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42-598: The river basin of the Tsilma includes the north-western part of Ust-Tsilemsky District (about a half of the district's area), south-western part of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug , as well as areas in the east of Leshukonsky and Mezensky Districts of Arkhangelsk Oblast. The source of the Tsilma is in the east of Leshukonsky District. The river flows north, enters the Komi Republic, and downstream from

84-664: A chronicle of Kievan Rus' from about 850 to 1110, originally compiled in Kiev about 1113 by Nestor the Chronicler . At the time, Kievan Rus was under the influence of Novgorod , as was the whole of the North Eastern territories of Kievan Rus'. By the end of the fifteenth century, Novgorod's influence was waning and the area fell under the control of Muscovy and in 1499, they established, Pustozyorsk ( Russian : Пустозёрск , literally meaning deserted lakes ), and it became

126-563: A military, commercial, cultural and administrative hub for the area. By the 18th century, the area was part of Mezensky Uyezd . In 1891, Pechorsky Uyezd was established and in 1896, so was Neskaya Volost. Prior to the formation of the autonomous okrug, this area belonged in part to Mezensky Uyezd in Arkhangelsk Oblast and partly to Izhmo-Pechorsky Uyezd in Komi (Zyriansky) Oblast. The area now known as Nenets Autonomous Okrug

168-518: A number of areas, including the administrative area for Vorkuta , were transferred to the jurisdiction of the Komi Republic and the region took the shape that it still holds today. Zapolyarny Municipal District , one of the youngest districts in Russia, was formed in 2006. Zapolyarny translates as "beyond the polar [circle]", and the district was given this name because the vast majority of

210-407: A permit for grazing. The private reindeer are held by the association of reindeer herders, Erv, but these are very much the minority, with reports in 1997 indicating that over 70% of reindeer were held collectively, over 20% personally and only just over 2% privately. The reindeer are kept, not only to provide for the families of the herders, but also to produce meat and antlers for sale. This meat

252-432: A runway capable of receiving medium-sized aircraft (Yak-40, An-24 and An-26), which the company uses mainly for its own needs, but also for the needs of the rest of the island's population, in particular, residents of the village of Bugrino. The Codemasters PC game Operation Flashpoint: Cold War Crisis features an island named "Koljugev". Despite the similarity in name, it is fictional, being shaped like Tenerife , and

294-455: A slaughterhouse as they have always done, which results in lower profits than are generated through Erv's business plan, causing instability and debt amongst the collective farms though it is recognised that these collective farms do provide employment to those who would otherwise be without jobs. There has been little significant change in the organisation of the reindeer herding enterprises between Soviet times and today, with little change in

336-399: Is a federal subject of Russia and an autonomous okrug of Arkhangelsk Oblast . Its administrative center is the town of Naryan-Mar . It has an area of 176,700 square kilometers (68,200 sq mi) and a population of 42,090 as of the 2010 Census , making it the least populous federal subject . A plan to merge the autonomous okrug with Arkhangelsk Oblast was presented by

378-468: Is a genetically distinct taxon associated with the Barents Sea region. The autonomous okrug has a size of approximately 177,000 km , more than four times the size of Switzerland or around the same size as the U.S. state of Missouri . The district is around 320 km from north to south and around 950 km from east to west, stretching from Mys Bolvansky Nos in the north to the source of

420-404: Is carried out by two teams of 150 people each, which change every 52 days. The transportation of people and equipment from the island to the continent and back was carried out until the end of 2002 in winter by a helicopter connecting Arkhangelsk, Murmansk or Naryan-Mar with Kolguyev, and in summer and autumn by a steamer plying between Murmansk and the island. Since November 2002, ArcticNeft has had

462-407: Is carried out via an oil pipeline. Exports are carried out by sea in summer and autumn: tankers with an average capacity of 30,000 tons are loaded directly into the sea, 5,000 meters from the coast using a floating oil pipeline (siphon). All oil is exported to Rotterdam. The workforce consists of oil and driller teams, two well service teams, transport personnel and administrative staff. The operation

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504-471: Is further divided into selsoviets . Municipally, the town of Naryan-Mar is incorporated as Naryan-Mar Urban Okrug, while the district (including the settlement of Kharuta , which geographically is an exclave surrounded by the territory of the Komi Republic ) is incorporated as Zapolyarny Municipal District. The first recorded mention of the Nenets people is found in the 11th-century Primary Chronicle ,

546-681: Is higher in summer and autumn than in winter and spring, with the island receiving 331 millimetres (13.0 in) of precipitation in total. The island contains many bogs and morainic hills , covered by tundra vegetation. A proposed subspecies of candle larkspur, Delphinium elatum ssp. cryophilum , is found only on this island, but its distinctness from the mainland population is disputed. The island regularly supports significant populations of barnacle and greater white-fronted geese . It has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International . Fossils of temnospondyl amphibian Wetlugasaurus malachovi were found in

588-546: Is mainly sold within the district, since the price of reindeer meat has traditionally been lower than pork or beef, but there are other markets in the Komi Republic and Arkhangelsk Oblast . These outlets are used mainly by groups such as Erv, which have come into existence since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Those groups that effectively represent a continuity of the old collective farm economy, such as Vyucheiskiy and Kharp, generally continue to provide their reindeer to

630-504: The Gulyayevskiye Koshki Islands , Lovetskiy Island , Pesyakov Island, Dolgy Island , Bolshoy Zelenets Island, Vaygach Island , Oleniy Island and Mestnyy Island. Of these, Kolguyev and Vaygach are by far the largest, being the 119th and 156th largest islands in the world. The okrug is administratively divided into one district ( Zapolyarny District ) and one town of okrug significance (Naryan-Mar). The district

672-524: The Pechora River to Archangel . He described this journey in A Northern Highway of the Tsar (Trevor-Battye 1898). The approximately circular-shaped island has a diameter of 80 kilometres (50 mi) and is 3,497 square kilometres (1,350 sq mi) in area. The highest point on the island is at 166 m (545 feet). There is only one inhabited settlement on the island, Bugrino , located on

714-973: The Pokshenga and went downstream to the Pinega . From the Pinega, they used the Yozhuga , the Zyryanskaya Vashka and the Vashka to get to the Mezen, and subsequently the Pyoza and the Tsilma to get to the Pechora. Nenets Autonomous Okrug The Nenets Autonomous Okrug ( Russian : Не́нецкий автоно́мный о́круг ; Nenets : Ненэцие" автономной округ’ , romanized:  Nyeneciye” awtonomnoy okruk’ ) also known as Nenetsia ( Russian : Нене́ция )

756-674: The Sula and further to the Mezen . The Tsilma is navigable at the 59 kilometres (37 mi) stretch of the lower course, downstream from the village of Trusovo. The Tsilma was a part of the old trading route used by the Novgorod merchants to get from the basin of the Northern Dvina into the river basin of the Pechora. The merchants were going upstream the Pukshenga , then moved to

798-556: The District's area, namely Pustozyorskaya Volost, Pechora District and a number of offshore islands. In 1934, a number of islands, including Vaygach Island were subsumed into the district. Naryan-Mar was elevated to town status in 1935. In July 1940, a third administrative district was formed, Amderminsky, with its administrative headquarters in Amderma . However, on November 23, 1959, all administrative districts were abolished and

840-620: The Lower Triassic (Lower Olenekian ) deposits near borehole Peschanoozerskaya 35 on this island. The main occupations of the population of the village of Bugrino are reindeer husbandry and fishing. Bugrino is the base of the Kolguevsky industrial complex. In 2013 - 2014, due to the lack of sufficient food on Kolguyev Island, there was a massive death of deer. The livestock decreased from 12,000 to 200-400 heads (according to other sources, up to 50 heads). Four workers remained in

882-586: The Nenets living throughout the Okrug, with the east-central section of the okrug, along the Komi Republic border, showing mixed Nenets-Komi population. Governor Igor Koshin has had talks with the Russian Bandy Federation about developing bandy . Kolguyev Island Kolguyev Island ( Russian : о́стров Колгу́ев ) is an island in Nenets Autonomous Okrug of Russia , located in

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924-450: The Nenets' way of life, despite only 14% of Nenets people being involved in herding directly at the end of the twentieth century. There are three types of reindeer in the district: collective, personal and private. The majority of reindeer are owned by collective farms, with Nenets people employed to look after them. Those employed in such a capacity are then permitted to own additional personal reindeer, which do not require registration, nor

966-659: The Oma River in the south and Cape Kanin Nos in the west to the banks of the Kara River in the east. The okrug has a number of peninsulas – from west to east these are: Kanin peninsula , Svyatoy Nos peninsula , Russkiy Zavorot peninsula and the Yugorsky Peninsula . There are a number of islands off the Nenets coast – from west to east the most important are Kolguyev Island , Sengeyskiy Island , Dolgiy Island ,

1008-458: The confluence with the Mutnaya turns east. The mouth of the Tsilma is opposite to the selo of Ust-Tsilma , the administrative center of Ust-Tsilemsky District. The lower course of the Tsilma is populated. There is an unpaved road along the banks of the river downstream from the village of Filippovo. There is also a winter road ( zimnik ) upstream the Tsilma valley, which runs to the valley of

1050-540: The construction of an oil terminal in the Barents Sea at a cost of approximately €700 million by an independent company especially created to oversee the construction and administration of the terminal, a pipeline to connect the terminal to the ZPS Southern Khylchuyu oilfields at a cost of around €250 million, the completion of the Kharyaga - Indiga pipeline and a gas plant near Khumzha. This allows

1092-437: The construction of new infrastructures. ArcticNeft conducts all exploration, drilling, extraction, storage and transportation of crude oil. The deposits on the island are of excellent quality, with a very low sulfur content. There are 52 wells in operation (as of November 2002), which extract about 100,000 tons of oil per year. The transportation of crude oil on the island between different extraction, processing and storage sites

1134-528: The construction of two railways linking settlements in Zapolyarny Municipal District, one, a line running 210 km from Vorkuta , in the Komi Republic , to Ust-Kara in the far east of the district, and another running from Sosnogorsk , also in the Komi Republic, to Indiga in the west of the district. Officials have also proposed that the line to Ust-Kara be extended to Amderma to provide adequate transportation routes to allow

1176-538: The district's area lies north of the arctic circle. The economy of Zapolyarny district is dominated by oil and gas, constituting around 99% of all industrial activity within the whole Okrug. In 2021, 99.9% of all exports from the Okrug were of crude petroleum, with the remaining 0.01% comprising fresh fish. The dominance of oil and gas exploration within the Okrug has seen associated revenues increase dramatically, with €190 million generated in 2007 compared to only €6.7 million ten years prior, with fuel industry's share of

1218-404: The districts GRP increasing from 65% in 2001 to 80% in 2005. This increase in revenue has resulted from a marked increase in investment in the area by the parent companies of the concerns operating in the District, such as Rosneft , Lukoil , Total , Surgutneftegas and TNK-BP , whose input equates to approximately 90% of the total annual investment in the district. This investment has included

1260-463: The economic extraction of several mineral deposits, with an estimated worth of between €100–135 billion. Without this investment in infrastructure, the main means of transportation is air, with regular flights to Moscow , Saint Petersburg , Arkangelsk and Usa . In the summer, the main river in the district, the Pechora is used to transport freight. Reindeer husbandry is considered central to

1302-400: The first three months of 2009, oil production totaled 4,419 million tons, an increase of over 35% on the same period in the previous year As a result of the significant and speedy increase in investment in the area, the district is faced with a widespread infrastructure problem meaning that progress at many of the oil and gas exploration sites is hampered by accessibility issues, compounded by

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1344-408: The governors of both federal subjects on 13 May 2020, with a referendum planned for September, but was met with opposition by locals, leading to the merger process being scrapped completely. The arctic ecology of this area has a number of unique features derived from the extreme temperatures and unique geologic province. Polar bears are found in this locale; in fact, the sub-population found here

1386-602: The island comes from the ancient Finnic word "kollague", which translates as "triangle" or "triangular". Kolguyev has been settled for several centuries by Nenets people, who used the island as a base for seal and reindeer hunting, as well as fishing. The waters around the island was briefly explored by the navigator Willem Barentsz in August 1594. In 1841, an expedition by the Russian Academy of Sciences under Franz Josef Ruprecht and Professor Saweljaw visited

1428-522: The island for 12 weeks. He published his study of the natural history and topography of Kolguyev as Ice-Bound on Kolguev (Trevor-Battye 1895). The book includes observations on the Nenets (whom he called Samoyed) who brought their reindeer to the island for summer grazing and to trap geese for trade in Russia. Trevor-Battye eventually left the island with these reindeer herders in September 1894, and had to travel 1,000 miles (1,600 km) overland from

1470-582: The island in July and August. They circumnavigated the island and briefly explored its interior, reporting on the island. The island was explored in 1894 by the British naturalist Aubyn B. R. Trevor-Battye . He landed in June with an assistant, intending to spend about one month studying the wildlife, especially the birds. Due to mechanical problems with the vessel and a misunderstanding, they were left stranded on

1512-403: The number of businesses and those that continue to exist still practising the same business model, making changes only to the branding of the business. Population : 42,090 ( 2010 Census ) ; 41,546 ( 2002 Census ) ; 54,840 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . According to the 2021 Census , the ethnic composition was: Historical figures are given below: Ethnographic maps shows

1554-507: The reindeer herding state farm. There are interruptions in the supply of the population. ArktikNeft is, along with OAO Arktikmorneftegazrazvedka, which specializes in oil exploration, the only continental company that has received a license to operate on the island. Exploration of the island began in 1980. In 1983, the Peschanoozerskoye oil field was discovered. To date, only oil fields are being exploited. Gas extraction requires

1596-523: The severe arctic climate of the district. The Duma of Nenets Autonomous Okrug has stated their intention to address this issue as a priority, including the construction of the third phase of the Naryan-Mar - Usinsk road, construction of a Naryan-Mar- Telviska - Velikovisochnoye pipeline and a renovation of the wastewater treatment system in Iskateley . Further plans by Russian railways include

1638-577: The south-eastern Barents Sea (west of the Pechora Sea ) to the north-east of the Kanin Peninsula . There are different versions about the origin of the insulonym "Kolguev". According to one of them, the name of the island was given by the Pomors in honor of the fisherman Ivan Kalgov, who disappeared without a trace in the waters washing the island. According to another version, the name of

1680-461: The southeast coast. Nenets form the majority of the population, with fishing, reindeer farming and trapping being their main economic activities. Oil and gas are also present. Kolguyev Island has a tundra climate ( Köppen ET ) with an August mean of only 8.3 °C (46.9 °F). February is the coldest month, with a mean of −11.5 °C (11.3 °F). Because of its maritime location, Kolguyev Island experiences seasonal lag . Precipitation

1722-520: The transportation of oil and gas throughout the region and into the general Russian pipeline network. There are currently more than 80 separate oil and gas sites of exploration, and it is estimated that there is around 5 billion tons of oil and around 500 billion cubic meters of gas in the district. In the first quarter of 2009, industrial production grew by 34.7% compared with the same period last year However, investments in industrial and housing construction decreased by 60.6% and 90.9% respectively, in

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1764-437: Was officially created on July 15, 1929, and at that time included Kanino-Timansky District , Peshsky and Omsky Selsoviets , Mezenskaya Volost and Mezensky Uyezd , Telvisochno-Samoyedsky District , Pechorsky Uyezd , and Izhmo-Pechorsky Uyezd of Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast . At this time, two administrative districts, Canino-Timansky and Bolshezemelsky were founded. In December 1929, further additions were made to

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