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35-796: Tse-whit-zen ( č̕ixʷícən [t͡ʃʼiˈxʷit͡sən] in the Klallam language , meaning "inner harbor") is a 1,700- to 2,700-year-old village of the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe located along the Port Angeles , Washington waterfront. It is located at the base of Ediz Hook on the Olympic Peninsula. During construction in August 2003 of a graving dock associated with replacement of the Hood Canal Bridge ,

70-708: A heritage language "to meet graduation and college entrance requirements." Beginning fall 2020, the Klallam language has been taught at Peninsula College in Port Angeles. The last native speaker of Klallam as a first language was Hazel Sampson of Port Angeles , who died on February 4, 2014, at the age of 103. Hazel Sampson had worked along with brother Ed Sampson (d. 1995), Tom Charles (d. 1999), Bea Charles (d. 2009) and Adeline Smith (d. 2013), other native speakers of Klallam, and with language teacher Jamie Valadez and linguist Timothy Montler from 1992 to compile

105-405: A city-owned stadium about 1.5 miles from the school. The school athletic teams have won various accolades for their performance during sports games. PAHS also offers a variety of seasonal sports: Port Angeles High School's Navy Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps "Roughrider Company" is a highly decorated unit with approximately 120 cadets. Under the leadership of Marine Maj. Leo Campbell, Ret.,

140-429: A lack of control, or a "finally" or "manage to" sense ─ it's out of the subject's control whether they will succeed. A suffix -əŋ on a transitivized verb creates a passive construction. For example, c̕áʔkʷtəŋ cn ʔaʔ cə nəŋə́naʔ "I was washed by my child". There is additionally a middle voice in which the suffix -əŋ on an intransitive stem creates an antipassive construction indicating an agent subject. If no patient

175-771: A member of the Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe , installed street signs in Klallam alongside existing English ones in Little Boston . Klallam has four phonemic vowels: The 36 consonants of Klallam written in the IPA , with its orthography in brackets where different: In Klallam, strings of consonants are acceptable both at the beginning and ends of syllables. In the onset, consonant clusters are rather unstructured, so words like ɬq̕čšɬšáʔ "fifty" can exist without problem. Similarly, codas can contain similar clusters of consonants, as in sx̣áʔəstxʷ "to dislike something" (wherein

210-559: A number of different ideas. Oftentimes, these suffixes can take on metaphorically extended meaning, so 'nose' can also be used to refer to a single point, and 'mouth' can mean 'language'. Below are examples of common lexical suffixes with alternate pronunciation in parentheses. Alternate pronunciations usually depend on the location of the stress in the root. There are also activity suffixes that give more information about an activity, such as 'structured' with -ayu and -ay̓s, 'customary' with -iŋəɬ, or 'habitual' with -ənəq. Sometimes plurality

245-433: A number of examples. Allomorphy is common; often, a single affix with have multiple phonetic realizations due to stress structure or the phonology of the word it is being added to. A common form of prefix is the time prefix. These prefixes can be added to nouns, adjectives and verbs to project ideas of time into the root's meaning. Examples include kwɬ - (already), twaw̓ (still), čaʔ (just now), and txʷ- (first, for

280-439: A particular meaning to the word. Two-consonant reduplication is a way to express plurality in about 10% of Kallam words. The first two consonants are copied and inserted before their location in the stem, and a schwa is inserted between them. For example, ləmətú (sheep) becomes ləmləmətú (bunch of sheep) through this process. First letter reduplication is one of three ways to create a continuative verb form. The first consonant of

315-404: A program known as "college in the high school" allows sophomores (second semester only), juniors, and seniors to take classes for both high school and college credit, without actually going to the college building itself. Classes include Astronomy, World History, Calculus, and American Government. It is the only high school in the U.S. that offers Klallam language courses, due to its proximity to

350-404: A variety of moods and evidentials. In main clauses, Klallam uses an ergative-absolutive pattern to mark the third person. The first and second persons in the main clause, however, as well as all persons in subordinate clauses, follow a nominative-accusative pattern. Verbs are intransitive unless marked with one of several transitivizing suffixes. The suffix -t on a verb indicates control by

385-441: A while). Other prefixes add verbal semantics with meanings such as 'have', 'go to', 'go from', and 'be affected by'. Klallam has lexical suffixes, which are unique to the languages of northwest North America. They have inherently noun-like meanings and can function as the object of a verb, create a compound meaning, and act as the object of a number word. Many refer to body parts, but there are almost 100 lexical suffixes that cover

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420-433: A word is inserted after the first vowel, sometimes with a schwa added afterwards; for example, qán̓ cn (I steal) becomes qáqən̓ cn (I am stealing). To create a diminutive form the first consonant is reduplicated with an additional 'suffix' of -aʔ afterwards and an infix of -ʔ- later in the word, which may be replaced by glottalization. With this músmes (cow) becomes maʔmúʔsməs (little cow, calf). The diminutive

455-660: Is a Straits Salishan language historically spoken by the Klallam people at Becher Bay on Vancouver Island in British Columbia and across the Strait of Juan de Fuca on the north coast of the Olympic Peninsula in Washington . The last native speaker of Klallam as a first language died in 2014, but there is a growing group of speakers of Klallam as a second language. Klallam is closely related to

490-612: Is home to the Port Angeles Performing Arts Center. The 1,150-seat auditorium was constructed in 1958 and significantly remodeled in 1978. In addition to school use, it is the venue for community arts organizations such as the Port Angeles Symphony Orchestra, PALOA Musical Theater, Olympic Barbershop, Peninsula Men's Gospel Singers, Arts Northwest, and Ballet Workshop. Notable performances it has hosted include Arlo Guthrie and

525-426: Is marked with an infix (however, there are many ways to mark plurality). This infix marks collective plurality, meaning that instead of strictly marking multiple of a noun, it creates a group of the noun. This infix takes one of the forms -əy̓- , -aʔy- , -éy- , or -éye- depending on the root structure and stress placement proceeding the infix. There are multiple forms of reduplication in Klallam, and each lends

560-463: Is mentioned in the middle voice, it is assumed that the patient and the agent are the same, as in an action being done to oneself. For example, c̕áʔkʷəŋ cn would usually be taken to mean "I washed myself", but it is subject to some ambiguity, as it could also mean "I washed (regularly)" or "I did some washing". Port Angeles High School Port Angeles High School ( PAHS ) is a public high school in Port Angeles, Washington , United States. It

595-404: Is not limited to noun forms. When used on a verb, the meaning takes on the characteristic of "just a little" or "by a small thing." With an adjective, the meaning is construed to a lesser extent than the original form. Other forms of reduplication exist with meanings of "characteristic," "inceptive," and "affective" aspects. The typical word order in Klallam is VSO, but if the subject of the verb

630-429: Is obvious then the object and subject can be in any order. This means that VOS is a very frequent alternative structure. In addition to when a sentence simply couldn't work with the subject and object's roles swapped, the subject is considered obvious when both participants are human and one possesses the other. For example, in kʷənáŋəts cə swéʔwəs cə táns , literally 'helped the boy his mother' (The boy helped his mother),

665-778: Is part of the Port Angeles School District . It is the largest high school in the North Olympic Peninsula region. Built in 1953, the facilities are located on 33 acres within a block of Olympic National Park borders. The school has views of the Olympic Mountain Range and the Salish Sea from the campus buildings. The school's mascot is the Roughrider, depicting Theodore Roosevelt on a horse in his role as commander of

700-760: The Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe championed the preservation of Tse-whit-zen. As a child, Smith had been warned by adults never to walk on or play on the site of Tse-whit-zen, as it was considered sacred by her people. She was also instrumental in gaining removal of the Elwha Dam and contributing to preservation of the Klallam language through creating a dictionary and written form. The site is the largest ancient (pre-contact) Native American village discovered in Washington state to date (as of 2013). Klallam language Klallam, Clallam, Ns'Klallam or S'klallam ( endonym : nəxʷsƛ̕ay̕əmúcən , /nxʷst͡ɬʼajˀˈmut͡sn/ ),

735-483: The Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe reservation on the Elwha River delta and high number of tribal members who attend the school. Also included is a local funds program for graduating seniors who plan further education. The program typically receives $ 275,000 but over $ 900,000 in scholarships when combined with college-offered scholarships and other awards. Football, baseball and soccer games are played at Civic Field,

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770-503: The Northern Straits Salish dialects, Sooke , Lekwungen , Saanich , Lummi , and Samish but the languages are not mutually intelligible . There were several dialects of Klallam, including Elwha Klallam, Becher Bay Klallam, Jamestown S'Klallam and Little Boston S'Klallam. The first Klallam dictionary was published in 2012. Port Angeles High School , in Port Angeles, Washington , offers Klallam classes, taught as

805-482: The First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry. The school's colors are green and white. In addition to core courses, PAHS offers honors and Advanced Placement courses, a full range of traditional vocational courses, four choirs, five bands, four orchestras, and a full range of fine art courses. Junior and senior students have the option of taking courses at nearby Peninsula College for both high school and college credit. Similarly,

840-488: The Klallam Dictionary. In 1999, this effort led to the development of a lesson plan and guidebooks to teach students the basics of the language through storytelling. In 2015, a complete grammar of Klallam was published for second language instruction and preservation of the language. Bilingual English-Klallam street signs were installed at two intersections in Port Angeles in 2016. In 2020, Donald Sullivan,

875-399: The actor. For example, in c̕áʔkʷ cn ʔaʔ cə nətán "I got washed by my mother", the root is unmarked and the subject cn is a patient while the agent is the object of the oblique preposition ʔaʔ , but in c̕áʔkʷt cn cə nəŋənaʔ "I washed my child", the -t transitive suffix marks that the agent subject, cn is in control of the action. In a similar manner, the transitivizer -nəxʷ indicates

910-431: The environment. However, there is much reason to doubt this theory, as ʔaʔ , ʔiʔ , and ʔuʔ are all contrasting words, and there are likely more minimal pairs between vowels that exist in the language. Stress often falls on the penultimate syllable; however, some affixes attract stress, and some words do not follow this pattern. Additionally, not all words can have stress. Klallam is a polysynthetic language , like

945-434: The graving dock on December 21, 2004. Since then it has worked to ensure the preservation of remains and artifacts already uncovered by the construction. As a result of a legal settlement with Washington State, the tribe received the land of the village site, as well as $ 2.5 million to build a cultural center or museum at the site. The tribe intended to begin construction around 2012. The Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe occupied

980-513: The internationally acclaimed men's choir Ladysmith Black Mambazo . In 2012, the PAHS student newspaper, the Timberline , came to the center of controversy within the scholastic community when then-Principal Garry Cameron nearly prevented distribution of the newspaper because of the appearance of the letters "G-A-Y" in a word search puzzle. Students claimed that the letters had been featured in

1015-426: The mother is possessed by the boy and therefore cannot be the subject. In this case, the sentence could also be written as kʷənáŋəts cə táns cə swéʔwəs , inverting the object and the subject. When an adjective is involved in a noun phrase, it comes before the noun it describes. After the first verb, either the main verb or an auxiliary verb, often there are one or more enclitic particles, which can indicated tense and

1050-549: The other languages of the Salishan family. Affixation is common for both verbs and nouns, and affixes provide temporal, case, and aspectual information. Every word contains at least one root. For example, the Klallam word ʔəsxʷaʔnáʔyaʔŋəs ('smiling') includes prefixes , suffixes and an infix . In its component parts, /ʔəs-xʷ-naʔnáʔ-yaʔ-ŋ-əs/ means "be in a state of small laughing on the face" or more simply, "smiling". There are many forms of prefix, suffix, and infix; below are

1085-605: The unit achieved a 98 percent on-time graduation rate for cadets with four years in the unit, and has received the Distinguished Unit with Honors Award annually since 2006. The unit won the state championship at the Northwest Drill and Rifle Championships in Tacoma, Washington, on March 14, 2015, among other recognition. It is currently led by Senior Chief Petty Officer R.E Rob Smith, USN (Ret.). The school

Tse-whit-zen - Misplaced Pages Continue

1120-417: The unstressed schwa is dropped, creating a [ʔstxʷ] cluster). Stress in Klallam defines the quality of the vowel in any given syllable and can occur only once in a word. Unstressed vowels are often reduced to schwa, which is indicated in the orthography. In turn, unstressed schwas are deleted. Mark Fleischer (1976) argues that schwa may be the only underlying vowel, saying that all others can be derived from

1155-614: The village of Tse-whit-zen for more than 2,700 years, according to radiocarbon dating . Their territory extended from this area along the Hoko River on the Strait of Juan de Fuca into the present-day Hood Canal, and this was one of several villages throughout the area. The earliest confirmed settlement at the village site dates to 750 B.C., about the same time as the founding of Rome , Italy. This village site, which includes longhouse areas, ceremonial areas, places for fish and clam drying,

1190-547: The village's cemetery and other prehistoric remains were discovered. The construction project was abandoned at this site because of the importance of the find, as the village was intact. It is the largest pre-European contact village site excavated in Washington State. Archaeological excavation has revealed more than 10,000 artifacts and more than 335 intact skeletons. The Washington State Department of Transportation decided to halt all construction efforts related to

1225-488: Was occupied by the Klallam until the 1930s. During the early 20th century, businesses owned by European Americans built a number of lumber mills on top of the village site at the waterfront during the expansion of the lumber industry. Because the ground was covered with 15 to 30 feet (4.6 to 9.1 m) of fill, the village and cemetery site was preserved through this period. Archaeological excavation has revealed possibly eight long house structures. Elder Adeline Smith of

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