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26-613: The Trout Quintet ( Forellenquintett ) is the popular name for the Piano Quintet in A major , D. 667, by Franz Schubert . The piano quintet was composed in 1819, when he was 22 years old; it was not published, however, until 1829, a year after his death. Rather than the usual piano quintet ensemble of piano and string quartet , the Trout Quintet is written for piano , violin , viola , cello and double bass . According to Schubert's friend Albert Stadler, it

52-433: A ledger line and so G ♯ is placed lower than C ♯ . The scale degree chords of A major are: Although not as rare in the symphonic literature as sharper keys (those containing more than three sharps), symphonies in A major are less common than in keys with fewer sharps such as D major or G major . Beethoven 's Symphony No. 7 , Bruckner 's Symphony No. 6 and Mendelssohn 's Symphony No. 4 comprise

78-873: A nearly complete list of symphonies in this key in the Romantic era. Mozart 's Clarinet Concerto and Clarinet Quintet are both in A major, along with his 23rd Piano Concerto , and generally Mozart was more likely to use clarinets in A major than in any other key besides E-flat major . Moreover, the climax part of Tchaikovsky 's Violin Concerto is also in A major. The key of A occurs frequently in chamber music and other music for strings , which favor sharp keys. Franz Schubert 's Trout Quintet and Antonín Dvořák 's Piano Quintet No. 2 are both in A major. Johannes Brahms , César Franck , and Gabriel Fauré wrote violin sonatas in A major. In connection to Beethoven's Kreutzer Sonata , Peter Cropper said that A major "is

104-826: A wealthy music patron and amateur cellist from Steyr , Upper Austria, who also suggested that Schubert include a set of variations on the Lied. Sets of variations on melodies from his Lieder are found in four other works by Schubert: the Death and the Maiden Quartet , the "Trockne Blumen" (dried flowers) Variations for Flute and Piano (D. 802), the Wanderer Fantasy , and the Fantasia for Violin and Piano in C major (D. 934, on "Sei mir gegrüßt"). The quintet consists of five movements : The rising sextuplet figure from

130-471: Is composed of two symmetrical sections, the second being a transposed version of the first, except for some differences of modulation which allow the movement to end in the same key in which it began. Tonal layout (with some intermediate keys of lower structural significance omitted) as follows: This movement also contains mediant tonalities, such as the ending of the first section of the Scherzo proper, which

156-437: Is in C major, the flattened mediant, or the relative major of the parallel minor ( A minor ). The fourth movement is a theme and variations on Schubert's Lied " Die Forelle ". As typical of some other variation movements by Schubert (in contrast to Beethoven's style), the variations do not transform the original theme into new thematic material; rather, they concentrate on melodic decoration and changes of mood. In each of

182-429: Is innovative, incorporating many mediants and submediants . This is evident from almost the beginning of the piece: after stating the tonic for ten bars, the harmony shifts abruptly into F major (the flatted submediant) in the eleventh bar. The development section starts with a similar abrupt shift, from E major (at the end of the exposition) to C major. Harmonic movement is slow at first, but becomes quicker; towards

208-637: Is similar to those of the Septet, as are many of the key relationships between the movements and principal key (E-flat for the Septet, F major of the Octet). The theme of the first movement is derived from Schubert's song " Der Wanderer ". The fourth movement variations are based on a theme from Schubert's Singspiel Die Freunde von Salamanka . The Pascal Quartet with Jacques Dumont, violin I, Maurice Crut, violin II, Léon Pascal, viola and Robert Salles, cello, recorded

234-582: The 'Rosamunde' and 'Death and the Maiden' string quartets . Consisting of six movements , the Octet takes almost an hour to perform. The Octet boasts the largest scale for any chamber work by Schubert. It is scored for a clarinet , a bassoon , a horn , two violins , a viola , a cello , and a double bass . This instrumentation is similar to that of the Beethoven Septet , differing only by

260-466: The Nash Ensemble is also used in the show. Samsung washing machines and clothes dryers play an arrangement of the first portion of the fourth movement upon finishing a spin cycle. Sources A major The A major scale is: In the treble, alto, and bass clefs, the G ♯ in the key signature is placed higher than C ♯ . However, in the tenor clef , it would require

286-522: The Piano Sonata in A minor, D. 845 (second movement); and the Impromptu in B ♭ major, D. 935 No. 3 . The concluding variation is similar to the original Lied, sharing the same characteristic accompaniment in the piano. The Finale is in two symmetrical sections, like the second movement. However, the movement differs from the second movement in the absence of unusual chromaticism , and in

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312-474: The Octet in the early 1950s for the label ( Musical Masterpiece Society MMS-2219). The Melos Ensemble was founded to perform works such as the Octet for wind instruments and strings. The Octet was recorded in 1967 with Gervase de Peyer ( clarinet ), William Waterhouse ( bassoon ), Neill Sanders ( horn ), Emanuel Hurwitz and Ivor McMahon ( violin ), Cecil Aronowitz ( viola ), Terence Weil ( cello ) and Adrian Beers ( double bass ). A recording of

338-476: The addition of a second violin. In response to a reported request by Troyer for a work similar to Beethoven 's Septet, Op. 20 , Schubert composed the Octet in early 1824. The work was first performed at the home of Troyer's employer, the Archduke Rudolf (to whom Beethoven's Archduke Trio is dedicated) and included many of the musicians who premiered the Septet. The basic structure of the movements

364-567: The basis of Christopher Nupen 's 1969 film The Trout , in which Itzhak Perlman , Pinchas Zukerman , Jacqueline du Pré , Daniel Barenboim and Zubin Mehta perform it at Queen Elizabeth Hall in London. A portion of the Trout Quintet ' s fifth movement, performed by the Nash Ensemble , is used as the theme music for the BBC television comedy Waiting for God . The third movement performed by

390-926: The chamber ensemble of the Academy of St Martin in the Fields with Iona Brown (violin I) and Timothy Brown (horn) won a Grand Prix du Disque . The Camerata Freden recorded it in 2003 with Adrian Adlam (violin I), Cristiano Gualco (violin II), Michael Hesselink (clarinet), Marjolein Dispa (viola), Michel Dispa (cello), Ilka Emmert (double-bass), Letizia Viola (bassoon) and Ron Schaaper (horn). Janine Jansen (violin I) along with Gregory Ahss (violin II), Nimrod Guez (viola), Nicolas Altstaedt (cello), Rick Stotijn (double bass), Andreas Ottensamer (clarinet), Fredrik Ekdahl (bassoon) and Radek Baborák (horn) performed, and (video) recorded,

416-517: The chromaticism of the second movement, its own harmonic design is also innovative: the first section ends in D major , the subdominant. This is contradictory to the aesthetics of the Classical musical style, in which the first major harmonic event in a musical piece or movement, is the shift from tonic to dominant (or, more rarely, to mediant or submediant – but never to the subdominant). Compared to other major chamber works by Schubert, such as

442-484: The custom of his day in which timpani tuned to A and E a fifth apart were notated C and G a fourth apart, a custom which survived as late as the music of Franz Berwald . Octet (Schubert) The Octet in F major , D. 803 was composed by Franz Schubert in March 1824 . It was commissioned by the renowned clarinetist Ferdinand Troyer and came from the same period as two of Schubert's other major chamber works ,

468-479: The first few variations, the main theme is played by a different instrument or group. In the fifth variation, Schubert begins in the flat submediant (B ♭ major), and creates a series of modulations eventually leading back to the movement's main key, at the beginning of the final sixth variation. A similar process is heard in three of Schubert's later compositions: the Octet in F major, D. 803 (fourth movement);

494-480: The fullest sounding key for the violin." According to Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart , A major is a key suitable for "declarations of innocent love, ... hope of seeing one's beloved again when parting; youthful cheerfulness and trust in God." For orchestral works in A major, the timpani are typically set to A and E a fifth apart, rather than a fourth apart as for most other keys. Hector Berlioz complained about

520-575: The last three string quartets and the string quintet , the Trout Quintet is a leisurely work, characterized by lower structural coherence, especially in its outer movements and the Andante. These movements contain unusually long repetitions of previously stated material, sometimes transposed, with little or no structural reworking, aimed at generating an overall unified dramatic design ("mechanical" in Martin Chusid's words). The importance of

546-402: The piece stems mainly from its use of an original and innovative harmonic language, rich in mediants and chromaticism , and from its timbral characteristics. The Trout Quintet has a unique sonority among chamber works for piano and strings, due mainly to the piano part, which for substantial sections of the piece concentrates on the highest register of the instrument, with both hands playing

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572-422: The return of the first theme, the harmony modulates in ascending half tones. The recapitulation begins in the subdominant , making any modulatory changes in the transition to the second theme unnecessary, a frequent phenomenon in early sonata form movements written by Schubert. It differs from the exposition only in omitting the opening bars and another short section, before the closing theme. This movement

598-518: The same melodic line an octave apart (having been freed to do so by the inclusion of both cello and bass in the ensemble). Such writing also occurs in other chamber works by Schubert, such as the piano trios, but to a much lesser extent, and is characteristic of Schubert's works for piano four-hands , one of his most personal musical genres. Such timbral writing may have influenced the works of Romantic composers such as Frédéric Chopin , who admired Schubert's music for piano four-hands. The quintet forms

624-406: The second section being an exact transposition of the first (except for some changes of octave register). A repeat sign is written for the first section: if one adheres meticulously to the score, the movement consists of three lengthy, almost identical repeats of the same musical material. Performers sometimes choose to omit the repeat of the first section when playing. Although this movement lacks

650-540: The song's accompaniment is used as a unifying motif throughout the quintet, and related figures appear in four out of the five movements – all but the Scherzo . As in the song, the figure is usually introduced by the piano, ascending. The first movement is in sonata form . As is commonplace in works of the Classical genre, the exposition shifts from tonic to dominant ; however, Schubert's harmonic language

676-473: Was modelled on the quintet version of Johann Nepomuk Hummel 's Septet in D Minor for Flute, Oboe, Horn, Viola, Cello, Bass and Piano, Op. 74. It may also have been influenced by Hummel's Quintet in E flat minor, Op. 87 . The piece is known as the Trout because the fourth movement is a set of variations on Schubert's earlier Lied " Die Forelle " ("The Trout"). The quintet was written for Sylvester Paumgartner,

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