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45-457: The most recent holder of the title was King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck , who was then a prince (Dzongkha: dasho , gyalsey ). The current heir apparent is Prince Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck , because the title is reserved for the officially designated heir apparent , and is subject to change by the reigning king. Also, the reigning Druk Gyalpo may retain the office or award it to another person after coronation. The proper reference style

90-671: A conflict between the Dzongpens of Punakha and Thimphu, sacking both sides and seizing Simtokha Dzong . From this time forward, the office of Druk Desi became purely ceremonial. Under Article 2 of the Constitution of Bhutan , actual succession depends on the King without regard to who is the titular Trongsa or Chhoetse Penlop: the title is not a part of the Constitutional succession framework. Thus, if there are "shortcomings in

135-660: A new treaty of friendship with India in February 2007, replacing the treaty of 1949. Many government initiatives were undertaken by the new king with a view to strengthen the system in preparation for democratic changes in 2008. The Constitution of Bhutan was adopted on 18 July 2008 after legislation dictated that the National Council and the National Assembly was to be elected democratically. The king's first landmark project after his formal coronation

180-405: A seat in a major dzong. Districts were headed by dzongpens (district officers), who had their headquarters in lesser dzongs. The penlops were a combination of tax collectors, judges, military commanders, and procurement agents for the central government. Their major revenues came from the trade between Tibet and India and from land taxes. It is believed that the death of Ngawang Namgyal in 1651

225-594: A year that marked 100 years of monarchy in Bhutan . Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck was born on 21 February 1980 at Kathmandu (maternity Hospital). He is the eldest son of the fourth Druk Gyalpo of Bhutan, Jigme Singye Wangchuck , and his third wife, Queen Ashi Tshering Yangdon . He has a younger sister, Princess Ashi Dechen Yangzom , and brother, Prince Gyaltshab Jigme Dorji , as well as four half-sisters and three half-brothers. After completing his higher secondary studies at Yangchenphug High School , Khesar

270-636: A year-long training, with 4 months of military training. The Constitution of Bhutan empowers the king to grant amnesty to prisoners. In 2014 he pardoned 45 prisoners who had been imprisoned for possessing an excessive amount of tobacco, following an amendment of the Tobacco Control Act of Bhutan 2010 by the Parliament of Bhutan , since the amended law could not be enforced retroactively, and previous offenders who would not be liable now would still be tried under previous laws. The Royal Pardon

315-660: Is Druk-yul . Desi , meaning 'regent', was the chief secular office in the realm under this system of government. In Bhutan , the office of Druk Desi was established by the Zhabdrung Rinpoche , Ngawang Namgyal in the 17th century under the dual system of government . Having fled sectarian persecution in Tibet, Ngawang Namgyal established the Drukpa Lineage as the state religion. Under the Bhutanese system,

360-537: Is His Royal Highness Trongsa (Chhoetse) Penlop. Penlop is a title roughly translating to "Provincial Governor" or the European title " Duke ". The crown prince holds the title " Penlop of Trongsa ", or "Trongsa Penlop ", which is the title held by the House of Wangchuck before its ascendancy to the throne. Originally, there were Penlops for each of the nine provinces of Bhutan , but they were consolidated under

405-421: Is to collect such applications as well as identify people who need help; and by appealing to the king directly. To give the people the opportunity for direct appeal, the king on his numerous road trips across the country stops for every potential appellant along the road. There are several Kidu schemes designed to help certain groups of people, such as students unable to afford even the free education available in

450-589: The British Raj through the 19th century, extension of British power at Bhutan's borders as well as Tibetan incursions in British Sikkim defined politically opposed pro-Tibet and pro-Britain forces. This period of intense rivalry between and within western and central Bhutan, coupled with external forces from Tibet and especially the British Empire , provided the conditions for the ascendancy of

495-514: The House of Wangchuck originated in the Bumthang region of central Bhutan. The family belongs to the descendants of Dungkar Choji of the Nyö clan, and is descended from Pema Lingpa , a Bhutanese Nyingma saint. The Nyö clan emerged as a local aristocracy supplanting many older aristocratic families of Tibetan origin that sided with Tibet during invasions of Bhutan. In doing so, the clan came to occupy

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540-475: The Mongol Empire . The penlops of Trongsa and Paro , and the dzongpens of Punakha , Thimphu , and Wangdue Phodrang were particularly notable figures in the competition for regional dominance. During this period, there were a total of nine provinces and eight penlops vying for power. Chogyal Minjur Tenpa (1613–1680; r. 1667–1680) was the first Penlop of Trongsa, appointed by Ngawang Namgyal. He

585-453: The de facto hereditary position of Penlop of Trongsa since Jigme Namgyal (appointed from among his family), as well as significant national and local government positions. While the Penlop of Trongsa controlled central and eastern Bhutan, the rival Penlop of Paro controlled western Bhutan. Dzongpens controlled areas surrounding their respective dzongs. Eastern dzongpens were generally under

630-928: The Crown Prince was awarded the Red Scarf by his father. On 31 October 2004, Khesar was installed as the 16th Trongsa Penlop in Trongsa Dzong . The institution of the Trongsa Penlop, started by Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal in 1647, signifies the true heritage to the Bhutanese Throne and the investiture ceremony of the Trongsa Penlop is the formal declaration of this status of the Crown Prince. In December 2005, King Jigme Singye Wangchuck announced his intention to abdicate in his son's favour in 2008, and that he would begin handing over responsibility to him immediately. On 9 December 2006,

675-672: The DeSuung Honour Code, which is to "keep service to their nation before their own safety and comfort". In December 2019, during the 112th National Day, the king announced the initiation of a one-year national service for all eighteen-year-olds, starting in 2024. The training includes four months of military-style training and a nine-month educational course on agriculture, entrepreneurship, computers, coding, and health sciences. The first batch will start training in September 2024 for four months, and from second batch it will be

720-518: The DeSuung Training Programme, DeSuung meaning "Guardians of Peace", in 2011, on the request of the youth. The programme aims to equip volunteers with the skill to provide assistance during emergencies, and has been hugely successful, with more than 3000 volunteers having completed their training and volunteering for public events and emergencies. Graduates of the program are known as DeSuups and wear orange jumpsuits. They live by

765-565: The Draft Constitution of Bhutan with the people and to encourage participation in the upcoming democratic exercises. He continues such visits, speaking mainly to young people on the need for Bhutanese to strive for higher standards in education , business , civil service , and the need for people of a small country to work harder than those of others. On 17 February 2021, he signed the abolishment of anti-homosexuality laws into law, effectively decriminalising same-sex activity in

810-464: The King and Queen Jetsun Pema made a state visit to Japan; they were the first state guests to Japan since the 2011 earthquake . It was reported that the Japanese were fascinated by the king and queen of Bhutan. In March 2015, the King and Queen were among the foreign dignitaries who attended the funeral of Singapore 's former Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew . Also, the King and Queen attended

855-524: The Lingkana Palace. The baby's name, Sonam Yangden Wangchuck , was announced on 9 December 2023. The young king began his reign overseeing the democratisation of Bhutan by presiding over the last sessions of the parliament where electoral laws, land reform and other important issues were debated. He said that the responsibility of this generation of Bhutanese was to ensure the success of democracy. He traveled extensively to explain and discuss

900-564: The Penlop of Trongsa. After the Bhutan War with Britain (1864–65) as well as substantial territorial losses ( Cooch Behar 1835; Assam Dooars 1841), armed conflict turned inward. In 1870, amid the continuing civil wars, Penlop Jigme Namgyal of Trongsa ascended to the office of Druk Desi . In 1879, he appointed his 17-year-old son Ugyen Wangchuck as Penlop of Paro. Jigme Namgyal reigned through his death 1881, punctuated by periods of retirement during which he retained effective control of

945-656: The arrival of their son Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck , who was born in Lingkana Palace in Thimphu , on 5 February 2016. Their second son was born in Lingkana Palace in Thimphu on 19 March 2020. On 30 June 2020, the Royal Family announced that the second Gyalsey had been named Jigme Ugyen Wangchuck . On 9 September 2023, the King announced that the Queen had given birth to their third child and only daughter at

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990-529: The control of penlops. In practice, the Zhabdrung was often a child under the control of the Druk Desi, and regional penlops often administered their districts in defiance of the Druk Desi. The Constitution of Bhutan , enacted in 2008, confirms Bhutan's commitment to the dual system of government . However the title "Druk Desi" never appears in the constitution, and all administrative powers are vested in

1035-470: The control of the 12th Penlop of Trongsa Ugyen Wangchuck when he became the first Druk Gyalpo . Under Bhutan's early theocratic dual system of government , decreasingly effective central government control resulted in the de facto disintegration of the office of Zhabdrung Rinpoche after the death of Ngawang Namgyal in 1651. Under this system, the Zhabdrung reigned over the temporal Druk Desi and religious Je Khenpo . Two successor Zhabdrungs –

1080-495: The control of the Penlop of Trongsa, who was officially endowed with the power to appoint them in 1853. The Penlop of Paro, unlike Trongsa, was an office appointed by the Druk Desi 's central govertunment. Because western regions controlled by the Penlop of Paro contained lucrative trade routes, it became the object of competition among aristocratic families. Although Bhutan generally enjoyed favorable relations with both Tibet and

1125-441: The country, elderly citizens, and those requiring medical treatment. The king has also continued the tradition of giving state land to landless farmers around the country. The ongoing project takes him to remote villages and communities. Kidu includes providing immediate assistance to victims of natural disasters. The king personally supervised the rebuilding efforts following major earthquakes and floods in 2009 and 2011. In 2012,

1170-534: The country. The pro-Britain Penlop Ugyen Wangchuck ultimately prevailed against the pro-Tibet and anti-Britain Penlop of Paro after a series of civil wars and rebellions between 1882 and 1885. After his father's death in 1881, Ugyen Wangchuck entered a feud over the post of Penlop of Trongsa. In 1882, at the age of 20, he marched on Bumthang and Trongsa, winning the post of Penlop of Trongsa in addition to Paro. In 1885, Ugyen Wangchuck intervened in

1215-460: The elder prince, it is the sacred duty of the King to select and proclaim the most capable prince or princess as heir to the Throne." Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck (born 21 February 1980) is King of Bhutan . His reign began in 2006 after his father Jigme Singye Wangchuck abdicated the throne. A public coronation ceremony was held on 6 November 2008,

1260-480: The former king issued a Royal Edict announcing his abdication, and transferred the throne to Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, who was officially crowned on 6 November 2008, in Punakha . Religious ceremonies and public celebrations were also held at Tashichho Dzong and Changlimithang Stadium in Thimphu . The coronation ceremony comprised an ancient and colourful ritual, attended by few selected foreign friends of

1305-496: The funeral of King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand in October 2017 and the enthronement ceremony of Emperor Naruhito and Empress Masako of Japan in October 2019. The King and Queen were also present at the 2023 coronation of King Charles III . King Jigme has been conferred the following honorary degrees: Druk Desi The Druk Desi ( Dzongkha : འབྲུག་སྡེ་སྲིད་ , Wylie : 'brug sde-srid; also called Deb Raja )

1350-664: The king granted Nu. 100 million from the Armed Forces to the Zhung Dratshang for the Dzong Reconstruction Fund, as on 24 June, the historic Wangduephodrang Dzong was destroyed by fire. As Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, he commanded the armed forces and De-Suups to the site immediately, and with help from dzongkhag officials and citizens, many things were saved from the fire. The king initiated military-style training for volunteers known as

1395-608: The kingdom to meet and speak to the people. He also officially represented Bhutan on several international events. On 8 May 2002, he represented Bhutan at the 27th UN General Assembly and made his first speech to the United Nations , addressing issues related to the welfare of millions of children around the world. He attended Thai King Bhumibol Adulyadej 's 60th Anniversary Celebrations on 12–13 June 2006 in Bangkok along with royals from 25 countries. On 25 June 2002

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1440-516: The kingdom, after the repeal of such laws had been approved by both houses in 2020. Tashi Tsheten, of the LGBT organisation Queer Voices of Bhutan , welcomed the king's decision as a milestone and expressed gratitude to the king and every politician involved in making the decriminalisation possible. Additionally, Tea Braun of the organisation Human Dignity Trust said that Bhutan had made a "step forward" by legalising homosexual activity. The king signed

1485-472: The latter; he was elected for a three-year term, initially by a monastic council and later by the State Council ( Lhengye Tshokdu ). The State Council was a central administrative organ that included regional rulers, the Zhabdrung's chamberlains, and the Druk Desi. In time, the Druk Desi came under the political control of the State Council's most powerful faction of regional administrators. The Zhabdrung

1530-566: The pipeline in other parts of Bhutan. One of the most important and ongoing works of the king involves Kidu, a tradition based on the rule of a Dharma king whose sacred duty is to care for his people. The people can access Kidu in several ways: by applying to the Office of the Royal Chamberlain, which accepts applications during working hours; by sending applications through Dzongkhag Kidu Officers in every district, whose responsibility

1575-586: The powers of the government were split between the religious branch headed by the Je Khenpo of the Drukpa Lineage and the civil administrative branch headed by the Druk Desi. Both the Je Khenpo and Druk Desi were under the nominal authority of the Zhabdrung Rinpoche, a reincarnation of Ngawang Namgyal. The Druk Desi was either a monk or a member of the laity —by the nineteenth century, usually

1620-582: The royal family and dignitaries, including the then- President of India , Pratibha Patil . To welcome Khesar as king of Bhutan, people painted street signs, hung festive banners and decorated traffic circles with fresh flowers. He received white, yellow, red, green, and blue silk scarves. As he opened the session of parliament on Friday, 20 May 2011, the king announced his engagement to Jetsun Pema , born in Thimphu on 4 June 1990. They were married on 13 October 2011 in Punakha Dzong . The wedding

1665-408: The son (1651) and stepbrother (1680) of Ngawang Namgyal – were effectively controlled by the Druk Desi and Je Khenpo until power was further splintered through the innovation of multiple Zhabdrung incarnations, reflecting speech, mind, and body. Increasingly secular regional lords ( penlops and dzongpens ) competed for power amid a backdrop of civil war over the Zhabdrung and invasions from Tibet and

1710-745: Was Bhutan's largest media event ever. The ceremony, held in traditional style with the "Blessings of the Guardian Deities", was held in Punakha, followed by a royal tour of the country. During the ceremony, the king also received the Phoenix Crown of the Druk Gyaltsuen (Dragon Queen) from the most sacred Machhen Temple of the Dzong, and crowned Jetsun Pema, then formally proclaiming her as queen consort. The King and Queen announced

1755-707: Was born Damchho Lhundrub in Min-Chhud, Tibet , and led a monastic life from childhood. Before his appointment at Trongsa, he held the appointed post of Umzey (Chant Master). A trusted follower of the Zhabdrung, Minjur Tenpa was sent to subdue kings of Bumthang, Lhuntse, Trashigang, Zhemgang, and other lords from Trongsa Dzong . After doing so, the Tongsa divided his control in the east among eight regions (Shachho Khorlo Tsegay), overseen by Dungpas and Kutshabs (civil servants). He went on to build Jakar , Lhuntse , Trashigang, and Zhemgang Dzongs . Within this political landscape,

1800-481: Was concealed for some 50 years as authorities sought his reincarnation as successor. At first the system persisted, however the Druk Desi gradually gained political power and civil wars ensued. Once a reincarnation was found, the Druk Desi was unwilling to part with his acquired power, and the power of the Zhabdrung gradually declined. Similarly, the Druk Desi also lost control over the local rulers and penlops. The country devolved into several semi-independent regions under

1845-732: Was educated in the United States at Phillips Academy in Andover and at Cushing Academy in Ashburnham , where he finished high school. He then studied at Wheaton College in Massachusetts before completing the Diplomatic Studies Programme at Magdalen College, Oxford . The Crown Prince, popularly known to the people of Bhutan as 'Dasho Khesar', accompanied his father on his many tours throughout

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1890-607: Was granted to those who were not repeat offenders and had good prison records. The "People's king", like his father, enjoys warm relations with India. He has visited India on several occasions, and was invited as the Chief Guest for India's 64th Republic Day celebrations in 2013. Following his 2006 visit to Thailand as crown prince, the king has been popular in Thailand. The number of Thai tourists visiting Bhutan increased from 100 in 2006 to 700 in 2007. In November 2011,

1935-1012: Was launching the National Cadastral Resurvey in March 2009, aimed at resolving long-standing issues of excess land that affect every Bhutanese household. A variation of land reform focuses on improving the lives of people living in remote and difficult areas, with the Rehabilitation Project. The pilot Rehabilitation Project at Khinadang in Pemagatshel was initiated in June 2011, and inaugurated by Prince Gyaltshab Jigme Dorji Wangchuck on 28 October 2014. The Project resettled people living in less accessible areas to villages, and provided them with basic amenities and services, as well as support in agriculture. The project saw tremendous success, and similar projects are in

1980-418: Was the head of state and the ultimate authority in religious and civil matters. The seat of central government was at Thimphu , the site of a thirteenth-century dzong, in the spring, summer, and fall. The winter capital was at Punakha , a dzong established northeast of Thimphu in 1527. The kingdom was divided into three regions (east, central, and west), each with an appointed penlop (governor), holding

2025-410: Was the title of the secular (administrative) rulers of Bhutan under the dual system of government between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. Under this system, government authority was divided among secular and religious administrations, both unified under the nominal authority of the Zhabdrung Rinpoche . Druk , meaning 'thunder dragon', refers symbolically to Bhutan, whose most ancient name

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