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40-795: In 1354, the Phagmodrupa dynasty established Tsona County ( mtsho sna rdzong ). In the 17th century, sectarian rivalries developed between the Gelugpa sect that was in the ascendant in Central Tibet and the Drukpa sect that got consolidated in Bhutan. The Mera lama of the Merag-Sagteng region in present-day Bhutan, belonging to the Gelugpa sect, was chased out of his native village by

80-629: A dangerous enemy of the Ming Dynasty in its Inner Asian policy. The amount of information on these relations available in Chinese and Tibetan sources reflects the fact that at any time it did not represent a priority either for the Chinese or the Tibetan side. In relations with China Tibet was only one of numerous peripheral regions". The first rulers were lamas who did not marry, and the succession up to 1481 went via collateral kinsmen. The dynasty

120-401: A higher-level administrative units, the borders of a town would typically include an urban core (a small town with the population on the order of 10,000 people), as well as rural area with some villages ( 村 ; cūn , or 庄 ; zhuāng ). A typical provincial map would merely show a town as a circle centered at its urban area and labeled with its name, while a more detailed one (e.g., a map of

160-571: A large and wealthy estate around the monastery, which was governed by members of the Lang family. They maintained a variant of the Dagpo Kagyu school of Buddhism known as the Phagdru Kagyu . When Mongol rule was imposed on Tibet in the mid-13th century, Phagmodru became an appanage under Hülegü Khan (d. 1266), forming one of the thirteen myriarchies (divisions) of Central Tibet. Towards

200-461: A number of prefectures (都司) and counties (寨) in Central Tibet. A Chinese I military commissioner was appointed in Hezhou close to the border in 1374. The emperor bestowed on him general governing authority over Do-Kham ( Eastern Tibet ) and Ü-Tsang (Central Tibet). However, there is no trace of this office in the Tibetan chronicles or documents. Tibetan sources show that the titles and seals sent by

240-427: A provincial atlas - would label the county seat location with both the name of the county (e.g., 通山县 ; Tōngshān xiàn ) and, below, and in a smaller font, with the name of the township (e.g., 通羊镇 ; Tōngyáng zhèn ). Intercity buses, trains, or riverboats destined to, or stopping at a county seat may designate its destination either by the name of the county or the name of the county-seat township. In contrast to

280-419: A single county-level division) would also show the borders dividing the county or county-level city into towns ( 镇 ) and/or township ( 乡 ) and subdistrict (街道) units. The town in which the county level government, and usually the division's main urban area), are located is often not marked on less-detailed maps, because its location is usually labeled with the name of the county level division rather than

320-450: Is 14,007 yuan, the tax revenue is 43.9986 million yuan, and the tourism income is 37.061 million yuan. Phagmodrupa dynasty The Phagmodrupa dynasty or Pagmodru ( Tibetan : ཕག་མོ་གྲུ་པ་ , Wylie : phag mo gru pa , IPA: [pʰʌ́kmoʈʰupa] ; Chinese : 帕木竹巴 ) was a dynastic regime that held sway over Tibet or parts thereof from 1354 to the early 17th century. It was established by Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen of

360-478: Is 34 km north of Bum La Pass , which marks the border with the Tawang district. Immediately to the north of Bum La is the village of Shao ( Tibetan : ཤ་འུག , Wylie : sha 'ug ), whose full name Shauk Tago has been associated with Guru Padmasambhava and other Buddhist preachers over centuries. The location is mentioned in these texts as being part of "Monyul" i.e., Tawang area. The total land area of Tsona

400-422: Is 35191.23 square kilometers, and the actual jurisdiction area is 6703.62 square kilometers. The highest peak, Kanggeduo Mountain, is 7,060 meters above sea level. Rivers include Donggaxiong, Cuona, Luodu, Luo, Yu, etc. Lakes include Nariyong, Yang, Danba, Bila, Guwu, Gejin, Jimu, etc. the largest Nariyong covers an area of 58.33 square kilometers. The annual sunshine hours are 2589 hours, the annual frost-free period

440-691: Is 42 days, and the annual precipitation is 384.3 mm. The annual average temperature is -0.6 °C, the average temperature in July is 7.8 °C, and the average temperature in January is -10 °C. Tsona is rich in forest resources, and there are a large number of bamboo forests composed of Tsona arrow bamboo. The national first-class protected animals include Bengal tigers, leopards, snow leopards, red pandas, Tibetan wild donkeys and bisons. Tsona comprises 1 town , 5 townships and 4 ethnic townships : * includes areas claimed but currently under control of

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480-466: Is the standard English translation of the Chinese 镇 (traditional: 鎮 ; pinyin : zhèn ; Wade–Giles : chen ). The Constitution of the People's Republic of China classifies towns as third-level administrative units, along with, for example, townships ( Chinese : 乡 ; pinyin : xiāng ). A township is typically smaller in population and more remote than a town. Similarly to

520-620: The Fifth Dalai Lama and Sangye Gyatso , and then remained in effect until the invasion of Tibet by Maoist China. The dynasty in the first place wielded power over Central Tibet ( Ü and Tsang ). After 1373 the rulers periodically dispatched formal tributes to the emperors of the Ming dynasty in China, and received from them the title Chanhuawang (Chinese: 闡化王, prince who expounds Buddhism ) in 1406. The Ming court formally established

560-640: The Karmapa sect of Buddhism while the Phagmodrupa often (but not exclusively) favoured the rival Gelug sect. In the political landscape at this period it was important for rulers to find alliances with powerful monasteries and sects. Kunga Lekpa's grandnephew Ngawang Tashi Drakpa (r. 1499–1554, 1556/57–1564) managed to push back the Rinpungpa from the Lhasa area in 1517–18. He was the last effective king of

600-546: The "Great Fifth". Founder Changchub Gyaltsen came from the monastic principality Phagmodru ("sow's ferry crossing"), which was founded as a hermitage in 1158 by the famous Kagyu scholar Phagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo . It was situated in the Nêdong district southeast of Lhasa . Some time after the death of the founder in 1170, some of his disciples met and organized a true monastery , called Dansa Thil  [ de ] (Wylie: gdan sa mthil , 1198). Phagmodru evolved into

640-663: The Chinese authorities were valued by the Phagmodrupa as adding to their prestige, but that no ordinances, taxes or laws were imposed by the Ming. The emperor clearly preferred to issue formal appointments of Tibetans as rulers rather than to try to send officials or military commanders. Only essential matters, for instance the ownership of Sakya Monastery , were to be judged by the emperor. Overall, as argued by Martin Slobodník, "the Phag-mo-gru did not represent an important ally or

680-583: The Drukpa forces. He fled to the neighbouring Tawang region . The people of Tawang were apparently indifferent to the sectarian divisions, and the Mera lama requested help from the governor of Tsona. However, the Tsona forces were unable to resolve the conflict between the sects. Eventually a direct appeal to the Fifth Dalai Lama was made asking him to "annex" Tawang. According to Tawang records, an edict to this effect

720-1087: The Gyantse Sub-committee of the Chinese Communist Party ; on August 29, 1956, It belongs to the Lhoka Governorate Office (山南基巧办事处); on May 5, 1959, Tsona County was established, and the county government was stationed in Tsona Town, and it belonged to the Shannan Commissioner's Office; on March 29, 1969, it belonged to the Shannan Regional Revolutionary Committee; in October 1978, it belonged to Shannan Regional Administrative Office; in February 2016, it belongs to prefecture-level Shannan City. On April 3, 2023,

760-456: The Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh . According to the seventh national census, the population is 13,932, including 12,404 Tibetans, 946 Hans, and 582 other nationalities. The urban population accounts for 20.61%, and the rural population accounts for 79.39%. Agriculture mainly produces highland barley, wheat, peas, potatoes, rapeseed, etc., with a pasture area of more than 353,000 hectares, and

800-508: The Lang ( Wylie : rlangs ) family at the end of the Yuan dynasty . The dynasty had a lasting importance on the history of Tibet; it created an autonomous kingdom after Yuan rule , revitalized the national culture, and brought about a new legislation that survived until the 1950s. Nevertheless, the Phagmodrupa had a turbulent history due to internal family feuding and the strong localism among noble lineages and fiefs. Its power receded after 1435 and

840-462: The Tsangpa in 1613 and again in 1620, and the final incumbent was expelled from Lhasa in 1635. After his victory over the Tsangpa in 1642, the Fifth Dalai Lama entertained friendly relations with the last titular lord of the line. Some years after the latter's death in 1671, Nêdong was however given to an outsider and the Lang family lapsed into obscurity. In spite of its inglorious later history,

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880-634: The Tsona County also contains the basins of the east-flowing rivers that form the Subansiri River . Loro Karpo Chu (the "white Loro river") in the north leads to the Jorra township. Loro Nakpo Chu (the "black Loro river") leads to the Khartak (or Kardag) township. Tsona Dzong , the main town and the headquarters of the Tsona County, is in the plateau between Nyamjang Chu and Tsona Chu. It

920-602: The county was withdrawn and established as a city, and the city government was stationed in Mama Menba ethnic township. Two main south-flowing rivers Nyamjang Chu and Tsona Chu flow through the county and enter India's Tawang district, where they join the Tawang Chu river. Between Nyamjang Chu and Tsona Chu lies an undulating plateau, with streams flowing west to east, often after collecting into lakes. Napa Yutso and Nyapa Tso are two such large lakes. In addition,

960-517: The dynasty has a good reputation in traditional historiography. A history translated by Sarat Chandra Das in 1905 says: "During the reign of the Phag[mo]du dynasty all Tibet enjoyed peace and prosperity. People became rich in money and cattle. The country enjoyed immunity from famine and murrain, and was not harassed by foreign invasion. Although some petty fights and quarrels with some of the disaffected and rapacious ministers now and then disturbed

1000-474: The dynasty, keeping good relations with the Second and Third Dalai Lamas , but his influence was mainly restricted to Ü . As he grew old, new infighting beset the family, and his death in 1564 was followed by a long interregnum. Eventually his grandson Ngawang Drakpa Gyaltsen was placed on the increasingly hollow throne in 1576. Though largely powerless, he maintained some importance as a focal point around whom

1040-623: The end of the 13th century the myriarchy fell on hard times and lost territory. Its fortunes were revived by Changchub Gyaltsen, who became lord of the fief in 1322. He managed to defeat various local opponents at a time when the Yuan dynasty, overlord of Tibet, was on the decline. The Sakya regime, centered in Tsang (West Central Tibet) had hitherto wielded power over Tibet on behalf of the Mongols. However, Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen superseded Sakya in

1080-517: The first century of the dynasty were as follows: At length the Phagmodrupa were crippled by internal dissent in the Lang family. A brief civil war in 1434 weakened their position. Powerful feudatories took the opportunity to increase their power, in particular the Rinpungpa family who came to dominate Tsang. In 1481 one of their line, Donyo Dorje , managed to have the king Kunga Lekpa (r. 1448–1481) deposed. The Rinpungpa tended to associate with

1120-563: The glories of the ancient Tibetan kingdom, and many supposedly ancient texts were "rediscovered" by learned clerics. The monasteries gained increasing influence on the life of the Tibetans. This period included the work of the Buddhist reformer Je Tsongkhapa , founder of the Gelug sect, and that of his younger kinsman Gedun Drub , posthumously counted as the first Dalai Lama . The rulers in

1160-433: The main livestock are yaks, cattle, sheep and goats. In 2020, the regional GDP is 813.954 million yuan, of which the primary industry is 29.001 million yuan, the secondary industry is 429.675 million yuan, and the tertiary industry is 355.279 million yuan; fixed asset investment is 679.51 million yuan, and the total retail sales of social consumer goods is 206.501 million yuan, the per capita disposable income of rural residents

1200-529: The name of the actual town into which this urban area falls. For example, the county government of Tongshan County is located in Tongyang Town ( 通羊镇 ; Tōngyáng zhèn ), but the maps would normally show it with a circle labeled "Tongshan County" ( 通山县 ) or simply "Tongshan" ( 通山 ). Road signs would also normally show distance to "Tongshan" rather than "Tongyang". On the other hand, more detailed maps - e.g., maps of individual prefecture-level cities in

1240-532: The old Mongol-Sakya administration by sharing up the territory in divisions ( de or dzongchen ), under which were dzong ( rdzong ), districts. These were headed by dzongpons who governed from fortified cities (also called dzong ) and combined civil and military functions; these were chosen from among Changchub Gyaltsen's close followers and initially were not hereditary. He abolished Mongol laws and customs in favour of traditional Tibetan ones, which were much less harsh. Three centuries later his laws were revised by

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1280-1144: The peace of the country, yet on the whole, the dynasty was beneficial to Tibet". The last eight rulers were: Town (China) Provinces Autonomous regions Sub-provincial autonomous prefectures Autonomous prefectures Leagues (Aimag) (abolishing) Prefectures Provincial-controlled cities Provincial-controlled counties Autonomous counties County-level cities Districts Ethnic districts Banners (Hoxu) Autonomous banners Shennongjia Forestry District Liuzhi Special District Wolong Special Administrative Region Workers and peasants districts Ethnic townships Towns Subdistricts Subdistrict bureaux Sum Ethnic sum County-controlled districts County-controlled district bureaux (obsolete) Management committees Town-level city Areas Villages · Gaqa · Ranches Village Committees Communities Capital cities New areas Autonomous administrative divisions National Central Cities History: before 1912 , 1912–49 , 1949–present When referring to political divisions of China , town

1320-476: The period 1354–1358, thereby recreating an autonomous Tibetan state. Mongol ruler Toghon Temür was beset by inner troubles, and so preferred to confirm the acquisitions of Changchub Gyaltsen, and conferred the titles darakache and tai situ (grand tutor) on him. The Ming dynasty made no attempt to reinstate the tight grip on Tibet once exercised by the Mongols. In 1372 the Hongwu Emperor conferred

1360-421: The royal titles gongma (the high one, superior) and chogyal . From 1354 to 1435 the rulers managed to uphold a balance between the various fiefs. In particular the 47-years reign of Drakpa Gyaltsen (1385–1432) was remembered as generally peaceful and prosperous. The early Phagmodrupa era is famous for being culturally productive, and has even been termed a "golden age". There was an intense interest in reviving

1400-493: The title Guanding Guoshi on Changchub Gyaltsen's successor Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen (r. 1364–1373) together with a jade seal. The new regime governed from their palace in Nêdong in the Yarlung Valley . Changchub Gyaltsen did not take royal titles but preferred the title desi (sde srid) that means regent, namely for the ancient kings of Tibet (600-842) whose glory he wished to revive. The new regent reorganized

1440-606: The various noble and clerical factions of East Central Tibet balanced. At the same time a new powerful dynasty arose in Tsang. This was the Tsangpa (1565–1642) who overthrew the Rinpungpa and increased their territory in various parts of Tibet. Like the Rinpungpa they allied with the Karmapa sect . The history of the Phagmodrupa after the death of Ngawang Drakpa Gyaltsen in 1603/04 is very obscure since they were by now entirely eclipsed by other political factions. They were defeated by

1480-843: Was discovered to have been born in Tawang in 1683. The family of the young boy, the next Dalai Lama, was secretly transported to Tsona, where he was raised under the watch of the Tsona dzongpöns. The family was taken to Nakartsé in 1697, after which the Desi (Regent) revealed the news of the Fifth Dalai Lama's death and his reincarnation to be installed as the Sixth Dalai Lama . In 1912, the Tibetan government established Governorate of Lhoka ( lho kha spyi khyab ) in Tsedang , governing 13 Dzongs including Tsona; in 1952, it belonged to

1520-464: Was divided into three branches or rather functionaries: the ruling desi , the spiritual masters ( chen-nga ) of the Dansa Thil and Tsethang monasteries, and the preserver of the family ( dunggyu dsinpa ) who sired children to continue the Lang lineage. While the first four rulers declined to take royal titles, being content with the dignity of desi , the fifth ruler Drakpa Gyaltsen appropriated

1560-559: Was issued in 1680, establishing a new Gelugpa regime in Tawang . The Mera Lama was placed in a position of authority over the region and made responsible to Tsona. Since the traditional route via Trashigang was now lost to Bhutan, a new route was developed via Dirang and the area under the Sela Pass (present day West Kameng ) was brought under Tawang's control. The Fifth Dalai Lama died two years after these events, and his reincarnation

1600-531: Was reduced to Ü (East Central Tibet) in the 16th century due to the rise of the ministerial family of the Rinpungpa . It was defeated by the rival Tsangpa dynasty in 1613 and 1620, and was formally superseded by the Ganden Phodrang regime founded by the 5th Dalai Lama in 1642. In that year, Güshi Khan of the Khoshut formally transferred the old possessions of Sakya , Rinpung and Phagmodrupa to

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