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45-529: Tsez may refer to: Tsez language Tsez people Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Tsez . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsez&oldid=1137216822 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

90-433: A the háza his-house Péternek a háza of-Peter the his-house Possessive determiners are used in combination with a noun, playing the role of a determiner or attributive adjective . In English and some other languages, the use of such a word implies the definite article . For example, my car implies the car that belongs to me or is used by me ; it is not correct to precede possessives with an article (*

135-807: A case ending (see below , and further at English possessive ). In languages that have a genitive case, the genitive form of a noun may sometimes be used as a possessive (as in German Karls Haus "Karl's house"). Languages such as Japanese and Chinese form possessive constructions with nouns using possessive particles, in the same way as described for pronouns above. An example from Japanese is: neko cat no PTCL iro color neko no iro cat PTCL color "the cat's color" In other languages, noun possessives must be formed periphrastically , as in French la plume de ma tante ("my aunt's pen", literally "the pen of my aunt"). In Hungarian ,

180-451: A variety of terminologies for each): Some languages, including English, also have possessive forms derived from nouns or nominal phrases , such as Jane's , the cows' and nobody else's . These can be used in the same two ways as the pronoun-derived forms: Jane's office or that one is Jane's . Possessives are sometimes regarded as a grammatical case (the possessive case ), although they are also sometimes considered to represent

225-467: A pharyngealized vowel, but there are also a few words beginning with a vowel that do not take these prefixes. As inanimate objects cover the classes II, III and IV, it's not transparent into which class an inanimate object belongs. However, there are certain tendencies based on the semantic field of the nouns. Nouns that are able to move (like sun, moon, star, lightning, car, train) usually belong to class III, while products that traditionally have to do with

270-464: A set of possessive pronouns . For example, the English personal pronouns I , you , he , she , it , we and they correspond to the possessive determiners my , your , his , her , its , our and their and also to the (substantive) possessive pronouns mine , yours , his , hers , its (rare), ours and theirs . In some instances there is no difference in form between the determiner and

315-457: A similar way, as in háza ("his/her house"), formed from ház ("house"). In Hungarian this affix can also be used when the possessor is represented by a full noun, as described in the next section. Pronouns other than personal pronouns, if they have possessive forms, are likely to form them in a similar way to nouns (see below). In English, for example, possessive forms derived from other pronouns include one's , somebody's and nobody's . There

360-611: A specific noun class, see the section about derivation below. Verbs and adverbs always agree with the absolutive argument of the phrase, regardless of the clause's transitivity. If more than one absolutive argument is linked by the conjunction -n(o) ("and") and one of them is of the first noun class, then class I plural triggers the agreement for the clause; otherwise, it is class II/III/IV plural. Compare: Possessive case A possessive or ktetic form ( abbreviated POS or POSS ; from Latin : possessivus ; Ancient Greek : κτητικός , romanized :  ktētikós )

405-399: A vowel), but others add one of about 20 so-called "thematic suffixes" to their end, to which the other case suffixes are attached. For example, the word for "language" or "tongue" is mec , but its oblique stem is mecre- , hence its plural is mecrebi , the ergative mecrā and so on. Rajabov says that the choice of the correct thematic suffix is sometimes difficult even for native speakers. It

450-510: Is (bull) forms is-ƛʼo in order to maintain the syllable restriction. Tsez grammar was first analyzed by the Georgian linguist Davit Imnaishvili in 1963. Currently, a collection of Tsez folklore texts (written in the Mokok dialect) is in production. Nouns are inflected for number and case , and have noun classes assigned to them. Nouns can either be singular or plural. The plural

495-405: Is is-xo , while "next to the fish" is besuro-x . Tsez distinguishes four noun classes in the singular and two in the plural. They are prefixes that are attached to verbs, adjectives, adverbs, several postpositions like -oƛƛʼo ("between") or -iłe ("like") and the emphatic particle -uy to show agreement with the noun. Agreement is only possible on vowel-initial words or words that begin with

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540-432: Is a word or grammatical construction indicating a relationship of possession in a broad sense. This can include strict ownership , or a number of other types of relation to a greater or lesser degree analogous to it. Most European languages feature possessive forms associated with personal pronouns , like the English my , mine , your , yours , his and so on. There are two main ways in which these can be used (and

585-428: Is an ergative–absolutive language , which means that it makes no distinction between the subject of an intransitive sentence and the object of a transitive one. Both are in the unmarked absolutive case; the agent of the transitive sentence is in the ergative case. According to Ramazan Rajabov , the oblique stem of 42% of the nouns is different from the absolutive stem. Some nouns change their internal structure (such as

630-406: Is debatable, as they seem to show both inflectional as well as derivational tendencies. Of the forms, the upper one shows the non-distal (i.e. close), the lower one the distal (i.e. far) form of the suffix. In the non-distal there are sometimes two equal forms for the allative case. The epenthetic vowel o in parentheses is used after noun stems ending in a consonant; thus, "next to the bull"

675-535: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Tsez language Tsez can be divided into the following dialects, with their Tsez names given in parentheses: The examples in this article are based on the Tsebari subdialect of Asakh. The Sagada dialect is notable for its divergence from the others, and is considered to be a separate language by some. Hinukh and Khwarshi were also once regarded as dialects of

720-467: Is done using the ending -'s , as in Jane's , heaven's , the boy's , those young men's , or sometimes just an apostrophe, as in workers', Jesus', the soldiers'. Note that the ending can be added at the end of a noun phrase even when the phrase does not end with its head noun, as in the king of England's ; this property inclines many linguists towards the view that the ending is a clitic rather than

765-449: Is formed by adding -bi to the stem in the absolutive case : besuro (fish [sg.]) → besuro-bi (fish [pl.]). For all other cases, the suffix is -za ; thus, "of the fish [pl.]" becomes besuro-za-s . There are eight syntactical and a much larger number of locative cases, which distinguish three categories: location, orientation, and direction. Thus, counting the locative and non-locative cases together overall, there are 39 cases. Tsez

810-407: Is generally CV(C) . There are no vowel clusters. It is an agglutinative language with a complex morphology. Suffixes are either C , V , CV , VC or C+CV (where the first consonant belongs to the preceding syllable), depending on the structure of the stem. An example is the superessive suffix -ƛʼ(o) , which attached to the word besuro (fish) forms besuro-ƛʼ (on the fish) and together with

855-519: Is generally limited to such adverbs as more , less , or as much ... as ( comparative ) or mostly ( superlative ), for example in This is more my team than your team and This is mostly my team . Substantive possessive pronouns are used on their own and cannot be used to describe a noun, playing the role of noun phrases , so mine may stand for "my cat", "my sister", "my things", etc. In some languages these may require articles or other determiners, as

900-575: Is however a distinct form whose for the possessive of the interrogative and relative pronoun who ; other languages may have similarly functioning words, such as the Russian чей chey ("whose?"). Another possessive found in Russian and other Slavic languages is the reflexive possessive, corresponding to the general reflexive pronoun ; the Russian form is свой svoj (meaning "one's (own)", "my (own)", etc.). In some languages, possessives can be formed from nouns or nominal phrases . In English, this

945-458: Is likely that their origin lies in an application of two different plural forms, similar to the way the English word "children" actually has two archaic plural endings: -(e)r and -en . In Tsez it is sometimes even possible to use both the archaic and the regular and more productive -bi plural for a word. Of the two genitive cases, the first is used as attribute to an absolutive head noun and

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990-421: Is something other than the default the implied in the usual possessive determiner. The terminology used for possessive words and phrases is not consistent among all grammarians and linguists . What some authors refer to as possessives , others may call genitives , and vice versa. Nowadays, however, the term genitive is most commonly used in relation to languages with a developed case system (in which

1035-647: Is the possessive particle. Similarly in Mandarin Chinese , "my" or "mine" is wǒ de , where wǒ means "I" and de is the possessive particle. An alternative to the pronominal possessive determiner, found in some languages, including Finnish and Hungarian , is the possessive affix , usually a suffix, attached to the noun denoting the thing possessed. For example, in Finnish the suffix -ni means "my", producing forms such as taloni ("my house"), from talo ("house"). Hungarian possessive suffixes are used in

1080-478: The genitive case , or are not assigned to any case, depending on which language is being considered. On the other hand, some languages, such as the Cariban languages , can be said to have a possessed case , used to indicate the other party (the thing possessed) in a possession relationship. A similar feature found in some languages is the possessive affix , usually a suffix, added to the (possessed) noun to indicate

1125-459: The "genitive case" often has a wider range of functions than merely forming possessives), while in languages like English, such words are usually called possessives rather than genitives. A given language may have distinct genitive and possessive forms, as in the example of Russian given above. (The English possessive in -'s is sometimes called the Saxon genitive ; this alludes to its derivation from

1170-412: The English possessive determiner my , as well as the forms le mien , la mienne , les mien(ne)s corresponding to English possessive pronoun mine . Since personal pronouns may also agree in number and gender with their own antecedent or referent , the possessive forms may consequently show agreement with either the "possessor" or the "possessed", or both. In French (and most other Romance languages )

1215-417: The French le mien etc. In English, the -'s possessives formed from nouns or noun phrases can be used in the same way; the president's may stand for "the president's office", "the president's policies", etc., as determined by the context. A related use is that of the predicative expression , as in sentences like the book is mine . Here mine may be considered to be a predicate adjective (like red in

1260-649: The Tsez language but are now commonly viewed as distinct languages of the same family. Each phoneme is listed with its IPA [brackets], Latin , and Cyrillic transcriptions. ( [pˤ] ) ( [tʷ] ) ( [kʷ] [kˤ] ) ( [bˤ] ) ( [dʷ] ) ( [gʷ] [gˤ] ) ( [pˤʼ] ) ( [tʷʼ] ) ( [kʷʼ] [kˤʼ] ) ( [qʷʼ] [qˤʼ] ) ( [t͡sʷ] ) ( [t͡ɬʷ] ) ( [t͡ʃʷ] ) ( [q͡χʷ] [q͡χˤ] ) ( [t͡sʷʼ] ) ( [t͡ɬʷʼ] ) ( [t͡ʃʷʼ] ) ( [sʷ] ) ( [ɬʷ] ) ( [ʃʷ] ) ( [χʷ] [χˤ] ) ( [ħʷ] ) ( [hʷ] [hˤ] ) ( [zʷ] ) ( [ʒʷ] ) ( [ʁʷ] [ʁˤ] ) ( [mˤ] ) ( [aː] ā а̄) The syllable structure

1305-410: The book is red ) rather than a pronoun; in English, however, the same possessive form is used. Other languages may use differing forms; for example French may use ...est à moi for "...is mine". A particular use of possessive pronouns and noun forms in English is that illustrated in phrases like a friend of mine and that coat of Fred's , used to form possessive expressions when the desired determiner

1350-429: The construction Mária háza is used ("Maria's house", literally "Maria her house", where the final -a in háza is the possessive suffix meaning "her"). The possessor noun can carry an additional dative marker, in which case an article appears before the noun. For example, "Peter's house" may be translated either as: Péter Peter háza his-house Péter háza Peter his-house Péternek of-Peter

1395-452: The gender (and number and case) of the thing possessed. In languages that have a genitive case , the possessive forms corresponding to pronouns may or may not resemble the genitive of those pronouns. For example, in Russian , the genitive of я ja "I" is меня menya ("of me"), whereas the corresponding possessive is мой moy ("my, mine", in masculine singular nominative form). In German

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1440-495: The genitive case that existed in Old English . It may also be called the prenominal genitive ; this also applies to analogous forms in languages such as German.) Words like the English my and your have traditionally been called possessive adjectives . However, modern linguists note that they behave more like determiners rather than true adjectives (see examples in the § Syntax section above), and thus prefer

1485-576: The my car ) or other definite determiner such as a demonstrative (* this my car ), although they can combine with quantifiers in the same ways that the can ( all my cars , my three cars , etc.; see English determiners ). This is not the case in all languages; for example in Italian the possessive is usually preceded by another determiner such as an article, as in la mia macchina ("my car", literally "the my car") or quel tuo libro ("that book of yours", literally "that your book"). Some languages place

1530-523: The possessive after the noun, as in Norwegian boka mi ("my book"). Here again the equivalent of the definite article – in this case the definite ending -a on the noun bok – is used in addition to the possessive. However, the forms min bok or mi bok , where the noun bok is in the indefinite form, are equally correct. Possessive determiners may be modified with an adverb , as adjectives are, although not as freely or as commonly. Such modification

1575-428: The possessive is a subset of genitive. For example, the genitive construction "speed of the car " is equivalent to the possessive form " the car's speed". However, the genitive construction "pack of dogs " is not the same as the possessive form " dogs' pack" (though it is the same as "dog pack", which is not possessive). The personal pronouns of many languages correspond to both a set of possessive determiners and

1620-497: The possessor, as in the Finnish taloni ("my house"), where talo means "house" and the suffix -ni means "my". The concepts of possessive forms and genitive forms are sometimes conflated, although they are not exactly the same. The genitive form, which does not exist in modern English as a productive inflection outside of pronouns ( see below ), represents an of relationship, which may or may not be possessive; in other words,

1665-560: The previous. This contrasts with standard Dutch and English, where the form of the possessives ( zijn , haar; his , her , its ) indicates the grammatical or natural gender of the possessor, but does not depend on properties of the possessed. Additionally, German and several Dutch dialects additionally inflect their possessives, thus giving agreement with both possessor and possessed; German has sein and ihr meaning "his" and "her" respectively, but these inflect to give (for example) feminine forms like seine and ihre , depending on

1710-469: The pronoun; examples include the English his (and its ), and informal Finnish meidän (meaning either "our" or "ours"). In some languages, possessive determiners are subject to agreement with the noun they modify and possessive pronouns may be subject to agreement with their antecedent , in gender , number and case . For example, French has mon , ma , mes , respectively the masculine singular, feminine singular and plural forms corresponding to

1755-541: The same manner, proper names are assigned the classes of the nouns they denote. Thus, Patʼi ("Fatima") is assigned class II, because it's a female name, and Asaq (a Tsez village) belongs to class III, because "village" ( ʕaƛʼ ) is also in this group. Likewise, new loan words are assigned the noun class of a semantically similar existing Tsez word. Experiments have shown that Tsez speakers do not assign any noun classes to new words for objects or places with which they are unfamiliar. Certain derivational endings also require

1800-505: The second to an oblique one. That means, that the Genitive 1 is used for phrases like žekʼu-s is (the man's bull), and the Genitive 2 is used for žekʼu-z is-er (for the man's bull). The Equative 1 is used to make comparisons, like besuro-ce (like a fish) and can also be attached to other cases. Rajabov suggests 3 more syntactical cases, namely possessive 1 ( -łay ), possessive 2 ( -xu ) and abessive ( -tay ). However, their status

1845-627: The term possessive determiner . In some other languages, however, the equivalent words behave more like true adjectives (compare the Italian example above, for instance). While for most authors the term possessive pronoun is reserved (as in this article) for possessives like mine and yours that do not qualify an explicit noun, the term is sometimes taken also to include all possessive forms that correspond to pronouns even though they behave as determiners. Some authors who classify both sets of words as possessive pronouns or genitive pronouns apply

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1890-459: The terms dependent/independent, weak/strong or adjectival/substantival to refer, respectively, to my , your , etc. and mine , yours , etc. Thus my is termed a dependent (or weak or adjectival ) possessive pronoun , while mine is an independent (or strong or substantival ) possessive pronoun . According to the OED , the first reference to possessive pronouns is found in 1530;

1935-467: The third-person singular possessives do not indicate the gender of the possessor, instead they agree with the possessed ( son , sa and ses can all mean "his", "her" or "its"). In Spanish the number is always indicated but the gender is only indicated for possessive pronouns, not possessive determiners; mi padre, mi madre, mis hermanos, mis hermanas (my father, my mother, my brothers, my sisters), but mío, mía, míos, mías when used as "mine" to refer to

1980-597: The two sets of forms are quite similar (for example, the genitive of ich "I" is meiner , the corresponding possessive pronoun is also meiner in the masculine singular nominative, and the possessive determiner is mein with various endings). Some languages have no distinct possessive determiners as such, instead using a pronoun together with a possessive particle – a grammatical particle used to indicate possession. For example, in Japanese , "my" or "mine" can be expressed as watashi no , where watashi means "I" and no

2025-556: The work of women (like clothes or berries and also milk) often belong to class II. Clothes made from leather are—as the word for leather itself—usually assigned to class III, due to their relation to animals. Class IV originally included abstract words, collective and mass nouns, such as water, salt, sky or wind. Materials also often seem to trigger noun classes: "chair" and "wood" are both class IV nouns. Also shape seems to have an influence (flat things are associated with class II, round things with class III and long things with class IV). In

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