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45-547: The name of the area derives from the Pemberton family, landowners and industrialists from the North of England , who played a role in the development of Llanelli (especially the local coal industry ) in the early 19th century. On formation in 1947, the nationalised Steel Company of Wales was under UK Government pressure to both increase production and profits, and rationalise its production base. As part of its strategic plan,

90-620: A cloud seed . More and more water accumulates on the seed until a visible cloud is formed. In the case of ship tracks, the cloud seeds are stretched over a long narrow path where the wind has blown the ship's exhaust, so the resulting clouds resemble long strings over the ocean. The warming caused by human-produced greenhouse gases has been somewhat offset by the cooling effect of human-produced aerosols. In 2020, regulations on fuel significantly cut sulfur dioxide emissions from international shipping by approximately 80%, leading to an unexpected global geoengineering termination shock. Aerosols in

135-717: A cloud seed . More and more water accumulates on the seed until a visible cloud is formed. In the case of ship tracks, the cloud seeds are stretched over a long narrow path where the wind has blown the ship's exhaust, so the resulting clouds resemble long strings over the ocean. The warming caused by human-produced greenhouse gases has been somewhat offset by the cooling effect of human-produced aerosols. In 2020, regulations on fuel significantly cut sulfur dioxide emissions from international shipping by approximately 80%, leading to an unexpected global geoengineering termination shock. The liquid or solid particles in an aerosol have diameters typically less than 1 μm . Larger particles with

180-409: A histogram with the area of each bar representing the proportion of particles in that size bin, usually normalised by dividing the number of particles in a bin by the width of the interval so that the area of each bar is proportionate to the number of particles in the size range that it represents. If the width of the bins tends to zero , the frequency function is: where Therefore, the area under

225-503: A food and drinks cans, aerosols and paint tins. The plant takes in hot rolled steel from Port Talbot and IJmuiden, and some cold rolled steel from Llanwern. Most raw materials and output product is transported by DB Cargo UK via the Margam Knuckle Yard . The plant's customers include Heinz , Ball Packaging Europe and Crown Holdings . Tata Steel's Packaging Recycling team are based at the site, responsible for managing

270-722: A merger was announced between the Koninklijke Hoogovens steel company of the Netherlands and British Steel to form new company Corus . Although investment had continued at the Ebbw Vale site over the past two decades, No.2 ETL had been shut down in 1995, and rather than be redeveloped as planned had become a source of spares for the No.1 ETL. Steel production capacity was in excess of the required market in Europe, hence

315-464: A shut-down procedure, with many of the lines within the plant packaged up and transported to other Corus sites, including Trostre and IJmuiden , the Netherlands, while other plants were sold as a package to an Indian-based company. In July 2002, the Ebbw Vale steelworks site officially closed, although a skeleton staff deconstructed the remaining sold plants and handled shipping of residual finished product until December 2002. This led to Trostre becoming

360-506: A significant effect on Earth's climate: volcanic, desert dust, sea-salt, that originating from biogenic sources and human-made. Volcanic aerosol forms in the stratosphere after an eruption as droplets of sulfuric acid that can prevail for up to two years, and reflect sunlight, lowering temperature. Desert dust, mineral particles blown to high altitudes, absorb heat and may be responsible for inhibiting storm cloud formation. Human-made sulfate aerosols , primarily from burning oil and coal, affect

405-429: A significant settling speed make the mixture a suspension , but the distinction is not clear. In everyday language, aerosol often refers to a dispensing system that delivers a consumer product from a spray can . Diseases can spread by means of small droplets in the breath , sometimes called bioaerosols . Aerosol is defined as a suspension system of solid or liquid particles in a gas. An aerosol includes both

450-414: Is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas . Aerosols can be generated from natural or human causes . The term aerosol commonly refers to the mixture of particulates in air, and not to the particulate matter alone. Examples of natural aerosols are fog , mist or dust . Examples of human caused aerosols include particulate air pollutants , mist from

495-551: Is a person who has achieved immense wealth through the creation or ownership of multiple lines of enterprise . The term characteristically refers to a powerful entrepreneur and investor who controls, through personal enterprise ownership or a dominant shareholding position, a firm or industry whose goods or services are widely consumed. Such individuals have been known by different terms throughout history, such as robber barons , captains of industry , moguls, oligarchs , plutocrats , or tai-pans . The term magnate derives from

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540-511: The mass concentration ( M ), defined as the mass of particulate matter per unit volume, in units such as μg/m . Also commonly used is the number concentration ( N ), the number of particles per unit volume, in units such as number per m or number per cm . Particle size has a major influence on particle properties, and the aerosol particle radius or diameter ( d p ) is a key property used to characterise aerosols. Aerosols vary in their dispersity . A monodisperse aerosol, producible in

585-742: The Japanese word taikun ( 大君 ) , which means "great lord", used as a title for the shōgun . The word entered the English language in 1857 with the return of Commodore Perry to the United States. US President Abraham Lincoln was humorously referred to as the Tycoon by his aides John Nicolay and John Hay . The term spread to the business community, where it has been used ever since. Modern business magnates are entrepreneurs that amass on their own or wield substantial family fortunes in

630-640: The Latin word magnates (plural of magnas ), meaning "great man" or "great nobleman". The term mogul is an English corruption of mughal , Persian or Arabic for "Mongol". It alludes to emperors of the Mughal Empire in Early Modern India , who possessed great power and storied riches capable of producing wonders of opulence, such as the Taj Mahal . The term tycoon derives from

675-522: The power function distribution , occasionally applied to atmospheric aerosols; the exponential distribution , applied to powdered materials; and for cloud droplets, the Khrgian–Mazin distribution. For low values of the Reynolds number (<1), true for most aerosol motion, Stokes' law describes the force of resistance on a solid spherical particle in a fluid. However, Stokes' law is only valid when

720-427: The skewness associated with a long tail of larger particles. Also for a quantity that varies over a large range, as many aerosol sizes do, the width of the distribution implies negative particles sizes, which is not physically realistic. However, the normal distribution can be suitable for some aerosols, such as test aerosols, certain pollen grains and spores . A more widely chosen log-normal distribution gives

765-514: The terminal velocity of a particle undergoing gravitational settling in still air. Neglecting buoyancy effects, we find: where The terminal velocity can also be derived for other kinds of forces. If Stokes' law holds, then the resistance to motion is directly proportional to speed. The constant of proportionality is the mechanical mobility ( B ) of a particle: A particle traveling at any reasonable initial velocity approaches its terminal velocity exponentially with an e -folding time equal to

810-490: The 20 μm range show a particularly long persistence time in air conditioned rooms due to their "jet rider" behaviour (move with air jets, gravitationally fall out in slowly moving air); as this aerosol size is most effectively adsorbed in the human nose, the primordial infection site in COVID-19 , such aerosols may contribute to the pandemic. Aerosol particles with an effective diameter smaller than 10 μm can enter

855-455: The Earth's atmosphere can influence its climate, as well as human health. Volcanic eruptions release large amounts of sulphuric acid , hydrogen sulfide and hydrochloric acid into the atmosphere. These gases represent aerosols and eventually return to earth as acid rain , having a number of adverse effects on the environment and human life. When aerosols absorb pollutants, it facilitates

900-532: The UK's only tinplate manufacturer. In 2021 and 2022, Tata Steel at Trostre celebrated its 70th anniversary. It included the Tin Works art project titled by artist Hilary Powell to showcase the history and people of Trostre printed onto cans made of tinplate. Presently the plant employs around 700 people, and manufactures tinplated steel, electro chromium coated steel and laminated steel for packaging applications such

945-451: The behavior of clouds. Although all hydrometeors , solid and liquid, can be described as aerosols, a distinction is commonly made between such dispersions (i.e. clouds) containing activated drops and crystals, and aerosol particles. The atmosphere of Earth contains aerosols of various types and concentrations, including quantities of: Aerosols can be found in urban ecosystems in various forms, for example: The presence of aerosols in

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990-431: The behavior of clouds. When aerosols absorb pollutants, it facilitates the deposition of pollutants to the surface of the earth as well as to bodies of water. This has the potential to be damaging to both the environment and human health. Ship tracks are clouds that form around the exhaust released by ships into the still ocean air. Water molecules collect around the tiny particles ( aerosols ) from exhaust to form

1035-439: The bronchi, while the ones with an effective diameter smaller than 2.5 μm can enter as far as the gas exchange region in the lungs, which can be hazardous to human health. For a monodisperse aerosol, a single number—the particle diameter—suffices to describe the size of the particles. However, more complicated particle-size distributions describe the sizes of the particles in a polydisperse aerosol. This distribution defines

1080-591: The company envisaged creating two new tinplate works, one at Trostre and one at Felindre , Swansea . With in excess of 12,000 men unemployed in post- World War II Llanelli, the decision was made to focus on construction of the Trostre plant to make best use of the area’s developed skills in tinplate manufacture. Chosen due to its close location to railway access via Llandeilo Junction on the West Wales Line / Heart of Wales Line , after buying up three farms,

1125-500: The deposition of pollutants to the surface of the earth as well as to bodies of water. This has the potential to be damaging to both the environment and human health. Aerosols interact with the Earth's energy budget in two ways, directly and indirectly. Ship tracks are clouds that form around the exhaust released by ships into the still ocean air. Water molecules collect around the tiny particles ( aerosols ) from exhaust to form

1170-444: The diameter of the spherical particle with a density of 1000 kg/m and the same settling velocity as the irregular particle. Neglecting the slip correction, the particle settles at the terminal velocity proportional to the square of the aerodynamic diameter, d a : where This equation gives the aerodynamic diameter: One can apply the aerodynamic diameter to particulate pollutants or to inhaled drugs to predict where in

1215-722: The discharge at hydroelectric dams , irrigation mist, perfume from atomizers , smoke , dust , sprayed pesticides , and medical treatments for respiratory illnesses. Several types of atmospheric aerosol have a significant effect on Earth's climate: volcanic, desert dust, sea-salt, that originating from biogenic sources and human-made. Volcanic aerosol forms in the stratosphere after an eruption as droplets of sulfuric acid that can prevail for up to two years, and reflect sunlight, lowering temperature. Desert dust, mineral particles blown to high altitudes, absorb heat and may be responsible for inhibiting storm cloud formation. Human-made sulfate aerosols , primarily from burning oil and coal, affect

1260-558: The frequency curve between two sizes a and b represents the total fraction of the particles in that size range: It can also be formulated in terms of the total number density N : Assuming spherical aerosol particles, the aerosol surface area per unit volume ( S ) is given by the second moment : And the third moment gives the total volume concentration ( V ) of the particles: The particle size distribution can be approximated. The normal distribution usually does not suitably describe particle size distributions in aerosols because of

1305-403: The laboratory, contains particles of uniform size. Most aerosols, however, as polydisperse colloidal systems, exhibit a range of particle sizes. Liquid droplets are almost always nearly spherical, but scientists use an equivalent diameter to characterize the properties of various shapes of solid particles, some very irregular. The equivalent diameter is the diameter of a spherical particle with

1350-533: The largest steel reprocessor in the UK. The works was one of the first large manufacturing sites in the UK to attain ISO 14001 accreditation, the European Standard for Environmental Management. 51°40′24.07″N 4°7′45.84″W  /  51.6733528°N 4.1294000°W  / 51.6733528; -4.1294000 Business magnate A business magnate , also known as an industrialist or tycoon ,

1395-530: The ministry was inadequate to maintain the required progress of the work, so alternative means of providing the necessary formwork were investigated. Limited quantities of cold steel plate were available, and the timber obtained by permit was to a considerable extent used as framing to which the steel plate was fixed. The available quantities were soon absorbed and the supply was augmented by the purchase of now redundant Anderson-type air raid shelters , which were rolled flat and pressed into panels of uniform size. This

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1440-411: The need for the merger, which would result in the closure of capacity across the newly integrated company. With much tinplate consumption moving to the newly expanding Asian market, it came as little surprise when on 1 February 2001 that Corus announced the focus of tinplate production at Trostre, and the resultant complete closure of the Ebbw Vale site with the loss of 780 jobs. The Ebbw Vale plant began

1485-552: The new plant was planned with an output of 400,000 tons per annum. Construction was started in August 1947, but due to the marshland -geology of the site, main ground works contractor Robert M Douglas was forced to devise a new type of formwork for its construction. Timber was the traditional material for such purposes, but immediately post-war could only be obtained on permit from the Ministry of Supply . The quantity allocated by

1530-846: The newly formed South Wales group: Trostre, Felindre and Ebbw Vale . With four electrolytic continuous tinning lines installed at each plant, they were capable of combining to produce 2 million tons of tinplate per annum. While Felindre had always out produced Trostre on quality and volume since the start of its production in 1956 (peak production, 450,000 tons per annum), after a review of its tinplate sites in South Wales, British Steel decided in December 1980 to close Felindre. 1,300 people were made redundant in March 1981, though 138 were found jobs at Trostre. Production finally ceased in 1989, when another 108 were given jobs at Trostre. On 6 October 1999,

1575-542: The number frequency as: where: The log-normal distribution has no negative values, can cover a wide range of values, and fits many observed size distributions reasonably well. Other distributions sometimes used to characterise particle size include: the Rosin-Rammler distribution , applied to coarsely dispersed dusts and sprays; the Nukiyama–Tanasawa distribution, for sprays of extremely broad size ranges;

1620-519: The particles and the suspending gas, which is usually air. Meteorologists and climatologists often refer to them as particle matter, while the classification in sizes ranges like PM2.5 or PM10, is useful in the field of atmospheric pollution as these size range play a role in ascertain the harmful effects in human health. Frederick G. Donnan presumably first used the term aerosol during World War I to describe an aero- solution , clouds of microscopic particles in air. This term developed analogously to

1665-671: The process of building or running their own businesses. Some are widely known in connection with these entrepreneurial activities, others through highly-visible secondary pursuits such as philanthropy , political fundraising and campaign financing, and sports team ownership or sponsorship. The terms mogul , tycoon , and baron were often applied to late-19th- and early-20th-century North American business magnates in extractive industries such as mining , logging and petroleum , transportation fields such as shipping and railroads , manufacturing such as automaking and steelmaking , in banking , as well as newspaper publishing. Their dominance

1710-436: The relative amounts of particles, sorted according to size. One approach to defining the particle size distribution uses a list of the sizes of every particle in a sample. However, this approach proves tedious to ascertain in aerosols with millions of particles and awkward to use. Another approach splits the size range into intervals and finds the number (or proportion) of particles in each interval. These data can be presented in

1755-401: The relaxation time: where: To account for the effect of the shape of non-spherical particles, a correction factor known as the dynamic shape factor is applied to Stokes' law. It is defined as the ratio of the resistive force of the irregular particle to that of a spherical particle with the same volume and velocity: where: The aerodynamic diameter of an irregular particle is defined as

1800-461: The respiratory tract such particles deposit. Pharmaceutical companies typically use aerodynamic diameter, not geometric diameter, to characterize particles in inhalable drugs. The previous discussion focused on single aerosol particles. In contrast, aerosol dynamics explains the evolution of complete aerosol populations. The concentrations of particles will change over time as a result of many processes. External processes that move particles outside

1845-421: The same value of some physical property as the irregular particle. The equivalent volume diameter ( d e ) is defined as the diameter of a sphere of the same volume as that of the irregular particle. Also commonly used is the aerodynamic diameter ,  d a . People generate aerosols for various purposes, including: Some devices for generating aerosols are: Several types of atmospheric aerosol have

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1890-625: The term hydrosol , a colloid system with water as the dispersed medium. Primary aerosols contain particles introduced directly into the gas; secondary aerosols form through gas-to-particle conversion. Key aerosol groups include sulfates, organic carbon, black carbon, nitrates, mineral dust, and sea salt, they usually clump together to form a complex mixture. Various types of aerosol, classified according to physical form and how they were generated, include dust, fume, mist, smoke and fog. There are several measures of aerosol concentration. Environmental science and environmental health often use

1935-469: The velocity of the gas at the surface of the particle is zero. For small particles (< 1 μm) that characterize aerosols, however, this assumption fails. To account for this failure, one can introduce the Cunningham correction factor , always greater than 1. Including this factor, one finds the relation between the resisting force on a particle and its velocity: where This allows us to calculate

1980-1527: Was known as the Second Industrial Revolution , the Gilded Age , or the Robber Baron Era . Examples of business magnates in the western world include historical figures such as pottery entrepreneur Josiah Wedgwood , oilmen John D. Rockefeller and Fred C. Koch , automobile pioneer Henry Ford , aviation pioneer Howard Hughes , shipping and railroad veterans Aristotle Onassis , Cornelius Vanderbilt , Leland Stanford , Jay Gould and James J. Hill , steel innovator Andrew Carnegie , newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst , poultry entrepreneur Arthur Perdue , retail merchant Sam Walton , and bankers J. P. Morgan and Mayer Amschel Rothschild . Contemporary industrial tycoons include e-commerce entrepreneur Jeff Bezos , investor Warren Buffett , computer programmers Bill Gates and Paul Allen , technology innovator Steve Jobs , vacuum cleaner retailer Sir James Dyson , media proprietors Sumner Redstone , Ted Turner and Rupert Murdoch , industrial entrepreneur Elon Musk , steel investor Lakshmi Mittal , telecommunications investor Carlos Slim , Virgin Group founder Sir Richard Branson , Formula 1 executive Bernie Ecclestone , and internet entrepreneurs Larry Page and Sergey Brin . Aerosol An aerosol

2025-537: Was the first steel panel formwork system ever deployed in the world. Production started in 1951, which was also the year in which the delayed Felindre plant was given approval for construction. Output reached the planned 400,000 tons in 1956. In 1967, the Steel Company of Wales was nationalised with others to form British Steel Corporation . Choosing to close the tinplate works at Port Talbot Steelworks , they invested in all three remaining tinplate works within

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