The Triune Kingdom ( Croatian : Trojedna kraljevina ) or Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia ( Croatian : Trojedna Kraljevina Hrvatske, Slavonije i Dalmacije ) was the concept—advocated by the leaders of the 19th-century Croatian national revival —of a united kingdom between Croatia , Slavonia and Dalmatia , which were already within the Austrian Empire under one king , who was also the Emperor of Austria , but were politically and administratively separate entities. This concept had roots in the high medieval period, as a successor to the historical Kingdom of Croatia which was made up of those regions.
82-680: After 1867 , Croatia and Slavonia were within the Hungarian half of Austria-Hungary and were united in 1868 as the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia , where the name Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia became official. However, Dalmatia, being located in the Austrian half , still remained de facto separate. Until the end of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, several Croatian political parties and groups sought recognition of
164-461: A bold decision, for Beust was not only a stranger to Austria, but also a Protestant . He threw himself into his new position with great energy. Despite the opposition of the Slavs who foresaw that "dualism would lead Austria to downfall, negotiations with Hungary were resumed and rapidly concluded by Beust. Impatient to take his revenge on Bismarck for Sadowa , he persuaded Francis Joseph to accept
246-583: A correspondence with Bismarck with a view to establishing a good understanding with Germany. Bismarck accepted his advances with alacrity, and the new entente , which Beust announced to the Austro-Hungarian delegations in July 1871, was sealed in August by a friendly meeting of the two old rivals and enemies at Gastein . In 1871 Beust interfered at the last moment, together with Andrassy , to prevent
328-399: A mission to Paris to procure the help of Napoleon III . When the terms of peace were discussed he resigned, for Bismarck refused to negotiate with him. After the victory of Prussia there was no office for Beust in an emerging Lesser Germany , and his public career seemed to be closed, but he quite unexpectedly received an invitation from Franz Joseph to become his foreign minister . It was
410-730: A period of Greater German ambitions , when Austria tried to establish itself as the leading German power, Austria again needed to redefine itself to maintain unity in the face of nationalism. As a consequence of the Second Italian War of Independence and the Austro-Prussian War , the Habsburg Empire was on the verge of collapse in 1866, as these wars caused monumental state debt and a financial crisis. The Habsburgs were forced to reconcile with Hungary, to save their empire and dynasty. The Habsburgs and part of
492-582: A recognized right to refuse to carry out any "unlawful" (unconstitutional) royal orders. Thus, it was possible to question the legality of a surprisingly high proportion of the royal orders which emanated from Vienna. While in most Western European countries (like France and the United Kingdom) the king's reign began immediately upon the death of his predecessor , in Hungary the coronation was absolutely indispensable as if it were not properly executed,
574-676: Is considered the intellectual force behind the Compromise. Deák initially wanted independence for Hungary and supported the 1848 Revolution, but he broke with hardline nationalists and advocated a modified union under the Habsburgs. Deák believed that while Hungary had the right to full internal independence, the terms of the Pragmatic Sanction of 1723 made questions of defence and foreign affairs "common" to both Austria and Hungary. The Pragmatic Sanction of 1723 had great impact on
656-486: Is not clear that the attacks on him were justified. After this he was chiefly occupied with foreign affairs, and he soon became one of the most conspicuous figures in German politics. He was the leader of that party which hoped to maintain the independence of the smaller states, and was the opponent of all attempts on the part of Prussia to attract them into a separate union. In 1849-1850 he was compelled to bring Saxony into
738-796: The Croatian national revival movement's demand for a Triune Kingdom. Following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868 , the Hungarian claims on Slavonia and the Austrian claims on the Military Frontier were formally relinquished. Croatia and Slavonia were unified into the autonomous Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia . However, a unification with Dalmatia
820-551: The Empire of Austria in which most his so-called Erblande lands were included. However the new Erblande term was not applied to Kingdom of Hungary In doing so he created a formal overarching structure for the Habsburg Monarchy, which had functioned as a composite monarchy for about 300 years. (Composite states/monarchies were the most common / dominant form of states in early modern era Europe. ) The Holy Roman Empire
902-440: The Kingdom of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia , consisting of: Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 Timeline The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 ( German : Ausgleich , Hungarian : Kiegyezés ) established the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary , which was a military and diplomatic alliance of two sovereign states. The Compromise only partially re-established the former pre-1848 sovereignty and status of
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#1732772345146984-601: The Kingdom of Hungary , being separate from, and no longer subject to, the Austrian Empire . The compromise put an end to the 18-year-long military dictatorship and absolutist rule over Hungary which Emperor Franz Joseph had instituted after the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 . The territorial integrity of the Kingdom of Hungary was restored. The agreement also restored the old historic constitution of
1066-416: The Kingdom of Hungary , several ethnic minorities faced increased pressures of Magyarization . Further, the renegotiation that occurred every ten years often led to constitutional crises. Ultimately, although the Compromise hoped to fix the problems faced by a multi-national state while maintaining the benefits of a large state, the new system still faced the same internal pressures as the old. To what extent
1148-413: The Kingdom of Hungary . The Cisleithanian (Austrian) and Transleithanian (Hungarian) states were governed by separate parliaments and prime ministers. The two countries conducted unified diplomatic and defence policies. For these purposes, "common" ministries of foreign affairs and defence were maintained under the monarch's direct authority, as was a third finance ministry responsible only for financing
1230-573: The Luxembourg Crisis to a peaceful termination. In 1870 he did not disguise his sympathy for France. The failure of all attempts to bring about an intervention of the powers, joined to the action of Russia in denouncing the Treaty of Frankfurt , was the occasion of his celebrated saying that he was nowhere able to find Europe. After the war was over he completely accepted the new organization of Germany. As early as December 1870 he had opened
1312-734: The Principality of Transylvania would be reestablished. Austrian Prime Minister Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg and his government, operating from November 1848, pursued a radically new imperial policy. It wanted to develop a uniform empire in the spirit of the imperial constitution issued by Franz Joseph I in Olmütz on 4 March 1849, and as a result, Hungary's constitution and territorial integrity would be abolished. The centralist March Constitution of Austria introduced neo-absolutism in Habsburg ruled territories, and it provided absolute power for
1394-494: The World War I , only three European countries declared ethnic minority rights, and enacted minority-protecting laws: the first was Hungary (1849 and 1868), the second was Austria (1867), and the third was Belgium (1898). In contrast, the legal systems of other pre-WW1 era European countries did not allow the use of European minority languages in primary schools, in cultural institutions , in offices of public administration and at
1476-532: The concordat , and in this matter also did much by a liberal policy to relieve Austria from the pressure of institutions which had checked the development of the country. In 1868, after giving up his post as minister-president, he was appointed Chancellor of the empire ( Reichskanzler ), and received the title of count . This was unusual, and he was the only statesman given the title of Chancellor between Metternich (1848) and Karl Renner (1918) (see Österreich-Lexikon ). His conduct of foreign affairs, especially in
1558-608: The medieval Croatian Kingdom . The first usage of the term Triune Kingdom was in 1527 by the Habsburgs, to make the title of the Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia seem grander, this can be seen in titles given to Krsto Frankopan , as well as other examples from 1527. In 1895 Ivan Bojničić, a member of the Croatian Independent People's Party, wrote about this, saying the recognition of the Triune Kingdom
1640-589: The "three kings' union" of Prussia, Hanover and Saxony, but he was careful to keep open a loophole for withdrawal, of which he speedily availed himself. In the crisis of the Erfurt Union , Saxony was on the side of Austria , and he supported the restoration of the diet of the German Confederation . In 1854 he took part in the Bamberg conferences, in which the smaller German states claimed
1722-650: The 1848 Revolutions and the Russian intervention had a very high price. In 1858 already 40 percent of the Austrian Imperial government's expenditures went to service the state debt. An expensive mobilization during the Crimean War (1853–1856) and a disastrous campaign against Piedmont-Sardinia in 1859 brought the state to the verge of bankruptcy. The threat of fiscal insolvency and the demands of his creditors for an open and credible budgetary process forced
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#17327723451461804-822: The Austrian administration and Austrian government until the 1848 revolution. Hungary was governed to a greater degree by the Council of Lieutenancy of Hungary (the Gubernium) in Pressburg (Pozsony) and, to a lesser extent, by the Hungarian Royal Court Chancellery in Vienna, independent of the Imperial Chancellery of Austria. From 1526 to 1851, the Kingdom of Hungary maintained its own customs borders, which separated Hungary from
1886-464: The Austrian diplomatic service. His wife survived him only a few weeks. His elder brother, Friedrich Konstantin von Beust (1806–1891), who was at the head of the Saxon department for mines, was the author of several works on mining and geology , a subject in which other members of the family had distinguished themselves. Beust had great social gifts and personal graces; he was proud of his proficiency in
1968-610: The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. As the Hungarian statesman Ferenc Deák argued, according to the Pragmatic Sanction of 1723, constitutional governing of Hungary was a fundamental prerequisite of the Habsburg rule over Hungary . The foreign policy and defense, as well as financing them, were the most important joint affairs of Austria-Hungary , the resulting dual monarchy , to be based on
2050-401: The Austro-Hungarian crisis during the early years of the 20th century has given point to this view. Yet it remains the fact that in a struggle of extraordinary difficulty he carried to a successful conclusion, a policy which, even if it were not the best imaginable, was possibly the best attainable in the circumstances seen from a contemporary perspective during that fatal pre-war crisis. Beust
2132-571: The Austro-Hungarian one. This dual monarchy model was advocated by Griffith's Sinn Féin party in its early years of existence and had a considerable influence on the development of Irish Nationalism – though after the Easter Rising and subsequent October 1917 Ardfheis , it was dropped in favour of Irish Republicanism . Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust Count Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust (German: Friedrich Ferdinand Graf von Beust ; 13 January 1809 – 24 October 1886)
2214-519: The Compromise: The power of the monarch significantly increased in a comparison with the pre-1848 status of Hungary. This meant a great reduction in Hungarian sovereignty and autonomy, even in comparison with the pre-1848 status quo. The Austro-Hungarian compromise and its supporting liberal parliamentary parties remained bitterly unpopular among the ethnic Hungarian voters, and the continuous successes of these pro-compromise Liberal Party in
2296-568: The Croatian version defined the territory of the "Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen" as " a state union of the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdoms of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia ". The Hungarian version of the same settlement meanwhile, referred to it as Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia , withholding the word "Kingdom" and changing the order of the countries names. Documents issued by Austria put
2378-568: The German diet which refused to recognize the settlement of the Danish question effected in 1852 by the Treaty of London , and in 1864 he was appointed representative of the diet at the peace conference in London . He was thus thrown into opposition to the policy of Bismarck , and he was exposed to violent attacks in the Prussian press as a particularist, i.e., a supporter of the independence of
2460-584: The Habsburg Empire. Political representatives of Croatia advocated the notion to the Emperor, and demanded the unification of the three Croatian kingdoms. During the revolutions, Dalmatia was temporarily under the control of Ban Josip Jelačić of Croatia. However, the Italian-speaking elite dominating the Diet of Dalmatia urged autonomy for the Kingdom as an Austrian crown land – against
2542-521: The Hungarian coronation oath they had to agree to uphold the old constitutional arrangements of the country and preserve the territorial integrity of the Hungarian realm. This coronation oath was obligatory for the Hungarian monarchs during the coronation process since the Golden Bull of 1222 . The Hungarians, who were regarded as equal after the Compromise, only partially acquiesced to granting "their" minorities recognition and local autonomy. In
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2624-533: The Hungarian Parliament: for the Diet always had the lawful right of [declaring] War and Peace." The other serious problem for the Habsburgs was the traditionally highly autonomous counties of Hungary , which proved to be a solid and major obstacle in the construction of absolutism in Hungary. The counties were the centers of local public administration and local politics in Hungary, and they possessed
2706-552: The Hungarian leaders. Beusts's desired revanche against Prussia did not materialize because, in 1870, the Hungarian Prime Minister Gyula Andrássy was "vigorously opposed." In 1867 he also held the position of Austrian minister-president, and he carried through the measures by which parliamentary government was restored. He also carried on the negotiations with the Pope concerning the repeal of
2788-427: The Hungarian parliamentary elections caused long lasting frustration for Hungarians. The ethnic minorities had the key role in the political maintenance of the compromise in Hungary, because they were able to vote the pro-compromise liberal parties into the position of the majority/ruling parties of the Hungarian parliament. The pro-compromise liberal parties were the most popular among ethnic minority voters, however i.e.
2870-482: The Hungarian political elite arranged the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. The Compromise was arranged and legitimated by a very small part of the Hungarian society (suffrage was very limited: less than 8% of the population had voting rights), and was seen by a very large part of the population as betrayal of the Hungarian cause and the heritage of the 1848–49 War of Independence. This caused deep and lasting cracks in Hungarian society. Hungarian statesman Ferenc Deák
2952-528: The Hungarian revolutionary parliament (with the exception of the laws based on the 9th and 10th points) were restored by Franz Joseph. Under the Compromise, the lands of the House of Habsburg were reorganized as a real union between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary, headed by a single monarch who reigned as Emperor of Austria in the Austrian half of the empire, and as King of Hungary in
3034-569: The Hungarians). As early as the mid-1880s, Lord Salisbury, leader of the British Conservative Party , had contemplated using the 1867 Austro-Hungarian example as a model for a reformed relationship between Britain and Ireland. In 1904, Arthur Griffith published the highly influential book The Resurrection of Hungary: A Parallel for Ireland , setting out a detailed proposal for an Anglo-Irish dual monarchy similar to
3116-525: The Kingdom of Hungary. Hungarian political leaders had two main goals during the negotiations. One was to regain the traditional status (both legal and political) of the Hungarian state, which had been lost after the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 . The other was to restore the series of reform laws (the so-called April Laws ) of the revolutionary parliament of 1848, which were based on the 12 points that established modern civil and political rights and economic and societal reforms in Hungary. The April Laws of
3198-413: The Kingdom stayed " orphaned ". Even during the long personal union between the Kingdom of Hungary and other Habsburg-ruled areas, no Habsburg monarch could promulgate laws or exercise his royal prerogatives in the territory of Hungary until he had been crowned as King of Hungary . Since the Golden Bull of 1222 , all Hungarian monarchs had to take a coronation oath during the coronation procedure, where
3280-722: The Magyar demands which he had till then rejected. [...] Beust deluded himself that he could rebuild both the [Germanic Federation] and the Holy Roman Empire and negotiated the Ausgleich as a necessary preliminary for the revanche on Prussia. [...] As a compromise with Hungary for the purposes of revanche on Prussia, the Ausgleich could not be otherwise than a surrender to the Magyar oligarchy." When difficulties came he went himself to Budapest , and acted directly with
3362-729: The Middle Ages, the Duchy of Austria was an autonomous state within the Holy Roman Empire , ruled by the House of Habsburg , and the Kingdom of Hungary was a sovereign state outside the empire. In 1526, Hungary was defeated and partially conquered by the Ottoman Empire. King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia had no legitimate heir and died young in the Battle of Mohács . Louis II's brother-in-law, Ferdinand I of Habsburg ,
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3444-458: The Pragmatic Sanction of 1723. He also felt that Hungary benefited from continued union with wealthier, more industrialized Austria and that the Compromise would end the continual pressures on Austria to choose between the Magyars and the Slavs of the Kingdom of Hungary. Imperial Chancellor Beust quickly negotiated the Compromise with the Hungarian leaders. Beust was particularly eager to renew
3526-561: The Saxon public service. His initial political career was as a diplomat and politician in Saxony. In 1836 he was made secretary of legation at Berlin , and afterwards held appointments at Paris , Munich , and London . In March 1848 he was summoned to Dresden to take the office of foreign minister, but in consequence of the outbreak of the revolution was not appointed. In May he was appointed Saxon envoy at Berlin, and in February 1849
3608-529: The Slovak, Serb and Romanian minority parties remained unpopular among their own ethnic minority voters. The coalitions of Hungarian nationalist parties – which were supported by the overwhelming majority of ethnic Hungarian voters – always remained in the opposition, with the exception of the 1906–1910 period, where the Hungarian-supported nationalist parties were able to form a government. Before
3690-474: The Triune Kingdom and the incorporation of Dalmatia into Croatia-Slavonia. The Croatian intelligentsia , especially lawyers and historians, played a key role in interpreting historical sources so as to legitimize the demand for the Triune Kingdom. The unification among the three Kingdoms started gaining popularity in the 14th century and was originally used in the title of the Ban of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia in
3772-525: The conflict with Prussia and thought a quick settlement with Hungary would make that possible. Franz Joseph and Deák signed the Compromise, and it was ratified by the restored Diet of Hungary on 29 May 1867. Beust's revenge against Prussia did not materialize. When, in 1870, Beust wanted Austria–Hungary to support France against Prussia, Hungarian Prime Minister Gyula Andrássy was "vigorously opposed" and effectively vetoed Austrian intervention. The settlement with Hungary consisted then of three parts:
3854-473: The country after order was restored, and he was the author of the so-called coup d'état of June 1850 by which the new constitution was overthrown. The vigor he showed in repressing all resistance to the government, especially that of the university, and in reorganizing the police, made him one of the most unpopular men among the Liberals , and his name became synonymous with the worst form of reaction, but it
3936-444: The dual monarchy stabilized the country in the face of national awakenings and to what extent it alleviated or aggravated the situation is still debated today. In a letter on 1 February 1913, to Foreign Minister Berchtold , Archduke Franz Ferdinand said that " irredentism in our country ... will cease immediately if our Slavs are given a comfortable, fair and good life" instead of being trampled on (as they were being trampled on by
4018-466: The emperor accepting the pro-Czech federalist plans of Hohenwart . He was successful, but at the same time he was dismissed from office. The precise cause for this is not known, and no reason was given him. At his own request he was appointed Austrian ambassador at London; in 1878 he was transferred to Paris; in 1882 he retired from public life. He died at his villa at Altenberg , near Vienna, on 24 October 1886, leaving two sons, both of whom entered
4100-624: The full meaning of the name of the Triune Kingdom. By the end of the 19th century, recognition of the Triune Kingdom was the primary goal of the Independent People's Party , as well as the People's Party of Dalmatia . In 1874, Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski published various findings from archival collections—in his work Codex Diplomaticus , now kept in the Croatian State Archives —documents from all periods that speak of
4182-650: The historical constitution of Hungary and tried to nullify it. In the failed Hungarian Revolution of 1848 , the Magyars came close to ending ties with the Habsburg Dynasty , but were defeated by the Austrian Empire only by the military intervention of the Russian Empire . After the restoration of Habsburg power, Hungary was placed under martial law . A military dictatorship was created in Hungary. Every aspect of Hungarian life would be put under close scrutiny and governmental control. German became
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#17327723451464264-536: The institution was practically defunct until the end of 1858. Hungarians responded with passive resistance. Anti-Habsburg and anti-German sentiments were strong. In the following years, the empire instituted several reforms but failed to resolve problems. After the Hungarian Revolution of 1848–49, the independent customs system of Hungary was abolished. Hungary became part of the unified imperial customs system on 1 October 1851. The suppression of
4346-516: The legal courts. The resulting system was maintained until the dissolution of the dual monarchy after World War I . The favoritism shown to the Magyars, the second largest ethnic group in the dual monarchy after the Germans, caused discontent on the part of other ethnic groups like the Slovaks and Romanians . Although a "Nationalities Law" was enacted to preserve the rights of ethnic minorities,
4428-410: The lighter arts of composing waltzes and vers de société . It was more vanity than rancor which made him glad to appear even in later years as the great opponent of Bismarck . If he cared too much for popularity, and was very sensitive to neglect, the saying attributed to Bismarck, that if his vanity were taken away there would be nothing left, is very unjust. He was apt to look more to the form than
4510-464: The local governments of its counties) as they had been previously. Thus, under the new arrangements, no Austrian imperial institutions were involved in its internal government. The Hungarian legal system and judicial system remained separated and independent from the unified legal and judicial systems of the other Habsburg ruled areas. Accordingly, the administration and the structures of central government of Kingdom of Hungary also remained separate from
4592-658: The matter of the Balkan States and Crete , successfully maintained the position of the Empire. In 1869, he accompanied the Emperor on his expedition to the East. He was still to some extent influenced by the anti-Prussian feeling he had brought from Saxony. He maintained a close understanding with France, and there can be little doubt that he would have welcomed an opportunity in his new position of another struggle with his old rival Bismarck. In 1867, however, he helped to bring
4674-431: The ministry he was, however, the leading member of it, and he was chiefly responsible for the events of 1849. By his advice the king rejected the German constitution proclaimed by the Frankfurt Parliament . This led to revolutionary outbreaks in Dresden. The riots were suppressed after four days of fighting by Prussian troops, whose assistance Beust had requested. On Beust fell also the chief responsibility for governing
4756-400: The monarch. The Austrian constitution was accepted by the Imperial Diet of Austria , in which Hungary had no representation and traditionally had no legislative power in the territory of Kingdom of Hungary; still, it also tried to abolish the Diet of Hungary , which existed as the supreme legislative power in Hungary since the late 12th century. The new Austrian constitution also went against
4838-529: The new monarchs had to agree to uphold the constitutional arrangement of the country, to preserve the liberties of his subjects and the territorial integrity of the realm. On 7 March 1849 an imperial proclamation was issued in the name of the emperor Franz Joseph establishing a united constitution for the whole empire. According to the new proclamation, the traditional territorial integrity of Kingdom of Hungary would be terminated and carved up, and it would be administered by five separated military districts, while
4920-421: The official language of public administration. An edict issued on 9 October 1849 placed education under state control, the curriculum was prescribed and controlled by the state, the teaching of national history was restricted and history was taught from a Habsburg viewpoint. Even the bastion of Hungarian culture, The academy , was kept under control: the institution was staffed with foreigners, mostly Germans, and
5002-428: The only one of the smaller states which entered on the war with an army properly equipped and ready at the moment. That he was no mere reactionary, the whole course of his government in Saxony, and still more in Austria, shows. His Austrian policy has been much criticized, on the ground that in establishing the system of dualism he gave too much to Hungary, and did not really understand multinational Austrian affairs; and
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#17327723451465084-507: The order as "Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia", after instructions from Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust to distinguish Dalmatia from Croatia and Slavonia in order to emphasize its membership of the Austrian half of the Empire. During the Croatian National Revival and the second half of the 19th century, Croatian intelligentsia , especially lawyers and historians, in the struggle for a united Triune Kingdom, were involved in interpreting historical sources seeking to legitimize and politically argue
5166-400: The other lands of the Habsburg monarchy . Unlike other Habsburg-ruled areas, the Kingdom of Hungary had an old historic constitution , which limited the power of the Crown and had greatly increased the authority of the parliament since the 13th century. The Golden Bull of 1222 was one of the earliest examples of constitutional limits being placed on the powers of a European monarch, which
5248-456: The perspective of the ország (the country), Hungary was regnum independens , a separate Land as the above mentioned Article X of 1790 stipulated. The Court reassured the diet, however, that the assumption of the monarch's newly adopted title (Emperor of Austria) did not in any sense affect the laws and the constitution on the territory of Kingdom of Hungary. Hungary's affairs continued to be administered by its own institutions (King and Diet and
5330-421: The political settlement, which was to be permanent and would remain part of the fundamental constitution of the monarchy; the periodical financial settlement, determining the partition of the common expenses as arranged by the Quota-Deputations and ratified by the parliaments; and the Customs Union and the agreement on currency, a voluntary, reversible arrangement between the two governments and parliaments. Under
5412-407: The right to direct their own policy independently of Austria or of Prussia, and he was the leading supporter of the idea of the Trias, i.e., that the smaller states should form a closer union among themselves against the preponderance of the great monarchies. In 1863 he came forward as a warm supporter of the claims of the prince of Augustenburg to Schleswig-Holstein . He was the leader of the party in
5494-445: The ruling Liberal party in Hungarian parliamentary elections. Therefore, the political maintenance of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise, and thus Austria-Hungary itself, was mostly a result of the popularity of the pro-compromise ruling Liberal Party among ethnic minority voters in the Kingdom of Hungary. According to Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria , "There were three of us who made the agreement: Deák , Andrássy and myself." In
5576-410: The smaller states. Already in the aftermath of the Second Schleswig War , the expulsion of the Saxon troops from Rendsburg nearly led to a conflict with Berlin. On the outbreak of the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, Beust accompanied King John of Saxony on his escape to Prague , and thence to Vienna, where they were received by allied Emperor Franz Joseph with the news of Königgrätz . Beust undertook
5658-402: The substance, and attached too much importance to the verbal victory of a well-written dispatch; but when the opportunity was given him he showed higher qualities. In the crisis of 1849 he displayed considerable courage, and never lost his judgment even in personal danger. If he was defeated in his German policy, it must be remembered that Bismarck held all the good cards, and in 1866 Saxony was
5740-485: The two "common" portfolios. The relationship of Hungary to Austria before the 1848 revolution had been personal union , whereas after the compromise of 1867 its status was reduced to partnership in a real union . Thus Hungarian society widely considered the compromise as a betrayal of the vital Hungarian interests and the achievements of the reforms of 1848. The compromise remained bitterly unpopular among ethnic Hungarian voters: ethnic Hungarians did not generally support
5822-441: The two parliaments took very different approaches to this issue. The basic problem in the later years was that the Compromise with Hungary only encouraged the appetites of non-Hungarian minorities in Hungary that were historically within the boundaries of the Hungarian Kingdom. The majority of Hungarians felt they had accepted the Compromise only under coercion. The Hungarian monarchs were always crowned as King of Hungary , due to
5904-410: The united customs system of other Habsburg-ruled territories. The involvement and integration of Kingdom of Hungary into a different state was legally impossible, due to the provisions of the old Hungarian constitution and Hungarian public law. "At any time in the past, Hungary might have made peace with a power with which Austria was at war, if the kings had not falsified their oath by not assembling
5986-547: The unwilling Franz Joseph to authorize political reform. In 1866, Austria was completely defeated in the Austro-Prussian War . Its position as the leading state of Germany ended, and the remaining German minor states were soon absorbed into the German Empire , created by Prussia 's Bismarck . Austria also lost much of its remaining claims and influence in Italy , which had been its chief foreign policy interest. After
6068-811: The use of the name " Triune Kingdom " intensify. Prior to 1848, the Croatians had claimed territories which had been contested by both the Hungarians and the Vienna Court War Council within the Austrian Empire , and also by the Ottoman Empire . During the Revolutions of 1848 , Croatian nationalists in the Sabor proposed the unification of the Triune Kingdom, which would be an autonomous Croatian cultural and political union within
6150-587: Was a German and Austrian statesman . As an opponent of Otto von Bismarck , he attempted to conclude a common policy of the German middle states between Austria and Prussia . Beust was born in Dresden , where his father held office in the Saxon court. He was descended from a noble family which had originally sprung from the Margraviate of Brandenburg , and descended from Joachim von Beust (1522–1597). After studying at Leipzig and Göttingen he entered
6232-487: Was abolished in 1806. The Kingdom of Hungary had always been considered a separate realm, the country's status was affirmed by Article X, which was added to Hungary's constitution in 1790 during the phase of the composite monarchy; it described the state as a Regnum Independens . From the perspective of the Court since 1723, regnum Hungariae had been a hereditary province of the dynasty's three main branches on both lines. From
6314-483: Was again summoned to Dresden, and this time appointed minister of state and of foreign affairs. He held that office till 1866, when he was summoned by Franz Josef I to the Imperial Court of Austria. In addition to this he held the ministry of education and public worship from 1849 to 1853, and that of internal affairs in 1853, and in the same year was appointed minister-president. From the time that he entered
6396-686: Was denied and while Croatia-Slavonia was incorporated into the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen (Hungarian half), Dalmatia remained a crown land of the Cislethanian (Austrian) half of the Dual Monarchy . Croatia-Slavonia nevertheless formally called itself the "Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia", pressing its claims on Dalmatia. Sections of the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868 became contentious issues, as
6478-512: Was elected King of Hungary by a rump Parliament in Pozsony (now Bratislava) in December 1526. The Ottomans were subsequently driven out of Hungary by the cooperation of international Western Christian forces led by Prince Eugene of Savoy between 1686 and 1699. From 1526 to 1804, Hungary was ruled by the Habsburg dynasty as kings of Hungary , but remained nominally and legally separate from
6560-428: Was forced on the Hungarian king in much the same way King John of England was made to sign Magna Carta . The Hungarian parliament was the most important political assembly since the 12th century, which emerged to the position of the supreme legislative institution in the Kingdom of Hungary from the 1290s. In 1804, Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor , who was also ruler of the lands of the Habsburg monarchy , founded
6642-514: Was the author of reminiscences: See also Ebeling, F. F. Graf v. Beust (Leipzig 1876), a full and careful account of his political career, especially up to 1866; Diplomatic Sketches: No. 1, Count Beust , by Outsider (Baron Carl v. Malortie); Flathe, Geschichte von Sachsen , vol. iii. (Gotha, 1877); Friesen, Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben (Dresden, 1880). His most famous descendant is Ole von Beust (born 13 April 1955, in Hamburg , Germany), who
6724-536: Was their primary goal. The Croatian Sabor was, in 1681, officially named the Congregatio Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae Later In the 18th century, Maria Theresa founded the Royal Council for the Kingdom of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia . However, only in the early 19th century, in parallel with the demands for the unification of the three Croatian Kingdoms and modern nation building , did
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