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97-558: Today's Tsuruoka is the result of the fusion of several neighborhoods around the center of the city such as Atsumi, Asahi, Fujishima, Kushibiki, and Haguro in 1953. Tsuruoka is located on the coast of Yamagata Prefecture bordering the Sea of Japan and has some locally popular beaches such as Yunohama and Sanze. All three of the Three Mountains of Dewa are at least partially within the city limits. Two main rivers run through Tsuruoka,

194-724: A devotional practice. In the Mahayana tradition, several sutras of the Mahayana canon contain explicit prohibitions against consuming meat, including sections of the Lankavatara Sutra and Surangama Sutra . The monastic community in Chinese Buddhism, Vietnamese Buddhism and most of Korean Buddhism strictly adhere to vegetarianism. Theravada Buddhist monks and nuns consume food by gathering alms themselves, and generally must eat whatever foods are offered to them, including meat. The exception to this alms rule

291-468: A distinct sub-style of cuisine is tied to monasteries , where one member of the community would have the duty of being the head cook and supplying meals that paid respect to the strictures of Buddhist precepts . Temples that were open to visitors from the general public might also serve meals to them and a few temples effectively run functioning restaurants on the premises. In Japan, this culinary custom, recognized as shōjin ryōri (精進料理) or devotion cuisine,

388-467: A few plateaus. In addition, an underwater ridge rising up to 3,500 m (11,500 ft) runs from north to south through the middle of the central part. The Japanese coastal area of the sea consists of Okujiri Ridge, Sado Ridge, Hakusan Banks, Wakasa Ridge and Oki Ridge. Yamato Ridge is of continental origin and is composed of granite , rhyolite , andesite and basalt . It has an uneven bottom covered with boulders of volcanic rock. Most other areas of

485-789: A lifelong advocate of vegetarianism who famously released large numbers of fish caught for food back into the ocean once a year, and who wrote about the practice of saving lives. Both Mahayana and Theravada Buddhists consider that one may practice vegetarianism as part of cultivating Bodhisattvas's paramita . In addition to the ban on garlic , practically all Mahayana monastics in China, Korea, Vietnam and Japan specifically avoid eating strong-smelling plants, traditionally asafoetida , shallot , mountain leek and Chinese onion , which together with garlic are referred to as wǔ hūn (五葷, or 'Five Acrid and Strong-smelling Vegetables') or wǔ xīn (五辛 or 'Five Spices') as they tend to excite senses. This

582-481: A long and thin hat), karatori imo からとりいも (spiciness-sweetener potato), atsumi kabu 温海かぶ (Atsumi turnip, a red turnip that grows on sharp slopes), ootaki carrot 大滝ニンジン, etc. The presence of such ancient food is not the only reason why Tsuruoka has been registered as a Creative City of Gastronomy. Its particular way to cook these ingredients was even more determinant. Tsuruoka's most known specialties are: kandarajiru 寒鱈汁 (a soup containing black cod fished during

679-539: A mountainous character. In contrast, numerous large rivers flow from Honshū and Hokkaidō into the sea, including Japan's four largest rivers: the Shinano , Ishikari , Agano and Mogami . The total annual river discharge into the sea is 210 km (50 cu mi) and is relatively constant through the year, except for a minor increase in July. Most water (97% or 52,200 km  [12,500 cu mi]) flows into

776-437: A proposal by his traitor disciple Devadatta to mandate vegetarianism in the monastic precepts. Tibetan Buddhism has long accepted that the practical difficulties in obtaining vegetables and grains within most of Tibet make it impossible to insist upon vegetarianism; however, many leading Tibetan Buddhist teachers agree upon the great worth of practicing vegetarianism whenever and wherever possible, such as Chatral Rinpoche ,

873-651: A speed of 10–25 cm/s (4–10 in/s) in the open sea. They accelerate in the Korea Strait (40–60 cm/s or 16–24 in/s), La Pérouse Strait (50–100 cm/s or 20–40 in/s) and especially in the Tsugaru Strait (100–200 cm/s or 40–80 in/s). The amplitude of the tides is relatively low and varies strongly across the sea. It reaches 3 meters in the south near the Korea Strait, but quickly drops northwards to 1.5 m (5 ft) at

970-715: A sweet dadachamame paste. Dadappai ( だだっパイ) are small dadachamame pasted inside a puff pastry. There are also dadachamame flavored ice creams, cookies, biscuits, creams. Tsuruoka and the whole region of Shônai benefit from a large variety of fishes and sea food coming from the Sea of Japan . Among all the local sea foods you can find in Tsuruoka, there are: Cherry salmon , Japanese seabream , blue crab , littlemouth flounder , flatfish, black rockfish , tonguefish , flying squid , oyster, sea robin , sandfish , Japanese codfish , and others. The huge variety of fresh local fishes and seafood in Tsuruoka had contributed to

1067-510: A tight budget, the monastery cook would have to make the most of whatever ingredients were available. In Tenzo kyokun ("Instructions for the Zen Cook"), Soto Zen founder Eihei Dogen wrote: In preparing food, it is essential to be sincere and to respect each ingredient regardless of how coarse or fine it is. (...) A rich buttery soup is not better as such than a broth of wild herbs. In handling and preparing wild herbs, do so as you would

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1164-460: A traditional farmer house from Meiji period, and the house in Chidô Museum 致道博物館. Concerning clothing, shinaori しな織り, is a traditional weaving style from tree bark that is still performed these days. The items created with this solid and firm thread are very resistant and waterproof. Tsuruoka is twinned with: Sea of Japan The Sea of Japan ( see below for other names)

1261-699: A vegan food traditionally consumed by Yamabushi, uses no animal product but sansai 山菜 ("Mountain vegetables") instead, as well as local rice, handmade gomadôfu (sesame-flavoured tôfu), bamboo sprouts, vinegared chrysanthemum flowers and mushrooms. There exists many different types of shôjin ryôri depending on the shukubo (temples that also welcome travellers for the night) that serves it, but it usually consists of many small dishes accompanied with miso soup and white rice. Mt. Haguro hosts The Five-Storied Pagoda ( gojûnotô 五重塔), one of Japan's National Treasures. The pagoda's central pillar protects it from earthquakes, which inspired Tokyo's Skytree 's architecture. Also in

1358-539: A well-known Buddhist king who propagated Buddhism throughout Asia, and is honored by both Theravada and Mahayana schools of Buddhism. The authority of the Edicts of Ashoka as a historical record is suggested by the mention of numerous topics omitted as well as corroboration of numerous accounts found in the Theravada and Mahayana Tripitakas written down centuries later. Asoka Rock Edict 1 , dated to c. 257 BCE, mentions

1455-534: A wide southern part narrowing toward the north. The coastal length is about 7,600 km (4,700 mi) with the largest part (3,240 km or 2,010 mi) belonging to Russia. The sea extends from north to south for more than 2,255 km (1,401 mi) and has a maximum width of about 1,070 km (660 mi). It has three major basins : the Yamato Basin in the south-east, the Japan Basin in

1552-403: Is takenokojiru タケノコ汁 (Mt Gassan bamboo soup), imoni 芋煮 (potato soup), nattôjiru 納豆汁 (nattô based soup), môsô jiru (another type of bamboo soup). Tsuruoka is known for dadacha-mame (だだちゃ豆), a species of soybean , which have been called "the king of edamame "; they are also used for other products such as nattō and in manjū . There are two theories as to the origin of the name: one

1649-674: Is 12.9 °C (55.2 °F). The average annual rainfall is 2,191.4 mm (86.28 in) with December as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.3 °C (77.5 °F), and lowest in January, at around 1.7 °C (35.1 °F). The region is known for its heavy snowfalls during the winter, and people living in Sekigawa and Atsumi's neighborhoods can expect up to 2 meters of snow which after removal creates very particular snow walls standing high along

1746-482: Is August, with an average air temperature of 15 °C (59 °F) in the north and 25 °C (77 °F) in the south. Annual precipitation increases from 310–500 mm (12–20 in) in the north-west to 1,500–2,000 mm (59–79 in) in the south-east. A peculiar turbulent cloud pattern, named von Kármán vortices , is sometimes observed over the Sea of Japan. It requires a stable field of low clouds driven by

1843-416: Is about 0 °C (32 °F) in the west and 5–6 °C (41–43 °F) in the east. This east-west difference drops to 1–2 °C (1.8–3.6 °F) in summer, and the temperatures rise to 18–20 °C (64–68 °F) in the north and 25–27 °C (77–81 °F) in the south. Because the sea is enclosed, its waters form clearly separated layers which may show seasonal and spatial dependence. In winter,

1940-415: Is also subject to various restrictions. As well as the aforementioned "triply clean meat" rule followed by Theravada monks, nuns, and some lay Buddhists, many Chinese Buddhists avoid the consumption of beef, large animals, and exotic species. Some Buddhists abstain from eating offal (organ meat), known as xiàshui (下水). Alcohol and other drugs are also avoided by many Buddhists because of their effects on

2037-609: Is based on teachings found in the Brahmajala Sutra , the Surangama Sutra and the Lankavatara Sutra . In modern times this rule is often interpreted to include other vegetables of the onion genus , as well as coriander . The origin of this additional restriction is from the Indic region and can still be found among some believers of Hinduism and Jainism . The consumption of non-vegetarian food by strict Buddhists

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2134-635: Is called Nihon kai ( 日本海 , literally 'Japan Sea') in Japan, Rìběn hǎi ( 日本海 , 'Japan Sea') or originally Jīng hǎi ( 鲸海 , 'Whale Sea') in China, Yaponskoye more ( Японское море , 'Japanese Sea') in Russia, Chosŏn Tonghae ( 조선동해 , literally 'Korean East Sea') in North Korea , and Donghae ( 동해 , literally 'East Sea') in South Korea . The use of the term "Sea of Japan" as

2231-506: Is common in other Dharmic faiths such as Hinduism , Jainism and Sikhism , as well as East Asian religions like Taoism . While monks , nuns and a minority of believers are vegetarian year-round, many believers follow the Buddhist vegetarian diet for celebrations. Buddhists believe that cooking is seen as a spiritual practice that produces the nourishment which the body needs to work hard and meditate. The origin of "Buddhist food" as

2328-557: Is commonly offered at numerous temples, notably in Kyoto. This centuries-old culinary tradition, primarily associated with religious contexts, is seldom encountered beyond places like temples, religious festivals, and funerals. A more recent version, more Chinese in style, is prepared by the Ōbaku school of zen, and known as fucha ryōri ( 普茶料理 ) ; this is served at the head temple of Manpuku-ji , as well as various subtemples. In modern times, commercial restaurants have also latched on to

2425-465: Is especially noticeable between October and March when the strong (12–15 m/s [39–49 ft/s] or higher) north-western monsoon wind brings cold and dry continental air. The evaporation is blown further south, causing snowfall in the mountainous western coasts of Japan. This winter monsoon brings typhoons and storms, with the waves reaching 8–10 m (26–33 ft) which erode the western coasts of Japan. Tsunami waves have also been recorded in

2522-414: Is most practiced, rice features heavily as a staple in the Buddhist meal, especially in the form of rice porridge or congee as the usual morning meal. Noodles and other grains may often be served as well. Vegetables of all sorts are generally either stir-fried or cooked in vegetarian broth with seasonings and may be eaten with various sauces. Onions and garlic are usually avoided as consumption of these

2619-449: Is relatively constant. The surface layer tends to be more fresh in the sea parts which experience ice melting and rains. The average water density is 1.0270 g/cm in the north and 1.0255 g/cm in the south in winter. It lowers in summer to 1.0253 and 1.0215 g/cm , respectively. Few rivers flow into the Sea of Japan from mainland Asia , the largest being Tumen , Rudnaya, Samarga, Partizanskaya and Tumnin; all of them have

2716-535: Is that it derives from dadacha , the Shonai dialectical word for "father" – gagacha is the dialectical word for "mother", while the other is that the beans came from Date, Fukushima , and were originally called Date-no-chamame , which became Date-chamame and then Dadacha-mame . Dadachamame are used in any kind of meal: sweet, salty, spicy, bitter, sour, just boiled, crushed, grilled, and in sauces. Dadakko (だだっ子), are small cakes which contain

2813-795: Is the marginal sea between the Japanese archipelago , Sakhalin , the Korean Peninsula , and the mainland of the Russian Far East . The Japanese archipelago separates the sea from the Pacific Ocean . Like the Mediterranean Sea , it has almost no tides due to its nearly complete enclosure from the Pacific Ocean. This isolation also affects faunal diversity and salinity , both of which are lower than in

2910-477: Is the dominant economic activity in the region. The intensity of shipments across the sea has been moderate owing to political issues, but it is steadily increasing as a result of the growth of East Asian economies. Sea of Japan is the dominant term used in English for the sea, and the name in most European languages is equivalent, but it is sometimes called by different names in surrounding countries. The sea

3007-508: Is the lowest at 33.8‰ in the south-east and south-west because of frequent rains, and remains at about 34.09‰ in most other parts. Thawing of ice in spring reduces water salinity in the north, but it remains high at 34.60–34.70‰ in the south, partly because of the inflow of salty water through the Korea Strait . A typical variation of salinity across the sea in summer is 31.5‰ to 34.5‰ from north to south. The depth distribution of salinity

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3104-644: Is thought to increase undesirable emotions such as anger or sexual desire. Traditionally, eggs and dairy are not permitted. Seasonings will be informed by whatever is common in the local region; for example, soy sauce and vegan dashi figure strongly in Japanese monastery food while Thai curry and tương (as a vegetarian replacement for fish sauce) may be prominent in Southeast Asia. Sweets and desserts are not often consumed, but are permitted in moderation and may be served at special occasions, such as in

3201-488: Is when monks and nuns have seen, heard or known that animal(s) have been specifically killed to feed the alms-seeker, in which case consumption of such meat would be karmically negative, as well as meat from certain animals, such as dogs and snakes, that were regarded as impure in ancient India. The same restriction is also followed by some lay Buddhists and is known as the consumption of "triply clean meat" (三净肉). The Pāli Scriptures also indicated that Lord Buddha refusing

3298-750: The Asian mainland and Sakhalin; La Pérouse Strait between Sakhalin and Hokkaidō; the Tsugaru Strait between Hokkaidō and Honshū; the Kanmon Straits between Honshū and Kyūshū; and the Korea Strait between the Korean Peninsula and Kyūshū. The Korea Strait is composed of the Western Channel and the Tsushima Strait , on either side of Tsushima Island . The straits were formed in recent geologic periods. The oldest of them are

3395-730: The Japanese archipelago separated from each other. During the Miocene, the Sea of Japan expanded. The north part of the Japanese archipelago was further fragmented later until orogenesis of the north-eastern Japanese archipelago began in the later Late Miocene . The south part of the Japanese archipelago remained as a relatively large landmass. The land area had expanded northward in the Late Miocene. The orogenesis of high mountain ranges in north-eastern Japan started in Late Miocene and lasted in Pliocene also. The eastern margin of

3492-654: The Kuril Islands . It is also reflected in various legends, such as the legend of the Heishi rock , which says that once when herring vanished, an old fairy threw a bottle with magic water into the sea, and the herring returned. The bottle got stuck to the seabed and turned into a rock, which became a representation of the God of the Sea of Japan. Vladivostok is a base for the Russian whaling fleet. Although it operates in

3589-504: The Zen tradition generally follow a pattern of "three bowls" in descending size. The first and largest bowl is a grain-based dish such as rice, noodles or congee ; the second contains the protein dish which is often some form of stew or soup; the third and smallest bowl is a vegetable dish or a salad. The earliest surviving written accounts of Buddhism are the Edicts written by King Ashoka ,

3686-607: The 1920s. American , Canadian and French whaleships cruised for whales in the sea between 1847 and 1892. Most entered the sea via Korea Strait and left via La Pérouse Strait , but some entered and exited via Tsugaru Strait . They primarily targeted right whales , but began catching humpbacks as right whale catches declined. They also made attempts to catch blue and fin whales , but these species invariably sank after being killed. Right whales were caught from March to September, with peak catches in May and June. During

3783-487: The 1st and 15th of the lunar calendar (lenten days), on Chinese New Year eve, and on saint and ancestral holy days. To cater to this type of customer, as well as full-time vegetarians, the menu of a Buddhist vegetarian restaurant usually shows no difference from a typical Chinese or East Asian restaurant, except that in recipes originally made to contain meat, a soy chicken substitute might be served instead. According to cookbooks published in English, formal monastery meals in

3880-542: The Akagawa River (赤川, literally "Red River"), and the Mogami River . Tsuruoka has a Humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfa ) with large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. Precipitation is significant throughout the year but is heaviest from August to October. The average annual temperature in Tsuruoka

3977-673: The Japanese islands. The largest bays are Peter the Great Gulf , Sovetskaya Gavan ; Vladimira Bay, Olga ; Posyet Bay in Russia; East Korea Bay in North Korea; and Ishikari (Hokkaidō), Toyama (Honshū), and Wakasa (Honshū) Bays in Japan. Prominent capes include Lazareva, Peschanyi (sandy), Povorotny , Gromova, Pogibi , Tyk, and Korsakova in Russia; Crillon on Sakhalin ; Sōya , Nosappu , Tappi , Nyuda, Rebun , Rishiri , Okushiri , Daso and Oki in Japan; and Musu Dan in North Korea. As world sea level dropped during

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4074-558: The Japanese islands. In the 1780s, the Frenchman Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse , traveled northward across the sea through the strait later named after him . In 1796, a British naval officer, William Robert Broughton , explored the Strait of Tartary, the eastern coast of the Russian Far East and the Korean Peninsula . In 1803–1806, the Russian navigator Adam Johann von Krusenstern while sailing across

4171-548: The Korean Peninsula, but they also mainly target countries not bordering the Sea of Japan. The major Russian port of Vladivostok mainly serves inland cargos, whereas Nakhodka and Vostochny are more international and have a busy exchange with Japan and South Korea . Other prominent Russian ports are Sovetskaya Gavan , Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky and Kholmsk , and the major ports of North Korea are Wonsan , Hamhung and Chongjin . The intensity of shipments across

4268-504: The Sea of Japan is steadily increasing as a result of the growth of East Asian economies. This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from this reference: Sh%C5%8Djin ry%C5%8Dri Buddhist cuisine is an Asian cuisine that is followed by monks and many believers from areas historically influenced by Mahayana Buddhism . It is vegetarian or vegan, and it is based on the Dharmic concept of ahimsa (non-violence). Vegetarianism

4365-532: The Tsugaru and Tsushima straits. Their formation had interrupted the migration of elephants into the Japanese islands at the end of the Neogene Period (about 2.6 million years ago). The most recent is La Perouse Strait, which formed about 60,000 to 11,000 years ago closing the path used by mammoths which had earlier moved to northern Hokkaidō. All the straits are rather shallow, with a minimal depth of

4462-529: The ascetic practice ) is often perceived as a form of syncretism of Shintô and Buddhism. The Yamabushi (山伏, lit. "the men who sleep in the Mountain"), or men who practice shugendô , believe in Buddha but also believe that a god resides in all things that exist in nature. Yamabushi wear checkered vests and blow trumpet shells to communicate with their peers and to keep the bad spirits away. They aim to protect

4559-403: The atmosphere in the northern part of the sea and by the currents in the southern part. Winter temperatures are 0 °C (32 °F) or below in the north and 10–14 °C (50–57 °F) in the south. In this season, there is a significant temperature difference between the western and eastern parts owing to the circular currents. So at the latitude of Peter the Great Gulf, the water temperature

4656-481: The basin in Chinese was "Sea of Whales" ), and the crustaceans by shrimps and crabs. Because of the shallow straits connecting the sea with Pacific Ocean, the Sea of Japan has no characteristic oceanic deep-water fauna. Flora and fauna unique to the region near the Sea of Japan are known as "Japan Sea elements". Fishery had long been the main economic activity on the Sea of Japan. It is mainly carried out on and near

4753-579: The bays as early as October and its remains may be seen even in June. Ice cover is continuous only in the bays and forms floating patches in the open sea. Ice melting in spring results in cold currents in the northern areas. In summer the wind weakens to 2–7 m/s (6.6–23.0 ft/s) and reverses its direction, blowing warm and humid air from the North Pacific onto the Asian mainland. The warmest month

4850-628: The city is part of Yamagata District 3 of the lower house of the Diet of Japan . Tsuruoka has a mixed economy based on light manufacturing, commercial services, agriculture, and commercial fishing . Tsuruoka has 26 public elementary schools and 11public middle schools operated by the city government and six public high schools operated by the Yamagata Prefectural Board of Education. There are also two private high schools. The prefecture also operates two special education schools for

4947-428: The common other brands of rice thanks to the studies of metabolomes . The city is literally surrounded by plains, forests and mountains. Thus, wood and grass were largely used in all kinds of crafts. As for architecture, thatch-roofed houses ( kayabukiyane かやぶき屋根) are one of the symbols of the city. Some of them remained in good condition through centuries now as for example Tasôminka 多層民家 (the several-layered house),

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5044-683: The context of a tea ceremony in the Zen tradition. Buddhist vegetarian chefs have become extremely creative in imitating meat using prepared wheat gluten , also known as seitan , kao fu (烤麸) or wheat meat, soy (such as tofu or tempeh ), agar , konnyaku and other plant products. Some of their recipes are the oldest and most-refined meat analogues in the world. Soy and wheat gluten are very versatile materials, because they can be manufactured into various shapes and textures, and they absorb flavorings (including, but not limited to, meat-like flavorings), while having very little flavor of their own. With

5141-462: The continental shelves and focuses on herring, sardines and bluefin tuna. These species are however depleted from after World War II . Squid is mostly caught near the sea center and salmon near the northern and south-western shores. There is also a well-developed seaweed production. The importance of the fishery in the sea is illustrated by the territorial disputes between Japan and South Korea over Liancourt Rocks and between Japan and Russia over

5238-502: The cyclonal character of the sea currents. Other notable expeditions of the 19th century include the American North Pacific Exploring and Surveying Expedition (1853–1856) and British Challenger expedition (1872–1876). The aquatic life was described by V. K. Brazhnikov in 1899–1902 and P. Yu. Schmidt in 1903–1904. The Japanese scientific studies of the sea began only in 1915 and became systematic since

5335-498: The deeper regions. There are no large islands in the sea. Most of the smaller ones are near the eastern coast, except for Ulleungdo (South Korea). The most significant islands are Moneron , Rebun , Rishiri , Okushiri , Ōshima , Sado , Okinoshima , Ulleungdo , Askold, Russky and Putyatin. The shorelines are relatively straight and lack large bays and capes; the coastal shapes are simplest in Sakhalin and are more winding in

5432-413: The dominant name is a point of contention. South Korea wants the name "East Sea" to be used, either instead of or in addition to "Sea of Japan;" while North Korea prefers the name "East Sea of Korea". The primary issue in the dispute revolves around a disagreement about when the name "Sea of Japan" became the international standard. Japan claims the term has been the international standard since at least

5529-551: The early 19th century, while the Koreas claim that the term "Sea of Japan" arose later while Korea was under Japanese rule , and before that occupation, other names such as "Sea of Korea" or "East Sea" were used in English. In 2012, the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), the intergovernmental organization that maintains a publication listing the limits of ocean and sea areas around

5626-815: The eastern and southern areas. The oxygen concentration is 95% of the saturation point near the surface; it decreases with the depth to about 70% at 3,000 m (9,800 ft). The high concentration of dissolved oxygen results in the rich aquatic life of the Sea of Japan – there are more than 800 species of aquatic plants and more than 3,500 animal species, including more than 900 species of crustaceans, about 1,000 of fish and 26 of mammals. The coastal areas contain several kg/m of biomass. Pelagic (oceanic) fishes include saury , mackerel, Jack mackerels , sardines, anchovies, herring, sea bream , squid and various species of salmon and trout. The demersal (sea-bottom) fishes include cod , pollock and Atka mackerel . Mammals are represented by seals and whales (ancient name for

5723-529: The entire sea with the highest levels observed in summer and lowest in winter. Wind may also locally change the water level by 20–25 cm (8–10 in); for example, it is higher in summer at the Korean and lower at the Japanese coasts. The sea waters have blue to green-blue color and a transparency of about 10 m (33 ft). They are rich in dissolved oxygen , especially in the western and northern parts, which are colder and have more phytoplankton than

5820-489: The evolutionary process from the analogue to the digital era. The IHO approved the proposal of the new official nautical chart. The new chart will be marked with a numerical identifier without a name. For centuries, the sea had protected Japan from land invasions, particularly by the Mongols. It had long been navigated by Asian and, from the 18th century, by European ships. Russian expeditions of 1733–1743 mapped Sakhalin and

5917-678: The extremity of Esan Saki (41°48′ N). On the Northeast. In La Perouse Strait (Sôya Kaikyô). A line joining Sôni Misaki and Nishi Notoro Misaki (45°55′ N). On the North. From Cape Tuik (51°45′ N) to Cape Sushcheva. The sea currents circulate in the counterclockwise direction. The Kuroshio (Japan Current), the Tsushima Current and the East Korea Warm Current bring warmer and more saline water to

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6014-424: The globe in the ship Nadezhda also explored, in passing, the Sea of Japan and the eastern shores of Japanese islands . In 1849, another Russian explorer Gennady Nevelskoy discovered the strait between the continent and Sakhalin and mapped the northern part of the Strait of Tartary. Russian expeditions were made in 1853–1854 and 1886–1889 to measure the surface temperatures and record the tides. They also documented

6111-509: The grounds of Mt. Haguro is the Jiji-sugi 爺杉 ("Grandpa cedar"), a 30m high cedar that exists for more than 1000 years. In 2014, Tsuruoka has been registered as a UNESCO Creative City of Gastronomy. Its more than 50 species of "ancestral food" ( zairai sakumotsu 在来作物) that exist and remain intact for several centuries now are one of the reasons why the city has received this title. Among these there are: minden nasu 民田なす (a round eggplant with

6208-549: The handicapped. [REDACTED] East Japan Railway Company - Uetsu Main Line Tsuruoka is mostly known for its " Three Mountains of Dewa ", which refers to Mt. Haguro , the smallest mount that culminates at only 436m high; Mt. Gassan , the highest mount at 1984m; and Mt. Yudono , at 1500m. Those three mounts are considered the core of the Shugendô practice. Shugendô (修験道, lit. The way of

6305-513: The ice cap advances of the last Ice Age , the exit straits of the Sea of Japan one by one dried and closed. There is controversy as to whether or not in each ice cap advance the world sea level fell low enough for the deepest, the western channel of the Korea Strait , to dry and close, turning the Sea of Japan into a huge cold inland lake with a surface layer of fresh water, freezing over in the winters. The sea climate has warm waters and monsoons. This combination results in strong evaporation, which

6402-546: The ingredients for a rich feast, wholeheartedly, sincerely, clearly. When you serve the monastic assembly, they and you should taste only the flavour of the Ocean of Reality, the Ocean of unobscured Awake Awareness, not whether or not the soup is creamy or made only of wild herbs. In nourishing the seeds of living in the Way, rich food and wild grass are not separate. Following its dominant status in most parts of East Asia where Buddhism

6499-645: The limits of the "Japan Sea" as follows: On the Southwest. The Northeastern limit of the Eastern China Sea [From Nomo Saki (32°35′ N) in Kyusyu to the South point of Hukae Sima ( Goto Retto ) and on through this island to Ose Saki (Cape Goto) and to Hunan Kan, the South point of Saisyu To (Quelpart), through this island to its Western extreme and thence along the parallel of 33°17′ North to

6596-451: The local sushi shops' good reputation, but it has also helped constitute a very particular kind of "family gastronomy", where fishes hold a very important place. The rice cultivated in Tsuruoka and more generally in Shonai region has been recognized for its strong umami taste . In 2010, searchers from Keiô University's Institute for Advanced Biosciences 慶應義塾大学先端生命科学研究所 have proven Tsuyahime local rice brand contained 1.5x more umami taste than

6693-880: The mainland] and the Western limit of the Inland Sea [defined circuitously as "The Southeastern limit of the Japan Sea"]. On the Southeast. In Simonoseki Kaikyo . A line running from Nagoya Saki (130°49′,5 E) in Kyûsyû through the islands of Uma Sima and Muture Sima (33°58′,5 N) to Murasaki Hana (34°01′ N) in Honsyû . On the East. In the Tsugaru Kaikô . From the extremity of Siriya Saki (141°28′ E) to

6790-503: The mind and " mindfulness ". It is part of the Five Precepts which dictate that one is not to "not to take any substance that will cloud the mind." Caffeinated drinks may sometimes be included under this restriction. In theory and practice, many regional styles of cooking may be adapted to be "Buddhist" as long as the cook, with the above restrictions in mind, prepares the food, generally in simple preparations, with expert attention to its quality, wholesomeness and flavor. Often working on

6887-549: The mountain and to live a sinless life connected to nature. The pilgrimage of all three mountains is done in that sense. The three mountains symbolically represent death and rebirth. By going down and up the 2466 stone stairs of Mt. Haguro, people can experience a symbolic "death" and "rebirth", after which they can access to the world of the dead represented by Mt. Gassan and its foggy landscapes; lastly, they can purify their body and soul in Mt. Yudono's natural hotsprings. Shôjin ryôri (精進料理, lit. "food for spiritual elevation"),

6984-612: The north and the Tsushima Basin (Ulleung Basin) in the south-west. The Japan Basin is of oceanic origin and is the deepest part of the sea, whereas the Tsushima Basin is the shallowest with the depths below 2,300 m (7,500 ft). On the eastern shores, the continental shelves of the sea are wide, but on the western shores, particularly along the Korean coast, they are narrow, averaging about 30 km (19 mi). There are three distinct continental shelves in

7081-672: The north. There they merge into the Tsugaru Current and flow into the Pacific Ocean through the Tsugaru Strait. They also feed the Sōya Current and exit through the La Perouse Strait to the Sea of Okhotsk. The returning branch is composed of the Liman, North Korea and Central (or Mid-) Japan Sea currents which bring fresh and cold water along the Asian coast to the south. Water temperature is mostly affected by exchange with

7178-425: The northern part (above 44° N). They form a staircase-like structure with the steps slightly inclined southwards and submerged to the depths of 900–1,400 (3,000–4,600), 1,700–2,000 (5,600–6,600) and 2,300–2,600 m (7,500–8,500 ft). The last step sharply drops to the depths of about 3,500 m (11,500 ft) toward the central (deepest) part of the sea. The bottom of this part is relatively flat, but has

7275-523: The northern part of Japan and Sakhalin Island. The intensity of shipments across the sea is moderate, owing to the cold relations between many bordering countries. As a result, the largest Japanese ports are on the Pacific coast, and the significant ports on the Sea of Japan are Niigata , Tsuruta and Maizuru . Major South Korean ports are Busan , Ulsan , and Pohang situated on the south-eastern coast of

7372-436: The northern part of the sea in winter and is brought south by the sea currents; it is rather stable and is observed all through the year. The hydrological isolation of the Sea of Japan also results in slightly lower average water salinity (34.09‰, where ‰ means parts per thousand) compared with the Pacific Ocean. In winter, the highest salinity at 34.5‰ is observed in the south where evaporation dominates over precipitation. It

7469-578: The northern seas, its production is processed and partly distributed in the Vladivostok area. Vladivostok is also a terminal point of the Trans-Siberian Railway which brings many goods to and from this major port . There is a regular ferry service across the Strait of Tartary between the Russian continental port of Vanino and Kholmsk in Sakhalin. The sea has magnetite sands as well as natural gas and petroleum fields near

7566-437: The open ocean. The sea has no large islands, bays or capes. Its water balance is mostly determined by the inflow and outflow through the straits connecting it to the neighboring seas and the Pacific Ocean. Few rivers discharge into the sea and their total contribution to the water exchange is within 1%. The seawater has an elevated concentration of dissolved oxygen that results in high biological productivity. Therefore, fishing

7663-440: The order of 100 meters or less. This hinders water exchange, thereby isolating the water and aquatic life of the Sea of Japan from the neighboring seas and oceans. The sea has a surface area of about 1,050,000 km (410,000 sq mi), a mean depth of 1,752 m (5,748 ft) and a maximum depth of 4,568 m (14,987 ft). It has a carrot-like shape, with the major axis extending from south-west to north-east and

7760-537: The peak years of 1848 and 1849 a total of over 170 vessels (over 60 in 1848, and over 110 in 1849) cruised in the Sea of Japan, with significantly lesser numbers in following years. The Sea of Japan was landlocked when the land bridge of East Asia existed. The Japan Arc started to form in the Early Miocene . In the Early Miocene the Japan Sea started to open, and the northern and southern parts of

7857-550: The proper seasonings , they can mimic various kinds of meat quite closely. Some of these Buddhist vegetarian chefs are in the many monasteries and temples which serve allium-free and mock-meat (also known as 'meat analogues') dishes to the monks and visitors (including non-Buddhists who often stay for a few hours or days, to Buddhists who are not monks, but staying overnight for anywhere up to weeks or months). Many Buddhist restaurants also serve vegetarian, vegan, non-alcoholic or allium-free dishes. Some Buddhists eat vegetarian on

7954-516: The road. The first snows usually come in late November but the real peak is generally around January. The red leaves appear generally at the end of October and end in mid-November. Per Japanese census data, the population of Tsuruoka has declined in recent decades. The area of present-day Tsuruoka was part of ancient Dewa Province . In the Edo period , it served as the capital of the Shōnai Domain . It

8051-403: The sea are of oceanic origin. Seabed down to 300 m (980 ft) is of continental nature and is covered with a mixture of mud, sand, gravel and fragments of rock. The depths between 300 and 800 m (980 and 2,620 ft) are covered in hemipelagic sediments (i.e., of semi-oceanic origin); these sediments are composed of blue mud rich in organic matter. Pelagic sediments of red mud dominate

8148-473: The sea may host an incipient subduction zone responsible for large earthquakes in 1940 , 1964 , 1983 and 1993 . Nowadays the Sea of Japan is bounded by the Russian mainland and Sakhalin island to the north, the Korean Peninsula to the west, and the Japanese islands of Hokkaidō , Honshū and Kyūshū to the east and south. It is connected to other seas by five straits : the Strait of Tartary between

8245-485: The sea through the Korea Strait and discharges through the Tsugaru (64% or 34,610 km  [8,300 cu mi], La Pérouse 10,380 km  [2,490 cu mi]) and Korea straits. Rainfall, evaporation and riverine inflow make only 1% of the water balance. Between October and April, the outflow exceeds the inflow due to the lower income through the Korea Strait; this balance reverses between May and September. The sea has complex tides , which are induced by

8342-548: The sea. In addition, the monsoon enhances the surface water convection, down to the depths of 30 m (98 ft). The coldest months are January and February, with an average air temperature of −20 °C (−4 °F) in the north and 5 °C (41 °F) in the south. The northern one-quarter of the sea, particularly the Siberian coast and the Strait of Tartary, freezes for about 4−5 months. The timing and extent of freezing vary from year to year, so ice may start forming in

8439-515: The southern tip of Korean Peninsula and to 0.5 m (1.6 ft) at the North Korean shores. Similar low tides are observed in Hokkaidō, Honshū and south Sakhalin. The amplitude however increases to 2.3–2.8 m (7.5–9.2 ft) toward the north of the Strait of Tartary due to its funnel-like shape. Apart from tides, the water level also displays seasonal, monsoon-related variations across

8536-434: The style, catering both to practicing and non-practicing lay people. Most of the dishes considered to be uniquely Buddhist are vegetarian, but not all Buddhist traditions require vegetarianism of lay followers or clergy. Vegetarian eating is primarily associated with the East and Southeast Asian tradition in China, Vietnam, Japan, and Korea where it is commonly practiced by clergy and may be observed by laity on holidays or as

8633-404: The sun and tropical monsoons increases the depth gradient in spring–summer. In the north the surface layer (down to 15 m or 49 ft) may heat up to 18–20 °C (64–68 °F). The temperature would drop sharply to 4 °C (39 °F) at 50 m (160 ft), then slowly decrease to 1 °C (34 °F) at 250 m (820 ft) and remain so down to the seabed. On the contrary,

8730-427: The temperature in the south could gradually decrease to 6 °C (43 °F) at 200 m (660 ft), then to 2 °C (36 °F) at 260 m (850 ft) and to 0.04–0.14 °C (32.07–32.25 °F) at 1,000–1,500 m (3,300–4,900 ft), but then it would rise to about 0.3 °C (32.5 °F) near the bottom. This cold layer at about 1,000 m (3,300 ft) is formed by sinking of cold water in

8827-417: The temperature is almost constant with the depth in the northern part of the sea. However, in central-southern parts, it may be 8–10 °C (46–50 °F) down to 100–150 m (330–490 ft), 2–4 °C (36–39 °F) at 200–250 m (660–820 ft), 1.0–1.5 °C (33.8–34.7 °F) at 400–500 m (1,300–1,600 ft) and then remain at about 0 °C (32 °F) until the bottom. Heating by

8924-461: The tidal wave of the Pacific Ocean penetrating through the Korea Strait and Tsugaru strait. The tides are semi-diurnal (rise twice a day) in the Korea Strait and in the northern part of the Strait of Tartary. They are diurnal at the eastern shore of Korea, Russian Far East and the Japanese islands of Honshū and Hokkaidō. Mixed tides occur in Peter the Great Gulf and Korea strait. The tidal waves have

9021-515: The towns of Fujishima , Haguro and Kushibiki , and the village of Asahi (all from Higashitagawa District), and the town of Atsumi (from Nishitagawa District ) were merged into Tsuruoka. Tsuruoka has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 24 members. The city contributes five members to the Yamagata Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics,

9118-411: The wind over a small (isolated) and tall obstacle, and usually forms over small mountainous islands. The Sea of Japan meets these conditions as it has frequent winds and cloudy skies, as well as compact, tall islands such as Rishiri (1,721 m or 5,646 ft), Ulleungdo (984 m or 3,228 ft) and Ōshima (732 m or 2,402 ft). The International Hydrographic Organization defines

9215-476: The winter – the period when it is supposed to be tastier), gomadôfu ごま豆腐 (sesame-flavoured tôfu), tochimochi とちもち (chestnut flavoured pound rice cake), kitsunemen キツネ面 (fox mask shaped black sugar biscuit), etc. The city is also known for its large variety of soups (it is said the harsh cold during the winter is the reason why there are so many types of hot soups in Tsuruoka), apart from kandarajiru , there

9312-518: The world, abandoned its most recent of several attempts in the last 25 years to revise its publication of the sea's name. This was primarily because of the lack of agreement between the Koreas and Japan over the naming issue. In September 2020, the IHO announced that it would adopt a new numerical system, also known as "S-130". In November 2020, S-23, the previous version of the nautical chart made in 1953 will be made public as an IHO publication to demonstrate

9409-482: Was a minor port for the kitamaebune coastal trade. After the start of the Meiji period , the area organized as Tsuruoka Town under Nishitagawa District , Yamagata Prefecture in 1878. It was elevated to city status on October 1, 1924, becoming Japan's 100th city. In 1955, the city expanded by annexing the town of Kamo and nine neighboring villages. The town of Oyama was annexed by Tsuruoka in 1963. On October 1, 2005,

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