored other possible neutral sites for future games, including Doubleday Field in Cooperstown, New York , home of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum , and Disney's Wide World of Sports Complex in Orlando, Florida . Another option was a home-and-home arrangement where games would be played at the home stadiums of each participant. An agreement to keep

8118-401: The event in Las Vegas was reached during the 2000 series, but the 2001 Triple-A World Series would be reduced to a best-of-three series held on a weekend rather than on weekdays. However, this decision was reversed months later when the leagues decided to suspend the series for 2001—citing poor attendance—and find a new format for 2002. Ultimately, the Triple-A World Series was discontinued, and

8241-429: The event to The Washington Post , Kuhn believed that "that afternoon ... the idea of a lifetime baseball pass was discussed", and upon their return from Iran, each of the 52 hostages was given one of these unique passes. Kuhn was both praised and attacked for the firm stand that he levied against offenders. In 1982 , some of the owners organized a move to push him out of office. In 1983 , Kuhn and his supporters made

8364-521: The expiration of his first one in 1951 . Chandler was fully aware that he was jeopardizing his own commissionership by stewarding the integration process. Chandler's attitude was a simple one, which he conveyed to Branch Rickey, and later recounted in his autobiography: I've already done a lot of thinking about this whole racial situation in our country. As a member of the Senate Military Affairs Committee, I got to know

8487-460: The first 21 Bisons batters he faced, and Daryle Ward scored the first four runs with two 2-run home runs. Buffalo evened the series with a 9–2 win in Game Two. James Betzold, Phil Hiatt , and Jeff Manto collected two RBIs each. In Game 3, New Orleans regained the series lead with a 3–2 win in which Ken Ramos and Marc Ronan hit back-to-back home runs in the bottom of the eighth inning putting

8610-459: The first inning of Game Two, and the score remained knotted at 1–1 until the bottom of the eighth when Indianapolis's Santiago Pérez drove in Chris Jones for a 2–1 lead. Bob Scanlan , the IL saves leader, came in the ninth to close the game. Memphis lead-off hitter Albert Pujols drew a walk and eventually scored the tieing run on Keith McDonald 's base hit. Tied 2–2 in the bottom of

8733-569: The fourth commissioner of Major League Baseball. When he became commissioner, Eckert had not seen a game in person in over 10 years. He was a compromise choice for the job, previously being so obscure that sportswriters nicknamed him "the Unknown Soldier". During the 1968 season, Eckert incurred the public's ire by refusing to cancel exhibition games after the April assassination of Martin Luther King nor regular-season games after

8856-983: The front window, waiting for Kuhn to approach, clutching billiard balls, and a shotgun. Ironically, when Porter was named the most valuable player of the 1982 World Series while playing for the Cardinals, Kuhn was on hand to congratulate him. In 1983 , four players from the Kansas City Royals – Willie Wilson , Jerry Martin , Willie Mays Aikens , and Vida Blue – were found guilty of cocaine use. In addition, such established stars as Ferguson Jenkins , Keith Hernandez , Dave Parker , and Dale Berra admitted to having problems with drugs. Hall of Famers Willie Mays and Mickey Mantle were banned in 1980 and 1983 respectively after they were hired by casinos in Atlantic City, New Jersey , as greeters and autograph signers. These bans were highly controversial at

8979-428: The game internationally, including a 1966 post-World Series tour of Japan by the National League champion Los Angeles Dodgers . Bowie Kuhn 's tenure was marked by labor strikes (most notably in 1981 ), owner disenchantment, and the end of baseball's reserve clause , yet baseball enjoyed unprecedented attendance gains (from 23 million in 1968 to 45.5 million in 1983 ) and television contracts during

9102-477: The game with the Indians winning, 9–2, and taking the series, 3–1. Shortstop Santiago Pérez, who hit .462 with 2 home runs, 3 RBIs, and 4 runs, was selected as the series MVP. Two of the four Triple-A World Series were won by International League teams, and two were won by Pacific Coast League teams. The Tidewater Tides (IL) won the initial 1983 series. The New Orleans Zephyrs (PCL) won in 1998, and

9225-865: The heads of several other major sports leagues as well as baseball, derives from its predecessor office, the National Baseball Commission , the ruling body of professional baseball starting with the National Agreement of 1903, which created unity between both the National League and the American League . The agreement consisted of three members: the two league presidents and a commission chairman, whose primary responsibilities were to preside at meetings and to mediate disputes. Although Cincinnati Reds president August Herrmann served as commission chairman and as such

9348-498: The idea to Columbus Clippers president George Sisler Jr. Cooper, Smith, Sisler, and American Association president Joe Ryan met that October to discuss plans for such a series. Under their proposal, the league champions of the American Association, International League, and Pacific Coast League would participate in a mulit-day round-robin tournament to determine a champion of the Triple-A classification. On October 28, representatives from all three leagues met to give final approval to

9471-518: The initial 1983 series. The New Orleans Zephyrs (PCL) won in 1998, and the Vancouver Canadians (PCL) won in 1999. The Indianapolis Indians (IL) won the final series in 2000. Periodically from 1904 to 1975, the champions from the top-classification leagues of Minor League Baseball met in the postseason to determine a champion amongst them. The Little World Series (1904–1931) and Junior World Series (1932–1975) usually consisted of

9594-491: The initial steps toward integration of the major leagues, beginning with the debut of Jackie Robinson with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947. This move was controversial with team owners, who voted 15–1 against integrating the sport in a secret January 1947 meeting. The Dodgers' Branch Rickey met with Chandler, who agreed to back the team's move. Chandler's stance was credited by many in the sports community with Chandler's failure to be selected for another term as commissioner after

9717-405: The key run in the eighth to send the series to the full five games. Vancouver won Game 5 and the series with a 16–2 rout over Charlotte. Mulder pitched a complete game, allowing two runs on seven hits, and Long and Roberto Vaz led the scoring with three RBIs apiece. Center fielder Terrence Long, who hit .429 with 9 hits and 10 RBIs, was selected as the series MVP. The Indianapolis Indians gained

9840-403: The method as simple and ingenious , attributes the solution to Felix Walecki, a teacher at Lycée Condorcet . Lucas also included an alternative solution by means of a sliding puzzle . To easily remember this method, the following mnemonic can be used. Starting from the first round, the next round is constructed: and then, If the number of players is odd, the player in the first venue gets

9963-467: The minor competitions. His position was that the championship of each minor league was of no less importance than the championships of the major leagues and that minor league fans and supporters had the right to see their teams competing as best they could. On the other hand, the decisive factor resulting in the eventual entrenchment of the modern farm system was not Landis' demise but rather the growing presence of MLB on television, which caused attendances in

10086-412: The minor league or semi-professional level. One of the schemes Landis vigorously fought was the effort by major-league teams to "cover up" players they were hiding in their farm systems. The term, not used in formal communications by the league or team officials, referred to players clandestinely signed by a major-league team to a minor-league contract. Occasionally one team would serendipitously find such

10209-473: The minor leagues to collapse and left these clubs in a precarious financial position that would have made Landis' position untenable in any case. Moreover, Landis prevented the formation of a powerful third major league when he stopped Pants Rowland from upgrading the Pacific Coast League in the 1940s. Furthermore, (and despite the fact that, insofar as he was accountable at all, it was strictly to major league owners) Landis did not hesitate to aggressively use

10332-457: The moribund Phillies, citing the team's poor record and the fact that they played in dilapidated Connie Mack Stadium before belligerent and, Flood believed, racist fans. Flood forfeited a relatively lucrative US$ 100,000 (equivalent to $ 830,853 in 2023) contract by his refusal to be traded to the Phillies. In a letter to Kuhn, Flood demanded that the commissioner declare him a free agent . Kuhn denied Flood's request to enter free agency, citing

10455-548: The nightcap, Portland beat Denver, 3–2. On the third day of competition, the Tides' Dwight Gooden pitched a complete game four-hitter in Game Four as Tidewater defeated Denver, 4–2. In Game Five that evening, Tidewater downed Portland, 6–3, with help from Ron Gardenhire , who drove in three runs. Going into the last day of the series, Tidewater held a 3–1 lead after playing all four of their games. Portland, at 2–1, could force

10578-403: The ninth, the Indians' Creighton Gubanich hit a walk-off home run to give Indianapolis a 3–2 win and a 2–0 series lead. Memphis staved off elimination with an 11-4 Game Three victory behind the bat of Larry Sutton , who hit two home runs. In Game Four, Indianapolis' Horacio Estrada allowed two runs in the first inning and then pitched seven scoreless frames before Scanlan came in to close out

10701-443: The others broke down laughing. Even Landis smirked. Whether his decisions were praised or criticized, he was satisfied with being respected and feared. Dubbed "the baseball tyrant" by journalists of the day, his rule was absolute. In the context of ensuring the integrity of the game itself, baseball historians generally regard him as the right man at the right time when appointed, but also as a man who perhaps held office too long. He

10824-496: The position the other had. In the example given ( n = 14 {\displaystyle n=14} ), 2 {\displaystyle 2} has distance 1 {\displaystyle 1} to 3 {\displaystyle 3} and to 14 {\displaystyle 14} and it has distance 6 {\displaystyle 6} to 8 {\displaystyle 8} and to 9 {\displaystyle 9} . In

10947-565: The post. Despite being the last candidate put forth in the April 1945 meetings, he was elected by a unanimous vote of the team owners, and resigned his Senate seat in October of that year. Chandler clashed with Brooklyn Dodgers manager Leo "the Lip" Durocher over Durocher's association with gambling figures and his marriage to actress Laraine Day , which came amid allegations from Day's ex-husband that Durocher had stolen her away from him. Before

11070-583: The powers of his office to force the minor leagues and their clubs to submit to his authority in a number of ways. Most notably, he uncompromisingly held to a policy that dictated any minor league player who knowingly played with or against a player banned by Major League Baseball would himself be banned from MLB for life. This threat effectively compelled every minor league to rigidly honor and enforce suspensions handed down by Landis in their competitions as well. Nevertheless, some players banned by Landis are believed to have continued playing under assumed identities at

11193-400: The previous row, with the exception of player n {\displaystyle n} . When the result of the addition is greater than ( n − 1 ) {\displaystyle (n-1)} , then subtract ( n − 1 ) {\displaystyle (n-1)} from the sum. This schedule can also be represented as a (n-1, n-1) table, expressing

11316-416: The propriety of the reserve clause , which was language in contracts that essentially prevented a player from playing with another team even after his contract expired. In response, Flood filed a lawsuit against Kuhn and Major League Baseball on January 16, 1970 , alleging that Major League Baseball had violated federal antitrust laws. Even though Flood was making $ 90,000 (equivalent to $ 747,768 in 2023) at

11439-732: The rest of the season for carrying a gun. Among his more controversial decisions was to bar both Willie Mays (in 1979 ) and Mickey Mantle (in 1983 ) from the sport due to their involvement in casino promotion. Neither was directly involved in gambling, moreover the casinos they worked for did not even offer sports betting , let alone betting on baseball (this was not legalized in New Jersey until 2012). Mays and Mantle were reinstated by Kuhn's successor Peter Ueberroth in 1985 . Also in 1970, Kuhn described Jim Bouton 's Ball Four as "detrimental to baseball" and demanded that Bouton retract it. The book has been republished several times and

11562-406: The round-robin and elimination formats, to provide a worthy champion using fewer rounds than a round-robin, while allowing draws and losses. The main disadvantage of a round robin tournament is the time needed to complete it. Unlike a knockout tournament where half of the participants are eliminated after each round, a round robin requires one round less than the number of participants. For instance,

11685-525: The round-robin major league champions are generally regarded as the "best" team in the land, rather than the cup winners, whose tournaments usually follow a single-elimination format. Moreover, in tournaments such as the FIFA or ICC World Cups, a first round stage consisting of a number of mini round robins between groups of 4 teams guards against the possibility of a team travelling possibly thousands of miles only to be eliminated after just one poor performance in

11808-408: The same position. Clearly, these pairs are pairwise different. The conclusion is that every distance- k {\displaystyle k} pair is realized. This holds for every k {\displaystyle k} , hence, every pair is realized. If there are an odd number of competitors, a dummy competitor can be added, whose scheduled opponent in a given round does not play and has

11931-422: The same time frame. Kuhn suspended numerous players for involvement with drugs and gambling, and took a strong stance against any activity that he perceived to be "not in the best interests of baseball". In 1970 , he suspended star Detroit Tigers pitcher Denny McLain indefinitely (the suspension was later set at 3 months) due to McLain's involvement in a bookmaking operation, and later suspended McLain for

12054-542: The series with a 3–1 PCL championship win over the Oklahoma RedHawks . In Game One, Vancouver reached the middle of the seventh inning with a 5–1 lead behind starting pitcher Mark Mulder . Charlotte tied the game, 5–5, in the bottom of the eighth, and walked-off with a 6–5 win after Eric Christopherson drove in Chad Mottola in the bottom of the ninth with a slow infield hit . In Game Two, Vancouver tied

12177-537: The series with a 5–4 win, with Terrence Long driving home Mike Neill with a triple in the fifth inning for the winning run. In Game Three, the Knights' Jon Garland struck out eight Canadians, allowing no earned runs, and Jeff Abbott and Jeff Liefer each homered off of Vancouver's Barry Zito , in a 4–2 victory. Vancouver answered with a 9–7 win in Game Four in which Joe Espada drove in Eric Martins for

12300-562: The series, he accumulated a .583 batting average with 2 home runs and 5 RBIs. The Buffalo Bisons qualified for the 1998 Las Vegas Triple-A World Series by winning the IL championship over the Durham Bulls , 3–2. The New Orleans Zephyrs won the PCL championship and a series berth by defeating the Calgary Cannons , 3–2. In Game One, New Orleans won against Buffalo, 7–2. Zephyrs starting pitcher John Halama retired 19 of

12423-462: The series. Cardinal Stadium in Louisville, Kentucky , was selected as the site for the first Triple-A World Series because its Cardinals had set the all-time minor league attendance record that season. Through 65 games, total attendance was 1,052,438 people, for an average of over 16,000 per game. The series was to be televised on ESPN . The 1983 Triple-A World Series was played from September 15–19. The total attendance for all four dates

12546-400: The start of the 1947 season, Chandler suspended Durocher for the entire season, citing "conduct detrimental to baseball". The Dodgers went on to win the pennant that season under replacement manager Burt Shotton . Chandler became known as "the players' commissioner" for his work on their behalf. During his service, he presided over the establishment of a pension fund for players and oversaw

12669-608: The teams. This famously happened during the 1994 FIFA World Cup Group E , where all four teams finished with a record of one win, one draw, and one loss. This phenomenon is analogous to the Condorcet paradox in voting theory. If n {\displaystyle n} is the number of competitors, a pure round robin tournament requires n 2 ( n − 1 ) {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{\frac {n}{2}}\end{matrix}}(n-1)} games. If n {\displaystyle n}

12792-404: The time since both players were retired and both in no way involved in baseball at the time, and because neither player's duties were related in any way to sports betting, which was still illegal at the time in New Jersey in any case, let alone betting on baseball. Nevertheless, Kuhn stood firm and opined that a casino was "no place for a baseball hero and Hall of Famer." The bans took place prior to

12915-534: The time, he likened the reserve clause to slavery . It was certainly a controversial analogy, even among those who opposed the reserve clause. The case, Flood v. Kuhn (407 U.S. 258) eventually went to the Supreme Court . Flood's attorney, former Supreme Court justice Arthur Goldberg , asserted that the reserve clause was depressing wages, and it limited players to one team for life. Major League Baseball's counsel countered that Commissioner Kuhn acted under

13038-446: The top left corner by repeating the sequence of numbers from 1 up to n − 1 {\displaystyle n-1} . Here is an example table for 7 or 8 competitors: Commissioner of Baseball The commissioner of baseball is the chief executive officer of Major League Baseball (MLB) and the associated Minor League Baseball (MiLB) – a constellation of leagues and clubs known as " organized baseball ". Under

13161-435: The tournament; changes were made prior to the next Olympics to prevent a repeat of these events. Another disadvantage, especially in smaller round-robins, is the "circle of death", where teams cannot be separated on a head-to-head record. In a three-team round-robin, where A defeats B, B defeats C, and C defeats A, all three competitors will have a record of one win and one loss, and a tiebreaker will need to be used to separate

13284-399: The two records, but this was actually first suggested by New York Daily News writer Dick Young ). However, as MLB did not publish an official record book at the time, Frick had no control over how publishers presented MLB records, and within a few years after Roger Maris broke Ruth's record, all record books gave Maris sole credit as the single-season home run record holder. Later, it

13407-437: The unavailability of some stadiums late in the year, high travel expenses, and low attendance, which led to low revenue for team owners. During the 1981 Major League Baseball strike , International League president Harold Cooper conceived the idea of a Triple-A World Series when television stations broadcast Triple-A games in the absence of major league games. In late 1982, Louisville Redbirds owner A. Ray Smith mentioned

13530-507: The unofficial banishments of Hal Chase and Heinie Zimmerman . In 1921, he banned Giants center fielder Benny Kauff even though he had been acquitted of involvement in a car theft ring. Nonetheless, Landis was convinced Kauff was guilty and argued that players of "undesirable reputation and character" had no place in baseball. The owners had initially assumed that Landis would deal with the Black Sox Scandal and then settle into

13653-422: The verdict of juries, no player who throws a ballgame, no player that undertakes or promises to throw a ballgame, no player that sits in conference with a bunch of crooked players and gamblers where the ways and means of throwing a game are discussed and does not promptly tell his club about it, will ever play professional baseball." Landis explained that even though the players had all been acquitted in court, there

13776-535: The very least knew about the fix, and failed to report it, and that this alone was grounds for permanent banishment. Over the years, he dealt harshly with others proven to have thrown individual games, consorted with gamblers, or engaged in actions that he felt tarnished the image of the game. Among the others he banned were New York Giants players Phil Douglas and Jimmy O'Connell , Philadelphia Phillies pitcher Gene Paulette , Giants coach Cozy Dolan , and (in 1943) Phillies owner William D. Cox . He also formalized

13899-451: The victor is gradually arrived at through multiple rounds of play, teams who perform poorly, who might have been quickly eliminated from title contention, are forced to play out their remaining games. Thus games are played late in the competition between competitors with no remaining chance of success. Moreover, some later matches will pair one competitor who has something left to play for against another who does not. It may also be possible for

14022-483: The way he did "for the good of the game". Ultimately, the Supreme Court, acting on stare decisis "to stand by things decided", ruled 5–3 in favor of Major League Baseball, upholding a 1922 ruling in the case of Federal Baseball Club v. National League (259 U.S. 200). Though he had a reputation as an owners' commissioner, Kuhn did not avoid confronting owners when he deemed it necessary. For example, he

14145-464: Was 26,914 people, for an average of 6,728 per game. League officials believed something needed to be done to boost the series' popularity and attendance. They considered ensuring the home team's participation, playing the series before the Labor Day holiday, and moving to a new location. PCL president Bill Cutler proposed moving the series to Las Vegas for 1984. The IL supported this move, but

14268-637: Was a major adversary of Oakland Athletics owner Charles O. Finley . A major embarrassment for baseball resulted from Finley's actions during the 1973 World Series . Finley forced player Mike Andrews to sign a false affidavit saying he was injured after the reserve infielder committed two consecutive errors in the 12th inning of Oakland's Game 2 loss to the New York Mets . Andrews' teammates as well as manager Dick Williams rallied to his defense. Kuhn in return forced Finley to reinstate Andrews. In 1976 , when Finley attempted to sell several players to

14391-761: Was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1944 , in a special election held one month after his death, and the Most Valuable Player Award in each league was officially known as the Kenesaw Mountain Landis Award in his honor until 2020, following complaints from past MVP winners about Landis's role in stonewalling racial integration. When Judge Landis died in 1944, an official in the War Department began campaigning for Senator Happy Chandler 's election to

14514-421: Was no dispute that they had broken the rules of baseball. Therefore, he maintained that none of them could be allowed back in the game if its image was to be restored with the public. Among those banned were Buck Weaver and superstar Shoeless Joe Jackson , who have generally been viewed to be far less culpable compared to the other six accused. Landis' position was that he had no doubt that Weaver and Jackson at

14637-440: Was not the only motivation behind the creation of the commissioner's office. The scandal had not only tarnished the image of baseball, but it had brought relations between team owners and American League president Johnson to a boiling point. In particular, Chicago White Sox owner Charles Comiskey was piqued and incensed at what he perceived to be the indifference of the commission members (especially Johnson) to his suspicions that

14760-464: Was played in four games from September 21–25. The average attendance was 3,368 people per game. Attendance at the 1999 series, played in five games from September 20–25, improved slightly to 4,002 per game. The average attendance at the four-game 2000 series, held from September 18–21, dropped to an all-time low of 2,311. Before the 2000 Triple-A World Series, IL and PCL officials entered into negotiations with officials from Las Vegas about continuing

14883-478: Was quick to punish players who used drugs with heavy fines and big suspensions. Kansas City Royals catcher Darrell Porter told the Associated Press that during the winter of 1979 – 1980 he became paranoid , convinced that Kuhn knew about his drug abuse, was trying to sneak into his house, and planned to ban him from baseball for life. Porter found himself sitting up at night in the dark watching out

15006-508: Was revealed that Frick had served as a ghostwriter for Ruth earlier in his career. Although Frick did not initially express strong opposition to the establishment of the Continental League , a proposed third major league, he quietly encouraged the established Major League owners to offer franchises to several markets in which the proposed league planned to play through expansion and relocation. In doing so, he successfully caused

15129-484: Was the nominal head of major league baseball, it was the American League president Ban Johnson who dominated the commission. The event that would eventually lead to the appointment of a single commissioner of baseball was the Black Sox Scandal – perhaps the worst of a series of incidents in the late 1910s that jeopardized the integrity of the game of baseball. However, the desire to rebuild public relations

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