Misplaced Pages

#493506

95-583: The Tuti Bridge in Khartoum is considered to be the first suspension bridge to be constructed in Sudan and one of the first constructed in Africa . The concept design of the bridge was proposed by Alfatih Ahmed, with the final working design by A&A Company Its construction depended on new bridge technology, enabling the erection to be carried out using local expertise & equipment. The Tuti-Khartoum Bridge

190-566: A sit-in by protestors in Khartoum, killing over 100 people, with difficulties in estimating the actual numbers. At least forty of the bodies had been thrown in the River Nile . Hundreds of unarmed civilians were injured, hundreds of unarmed citizens were arrested, many families were terrorised in their home estates across Sudan, and the RSF raped more than 70 women and men. The Internet

285-683: A Syrian passport who lacked a visa. After the signing of the historic Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLA), the Government of Sudan began a massive development project. In 2007, the biggest projects in Khartoum were the Al-Mogran Development Project , two five-star hotels, a new airport, El Mek Nimr Bridge (finished in October 2007) and

380-527: A building or structure in Sudan is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a bridge in Africa is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Khartoum Khartoum or Khartum ( / k ɑːr ˈ t uː m / kar- TOOM ; Arabic : الخرطوم , romanized :  al-Khurṭūm , pronounced [al.xur.tˤuːm] ) is the capital city of Sudan . With

475-571: A deal as soon as possible. Their message was clear: power-sharing in return for guarantees that nobody from the council will be tried." In late July, the FFC requested that the constitutional declaration, a document intended to add details complementary to the political agreement, should give no immunity against prosecution to any civilian or military leaders of the transition institutions. The Draft Constitutional Declaration signed in August 2019 confirmed

570-411: A market four miles away, a vast journey in the desert heat." Many residents were reduced to having only burlap sacks as housing. The intentional displacement was part of a large urban renewal plan backed by the housing minister, Sharaf Bannaga. The sudden death of SPLA head and vice-president of Sudan John Garang in late July 2005, was followed by three days of violent riots in the capital. Order

665-591: A massacre. El-Baghdadi situates this in the general context of Saudi, UAE and Egyptian leaders being afraid of democratic movements. Mahmoud Elmutasim, a political activist and doctor who graduated from the University of Khartoum , stated that Saudi Arabia and the UAE are opposed to the existence of democracies in the Middle East, since if "the idea of democracy itself [should] ever take root, or become widespread in

760-534: A painting that depicts a Sudanese woman in front of the military headquarters, with the woman symbolising the women who were raped by the RSF during the massacre. In 2021, the French book " Soudan. Année Zero " presented a detailed historical and sociological analysis of the weeks during the Sudanese revolution , that preceded the deadly assault and destruction of the site that protestors had occupied in front of

855-484: A pole and a room full of women's clothing were considered "unverified" as of 20 June 2019 . Jabrallah stated that "everyone was threatened with being raped if they resisted the RSF's orders." International criminal lawyer Celine Bardet of We are not Weapons of War said that evidence gathering for the systematic use of sexual violence as a tool of war needed separate consideration to other evidence gathering, because of social stigma against women testifying about

950-729: A population of 6,344,348, Khartoum's metropolitan area is the largest in Sudan. Khartoum is located at the confluence of the White Nile – flowing north from Lake Victoria – and the Blue Nile , flowing west from Lake Tana in Ethiopia . Divided by these two parts of the Nile, the Khartoum metropolitan area is a tripartite metropolis consisting of Khartoum proper and linked by bridges to Khartoum North ( الخرطوم بحري al-Kharṭūm Baḥrī ) and Omdurman ( أم درمان Umm Durmān ) to

1045-589: A total death toll of 124 (from 3 to 20 June). On 27 July, Fathelrahman Saeed, the head of a committee appointed by the Attorney-General at the request of the TMC to investigate the massacre, stated that 87 people had been killed, 168 injured, no rapes had occurred and no tents had been burnt. Saeed stated that legal cases for crimes against humanity had been launched against eight unnamed high-ranking security officers. The Sudan Forensic Doctors Union described

SECTION 10

#1732772194494

1140-690: Is an economic and trade center in North Africa , with rail lines from Port Sudan and El-Obeid . It is served by Khartoum International Airport with the New Khartoum International Airport under construction. Several national and cultural institutions are in Khartoum and its metropolitan area, including the National Museum of Sudan , the Khalifa House Museum , the University of Khartoum , and

1235-434: Is home to the largest airport in Sudan, Khartoum International Airport . It is the main hub for Sudan Airways , Sudan's main carrier. A new airport was planned for the southern outskirts of the city, but with Khartoum's rapid growth and consequent urban sprawl , the airport is still located in the heart of the city. Khartoum's transportation is limited to the vehicular road system, with buses and personal vehicles comprising

1330-623: Is led by human rights lawyer Nabil Adib or Nabil Adib Abdalla and with no female members, to the objection of the No to Oppression against Women Initiative . Sudanese protests started in December 2018 after which the military removed Omar al-Bashir and established a Transitional Military Council which is headed by the Lieutenant-General Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman Burhan . On 11 April 2019,

1425-566: Is located in northern Khartoum. The Souq al Arabi is Khartoum's largest open air market. The souq is spread over several blocks in the center of Khartoum proper just south of the Great Mosque (Mesjid al-Kabir) and the minibus station. It is divided into separate sections, including one focused entirely on gold. Al Qasr Street and Al Jamhoriyah Street are considered the most famous high streets in Khartoum State . Afra Mall

1520-523: Is located in the southern suburb of Arkeweet. The Afra Mall has a supermarket, retail outlets, coffee shops, a bowling alley, movie theaters, and a children's playground. In 2011, Sudan opened the Hotel Section and part of the food court of the new, Corinthia Hotel Tower. The Mall/Shopping section is still under construction. Khartoum is the main location for most of Sudan's top educational bodies. There are four main levels of education: Khartoum

1615-467: Is the National Museum of Sudan . Founded in 1971, it contains works from different epochs of Sudanese history. Among the exhibits are two Egyptian temples of Buhen and Semna , originally built by Pharaoh Hatshepsut and Pharaoh Tuthmosis III , respectively, but relocated to Khartoum upon the flooding of Lake Nasser . The Republican Palace Museum , opened in 2000, is located in the former Anglican All Saints' cathedral on Sharia al-Jama'a, next to

1710-428: Is the first among a series of bridges that will connect the cities of Khartoum , Omdurman and Bahri ( North Khartoum ), and will help to alleviate traffic throughout the cities. The development has immediately commercialised the previously isolated Tuti Island . 15°36′30″N 32°30′45″E  /  15.6083444444°N 32.5123861111°E  / 15.6083444444; 32.5123861111 This article about

1805-406: Is very low, with only 121.3 mm (4.78 in) of precipitation. Khartoum records on average six days with 10 mm (0.39 in) or more and 19 days with 1 mm (0.039 in) or more of rainfall. The highest temperatures occur during two periods in the year: the first at the late dry season, when average high temperatures consistently exceed 40 °C (104 °F) from April to June, and

1900-598: The 1998 U.S. embassy bombings , the United States accused bin Laden's al-Qaeda group and, on 20 August, launched cruise missile attacks on the al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory in Khartoum North . The factory's destruction created diplomatic tension between the U.S. and Sudan. The factory ruins are now a tourist attraction. In November 1991, the government of President Omar al-Bashir sought to remove half

1995-705: The Blue Nile region and the Nuba Mountains , as well as down the White Nile (the Dinka and Shilluk territories). According to the British explorer Samuel Baker , who visited Khartoum in 1862, slavery was the industry "that kept Khartoum going as a bustling town". On 13 March 1884, troops loyal to the Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad began the siege of Khartoum against the Egyptian garrison led by

SECTION 20

#1732772194494

2090-522: The Darfur rebel group Justice and Equality Movement attacked the city with the goal of toppling Omar al-Bashir 's government. The Sudanese government held off the assault. On 23 October 2012, an explosion at the Yarmouk munitions factory killed two people and injured another person. The Sudanese government claimed that the explosion was the result of an Israeli airstrike. On 3 June 2019, Khartoum

2185-469: The Egyptian Army . Egypt shifted the seat of the colonial government from Wad Madani to Khartoum in 1823, which became a permanent settlement and underwent rapid development in the next decades. With its elevation to capital status, Khartoum quickly grew into a regional center of trade, serving as a rest area on the caravan route from Ethiopia to Egypt , but also becoming a major focal point for

2280-763: The Italian attack was repelled by British forces in Sudan. The fourth Arab League summit was held in Khartoum on 29 August 1967. In 1973, the city was the site of a hostage crisis in which members of Black September held 10 hostages at the Saudi Arabian embassy, five of them diplomats. The US ambassador, the US deputy ambassador, and the Belgian chargé d'affaires were murdered. The remaining hostages were released. A 1973 United States Department of State document, declassified in 2006, concluded: "The Khartoum operation

2375-784: The Justice and Equality Movement engaged in combat in the city with the Sudanese Armed Forces as part of the War in Darfur . The Khartoum massacre occurred in 2019 during the Sudanese Revolution . The city saw extensive combat during the 2023 Sudan conflict between the armed forces and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), affecting Khartoum International Airport and other critical sites. Khartoum

2470-579: The Maasai people , khartoum means "we have acquired" and that the geographical location of Khartoum is where Maasai oral tradition claims that the ancestors of the Maasai first acquired cattle . In 1821, Khartoum was established 24 km (15 mi) north of the ancient city of Soba , by Isma'il Kamil Pasha , the third son of Egypt's ruler, Muhammad Ali Pasha , who had just incorporated Sudan into his realm. Originally, Khartoum served as an outpost for

2565-546: The Siege of Khartoum in 1884 resulted in the capture of the city by Mahdist forces and a massacre of the defending Anglo-Egyptian garrison. In 1898 it was reoccupied by British forces and was the seat of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan's government until 1956. In 1956, the city was designated as the capital of an independent Sudan . Three hostages were killed during the attack on the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum in 1973. In 2008,

2660-511: The Sudan University of Science and Technology . The origin of the word Khartoum is uncertain. Scholars posit that the name derives from the Dinka words khar-tuom (Dinka-Bor dialect) or khier-tuom (as is the pronunciation in various Dinka dialects), translating to "place where rivers meet". This is supported by historical accounts which place the Dinka homeland in central Sudan (around present-day Khartoum) as recently as

2755-503: The Sudanese Doctors' Syndicate published a list of 104 people that were killed on or after 3 June, including 12 children. The majority of the victims were killed by gunfire, while others were stabbed to death, burned, or had their skulls crushed after being run over by Janjaweed pick-up trucks. The list below includes the name of the victim (some unidentified), the date of death, age, hospital and cause of death as indicated by

2850-591: The Transitional Military Council (TMC) cancelled all agreements reached during talks with the main opposition alliance on setting up a transitional administration. The sides had agreed on forming a parliament and a government that would prepare for elections after three years. The leaders of the Declaration of Freedom and Change Forces (DFCF) opposition alliance, said an open-ended civil disobedience campaign would continue to try to force

2945-482: The Tuti Bridge that links Khartoum to Tuti Island . In the 21st century, Khartoum developed based on Sudan's oil wealth (although the independence of South Sudan in 2011 affected the economy of Sudan negatively ). The center of the city has tree-lined streets. Khartoum has the highest concentration of economic activity in the country. This has changed as major economic developments take place in other parts of

Tuti Bridge - Misplaced Pages Continue

3040-553: The root causes and politics behind sexual violence " and "approached sexual violence as a crime connected [to] power relations", while "not [undermining] how personal it is as a crime". Al-Karib criticised the lack of support from international "multimillion-dollar agencies and NGOs" with "fancy conference rooms to strategise in", stating that the "actors that are traditionally tasked with addressing sexual violence [remained] unable or unwilling to end Sudan's sexual violence epidemic and help its survivors achieve justice." On 12 June 2019,

3135-589: The slave trade . A significant change took place in 1854, when most of the city was destroyed by heavy rains and floods. It was rebuilt with houses made out of mud and stones, replacing those made out of thatch and straw. Khartoum also became the seat of several European consulates and the Apostolic Vicariate of Central Africa . European pressure and influence forced Egypt to close the city's public slave market in 1854, although slaves continued to be sold and trafficked in large numbers, specifically from

3230-610: The 13th-17th centuries A.D. One folk etymology is that it is derived from Arabic khurṭūm ( خرطوم ' trunk ' or ' hose ' ), probably referring to the narrow strip of land extending between the Blue and White Niles. Captain J.A. Grant , who reached Khartoum in 1863 with Captain Speke 's expedition, thought the name was most probably from the Arabic qurtum ( قرطم ' safflower ' , i.e., Carthamus tinctorius ), which

3325-449: The 3 June Khartoum massacre "and related incidents of human rights violations committed against civilians or militaries". According to an anonymous military official present at negotiations for the initial verbal deal, quoted by The Christian Science Monitor , US negotiators led by Donald E. Booth proposed that TMC members be guaranteed immunity from prosecution in the investigation. The military official stated, "The Americans demanded

3420-435: The 3 June massacre was carried out using techniques by the Sudanese authorities in which they "purposefully pre-positioned" their units and armed them with tear gas and assault rifles before the attack was initiated. PHR stated, "Security forces' horrific tactics – sexual violence , including rape , use of tear gas, whips, batons , and live ammunition – killed and critically injured hundreds of civilians." On 4 June,

3515-463: The Attorney-General, police chiefs and security directors. The DBA committee argued that the Attorney-General enquiry was neither professional, independent nor impartial. The National Umma Party formed an enquiry committee led by Yousef El Amin. On 30 July, El Amin stated that the sit-in was disbanded by "a large military force wearing RSF uniforms and riot police" and that the massacre had been "premeditated and planned". He stated that 47 victims of

3610-584: The British General Charles George Gordon . Despite being fortified by trenches and a wall connecting the Blue and White Niles, the city was conquered by the Mahdists on 26 January 1885. Many of the inhabitants were massacred or enslaved and the survivors were deported to the newly established Omdurman , while Khartoum was largely destroyed and abandoned. With the reconquest of Sudan by Anglo-Egyptian forces in 1898, Khartoum

3705-538: The DBA committee stated that eight rape victims were receiving psychological therapy; one in Omdurman had committed suicide as a result of the rape; one rape victim had been forced by social stigma to search for another home for her and her family. The DBA claimed that it had "ample evidence" of responsibility of TMC for the massacre and that the "decision to disband the sit-in" took place at a meeting including all TMC members,

3800-399: The Middle East," then it would constitute a threat to the governmental systems of Saudi Arabia and the UAE. The New Arab and Middle East Eye similarly argued that "The blooded assault was launched shortly after top Sudanese generals visited Riyadh, Abu Dhabi and Egypt to secure support for their takeover, with observers arguing the transitional military council received a green light from

3895-546: The Nile Wednesday and doctors said they had been weighed down with rocks in an attempt to hide the true death toll. On 6 June, the African Union Peace and Security Department issued a statement suspending the participation of Sudan in all AU activities with immediate effect – "until the effective establishment of a civilian-led transitional authority," which it described as the only way to "exit from

Tuti Bridge - Misplaced Pages Continue

3990-460: The Nile. Hundreds of unarmed civilians were injured, hundreds of unarmed citizens were arrested, and many families were terrorized in their home estates across Sudan. Seventy women and men were raped by the RSF according to doctors in Khartoum hospitals. On 9 June, witnesses reported the smell of rotten corpses coming from drainage channels and suspected that soldiers had thrown victims there. In total, more than 200 military vehicles were used in

4085-624: The RSF" on 3 June. France 24 documented evidence that the rapes of 70 women and men during the massacre were a deliberate campaign to "break the girls". Nahid Jabrallah, founder of the Sima Centre for Women and Children's Studies , and other activists and journalists, stated that there were extensive testimonies of gang rapes and other sexual violence by the RSF during the 3 June attacks. Huma, an activist, said that RSF soldiers humiliated women by asking them to remove their underwear. Online social network images showing women's underwear on

4180-607: The Sudanese Armed Forces and the RSF broke out across Sudan, including in Khartoum . Fighting was reported at the presidential palace, the RSF's headquarters, Khartoum International Airport and Merowe Airport , the last two of which the RSF claimed to have captured. Gunfire and clashes were also reported at El Obeid Airport in North Kordofan . Khartoum is located at the confluence of the Blue Nile and

4275-672: The Sudanese Doctors' Syndicate: The military armed forces of the Transitional Military Council (TMC), including the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) led by Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo ("Hemedti"), the immediate successor organisation to the Janjaweed militia, and others are widely attributed as being responsible for the attack. The Daily Beast attributed responsibility directly to RSF under Hemedti's command, based on videos, testimonies by witnesses and interviews with civilian activists. Three separate enquiries released statements to

4370-570: The Transitional Military Council to protect the civilians from further harm". "the Chairperson calls on all international partners to reinforce common efforts towards the immediate cessation of the violence and rapid resumption of negotiations for a political settlement. Many Sudanese artists designed and created pieces of art that show the scale of the massacre. Khalid Kodi from Boston College , United States , made

4465-770: The Victory Bridge, and the Al-Dabbasin Bridge span the White Nile, connecting Khartoum to Omdurman. The Tuti Bridge connects Tuti Island with Khartoum. Prior to the construction of the Tuti Bridge in 2008, residents of Tuti Island relied on water taxis to cross the Blue Nile into Khartoum. Khartoum has rail lines from Wadi Halfa , Port Sudan on the Red Sea , and El Obeid . All are operated by Sudan Railways . The architecture of Khartoum reflects

4560-464: The White Nile. Khartoum is relatively flat, at elevation 385 m (1,263 ft), as the Nile flows northeast past Omdurman to Shendi , at elevation 364 m (1,194 ft) about 163 km (101 mi) away. Khartoum features a hot desert climate ( Köppen climate classification BWh ) with a dry season occurring during winter, typical of the Saharo-Sahelian zone, which marks

4655-544: The area of the sit-in. On 1 June, the SPA said that it had reason to believe that the TMC was "planning and working to end the peaceful sit-in at the headquarters with excessive force and violence" after three people were killed in incidents on the fringes of the demonstration during the previous week. On 3 June 2019, the military armed forces of the TMC headed by the Sudan Armed Forces and the Rapid Support Forces ,

4750-416: The attack, with more than 10,000 soldiers and other unidentified personnel in police uniforms. The following is a timeline of what took place in the Khartoum sit-in camp: According to local resident and PhD student Mohammed Elnaiem, the first phase of the attack included discussion between RSF members and the regular army, and in the second phase, the army vehicles departed while RSF vehicles "drove through

4845-467: The average monthly high temperature fall below 30 °C (86 °F). This is something not seen in other major cities with hot desert climates, such as Riyadh , Baghdad and Phoenix . Almost 250,000 Syrians lived in Khartoum as of 2019, representing 5% of the total population of the city. Most are young men who have fled war in Syria. Sudan was the only country in the world to accept travelers carrying

SECTION 50

#1732772194494

4940-626: The barricades. Following the massacre, some bodies were recovered that wore uniforms belonging to the Sudanese Army. Activists concluded that there had been army soldiers who refused to attack the protestors or had attempted to protect them, whereupon they too had been murdered. Nahid Jabrallah attributed the murders to the RSF. After the main attack, the RSF shot wounded protestors in three Khartoum hospitals. Sit-ins in Port Sudan , el-Gadarif and Sinja were also "raided and attacked by

5035-502: The capital. The Internet in Sudan was almost completely blocked during and following the massacre, a signature move of the TMC, on which the Janjaweed militias had a wide presence throughout Khartoum and prevented documenting the number of victims. As of the evening of 4 June 2019, there were reports of a large number of victims in the field of the sit-in with difficulty evacuating them. There were several reports of bodies thrown into

5130-433: The city's history since the early 1820s and is marked by both native Sudanese, Turkish, British and modern buildings. In general, the architecture of Sudan reflects a wide diversity in its shapes, materials, and use. Since independence, the people of Sudan have introduced new infrastructure and technology, which has led to new and innovative building concepts, ideas and construction techniques. The largest museum in Sudan

5225-541: The city's outskirts. Since the mid-1980s, large numbers of refugees from South Sudan and Darfur – fleeing the violence of the Second Sudanese Civil War and Darfur conflict – have settled around Khartoum. In 1991, Osama bin Laden purchased a house in the affluent al-Riyadh neighborhood of the city and another in Soba . He lived there until 1996, when he was banished from the country. Following

5320-690: The conditions for free and fair elections, rather than have rushed elections imposed by the TMC’s security forces". On 3 June, the African Union issued the following statement "The Chairperson of the African Union Commission, Moussa Faki strongly condemns the violence that erupted today which led to reported deaths and several civilian injuries. In this regard, he calls for an immediate and transparent investigation in order to hold those all responsible accountable. The Chairperson calls on

5415-410: The council from power. The leaders also added that there is no room for negotiations," as military leaders attempted to do damage control in the face of international criticism of Monday's indiscriminate killings. On 5 June, Khartoum was tense with many roads barricaded by protesters, shops shut and streets mostly empty. Rapid Support Forces (RSF) vehicles were patrolling the streets in Omdurman, on

5510-423: The country, like oil exploration in the south, the Giad Industrial Complex in Al Jazirah state and White Nile Sugar Project in Central Sudan, and the Merowe Dam in the North. Among the city's industries are printing, glass manufacturing, food processing, and textiles. Petroleum products are now produced in the far north of Khartoum state, providing fuel and jobs for the city. One of Sudan's largest refineries

5605-482: The creation of an independent investigation, and gave "procedural" immunity to all senior members of the transition institutions, which can be removed by a simple majority vote of the Transitional Legislative Council . On 21 September 2019, the transition period prime minister, Abdalla Hamdok , issued a decision to initiate the official Khartoum massacre investigation with a 7-member committee of lawyers, independent from all other state bodies, to be assigned to carry out

5700-428: The current crisis". On 9 June, normally a regular working day in Sudan, protesters launched a civil disobedience campaign aiming at removing the TMC. Four people were shot dead by the TMC forces in Khartoum. As roads were blocked, almost all formal and informal businesses were closed, including, banks, public transport and Khartoum International Airport , where several airlines cancelled their Sudan flights following

5795-404: The events. Bardet said that, as of June 2019 , evidence was being collected about "a fair amount of sexual violence" that might be used as evidence of an international crime , if the sexual violence were "systematic, targeted and [had] a specific objective". Activist Dalia El Roubi stated that "the symbolism behind the rape of women is very substantial, it's aimed at breaking society" and that

SECTION 60

#1732772194494

5890-469: The historical Presidential Palace . Khartoum massacre The Khartoum massacre occurred on 3 June 2019, when the armed forces of the Sudanese Transitional Military Council , headed by the Lieutenant-General Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman Burhan of the Sudan Armed Forces and his deputy, Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo of the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), the immediate successor organisation to the Janjaweed militia, used heavy gunfire and tear gas to disperse

5985-498: The important role of the AU in solving the crisis in Sudan, including its demand for an immediate handover to a civilian-led government". "The Troika also expresses its serious concern over the TMC’s announcement that it will cease negotiations with the Forces for Freedom and Change, retract all previous agreements with them on formation of an interim government, and will hold elections within nine months. The people of Sudan deserve an orderly transition, led by civilians, that can establish

6080-445: The investigation. The members of the men-only commission, headed by human rights lawyer Nabil Adib , were nominated on 20 October. The No to Oppression against Women Initiative objected to the absence of women members on the commission. On 5 March 2020, an investigation by Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) stated that Sudanese security forces had planned the attack against pro-democracy stagings in Khartoum. The report said that

6175-440: The main types of vehicles. As with many cities in the continent, parts of Khartoum are connected through privately owned buses. Khartoum has a number of bridges across both tributaries of the Nile. The Mac Nimir Bridge , the Blue Nile Road & Railway Bridge , the Cooper Bridge (also known as the Armed Forces Bridge), and the Elmansheya Bridge span the Blue Nile, connecting Khartoum to Khartoum North. The Omdurman Bridge ,

6270-442: The massacre and passengers were left waiting outside airport's departures terminal. The general strike was followed by about 60–100% of workers, varying between sectors, for a total of 3 days and was followed on 12 June by an agreement between the TMC and the opposition to free political prisoners, stop the strike, and resume negotiations . An online social media trend with the hashtag #BlueForSudan started several days after

6365-429: The massacre died on 3 June, with a total of 124 dying from 3 to 20 June. He confirmed rapes, throwing of bodies into the Nile, and burning of tents. Iyad el-Baghdadi , a human rights activist who became famous during the Arab Spring , argued that the governments of Saudi Arabia , the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Egypt supported the carrying out of the massacre. Some of the military vehicles and equipment used in

6460-413: The massacre were manufactured in the UAE. The late May visits by TMC leader al-Burhan to the Egyptian president el-Sisi and to the de facto ruler of the UAE, Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan , and of the TMC deputy leader Dagalo to Mohammad bin Salman , the de facto ruler of Saudi Arabia, were interpreted by el-Baghdadi as encouragements for the TMC to cancel negotiations with the opposition and to carry out

6555-406: The massacre, representing solidarity for the protest movement, with blue signifying the favorite color of Mohamed Mattar, one of the victims of the massacre. Two were killed on the second anniversary of the massacre, the killing took place in front of the military headquarter, the Sudanese military issued a statement calling it an "unfortunate event". Sudanese prime minister Abdallah Hamdok said he

6650-400: The media in late July 2019. On 27 July, an Attorney-General enquiry requested by the TMC attributed responsibility to "at least eight high-ranking officers" and stated a death toll of 87 and no rapes. On 30 July, enquiries by the Darfur Bar Association and the National Umma Party attributed responsibility directly to the TMC, confirmed the occurrences of rapes as part of the event, and stated

6745-440: The military removed al-Bashir from power in a coup d'état and created a Transitional Military Council (TMC). Following intense protests, Awad Ibn Auf  announced his resignation and said that he had chosen Lieutenant-General Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman Burhan to lead the TMC. Protesters supported by the Sudanese Professionals Association (SPA) and democratic opposition groups engaged in street demonstrations, calling on

6840-513: The official discussions, there were many attempts on the TMC’s part to disperse protesters and clear the sit-in in front of the Military HQ in Khartoum . On 30 May, the SPA expressed concern that a lethal attack by the TMC was intended, stating that on 29 May, "two citizens including a pregnant lady were shot dead by the TMC forces." The SPA warned that military trucks of NISS, the RSF, and other state security forces were accumulating around

6935-463: The orderly and conservative transition of the state and its institutions is the only way to avoid years of chaos and loss". The Political Agreement between the TMC and the Forces for Freedom and Change (FFC) alliance for a Sudanese transition to democracy , which was initially agreed on verbally on 5 July 2019 and signed on 17 July, includes a plan for an independent Sudanese investigation into

7030-667: The other side of the River Nile from Khartoum and firing into the air. On 5 June, the United Nations Security Council met on at the request of Britain and Germany to hear a briefing from UN envoy Nicholas Haysom , who has been working with the African Union (AU) on a solution to the crisis in Sudan. But China, backed by Russia, blocked a bid to condemn the killing of civilians and issue an urgent call from world powers for an immediate halt to

7125-401: The population from the city. The residents, deemed squatters , were mostly southern Sudanese whom the government feared could be potential rebel sympathizers. Around 425,000 people were placed in five "Peace Camps" in the desert an hour's drive from Khartoum. The camps were watched over by heavily armed security guards, many relief agencies were banned from assisting, and "the nearest food was at

7220-539: The progressive passage between the Sahara Desert 's vast arid areas and the Sahel 's vast semi-arid areas. The climate is extremely dry for most of the year, with about eight months when average rainfall is lower than 5 mm (0.20 in). The very long dry season is itself divided into a warm, very dry season between November and February, as well as a very hot, dry season between March and May. During this part of

7315-635: The result of the enquiry as "poor and defective", and the FFC, the Sudanese Women's Union, the Sudanese Professionals Association and the Democratic Lawyers' Alliance rejected the report. Street protests took place in Khartoum in response to the report. The Darfur Bar Association (DBA) created a Truth and Fact-finding Committee to investigate the massacre, primarily the incidents of rape. On 30 July,

7410-406: The ruling Transitional Military Council to "immediately and unconditionally" step aside in favour of a civilian-led transitional government , and urging other reforms in Sudan. For about two months the TMC engaged the SPA in dialogue and discussion on how to shift to a transitional government , disagreeing over whether the transitional government should be civilian-led or military-led. And during

7505-572: The second at the early dry season, when average high temperatures exceed 39 °C (102 °F) in September and October. Temperatures cool off somewhat during the night, with Khartoum's lowest average low temperature of the year, in January, just above 15 °C (59 °F). Khartoum is one of the hottest major cities on Earth, with annual mean temperatures hovering around 30 °C (86 °F). The city also has very warm winters. In no month does

7600-464: The sexual violence of the 3 June massacre was a deliberate action by the RSF to "break" communities in a similar way to which communities were "broken" in Darfur. Pramila Patten from the United Nations (UN) called for a UN human rights monitoring team to be sent to Sudan and for "rapes and gang rapes of protesters, women's rights defenders and women medical personnel working in hospitals near

7695-466: The sit-in" to stop. Hala al-Karib, writing in Al Jazeera English , said that local activists provided systematic support for the rape victims, "[extending] their hands to the hundreds of male and female sexual violence survivors and the families of those who were killed" with "discipline and the commitment to support the survivors of violence". Al-Karib said that the activists "understood

7790-442: The succeeding front organization to the Janjaweed militia and NISS, together with other TMC forces used heavy gunfire and tear gas as well as sound bombs aiming at dispersing the sit-in killing more than 100 people with difficulties in estimating the actual number. Estimating the number of victims was difficult in the days following the massacre because of Internet blockage and the deployment of brutal military forces across

7885-455: The three powerful Arab states for their move". After news of the massacre, Egypt called for restraint and the UAE called for dialogue and an investigation into the massacre. Emirati Minister of Foreign Affairs Anwar Gargash stated "We are concerned about the massacre we've seen. We support calls for proper investigation". Gargash also called for dialogue which he hoped would prevail in Sudan, stating "The regional experience has taught us that

7980-520: The violence. The DFCF called on all countries and international organisations to stop dealing with Sudan's Transitional Military Council. They also called on the international community to start looking into "the ongoing violations and crimes committed by (TMC) in all cities and towns and to stop it immediately." As reported by the Central Committee of Sudan Doctors (CCSD), an organisation of medical volunteers, dozens of bodies were pulled from

8075-433: The violent attacks in Sudan on 3rd June, which resulted in the killing and injuring of many peaceful civilian protesters. By ordering these attacks, the Transitional Military Council has put the transition process and peace in Sudan in jeopardy. We call for an agreed transfer of power to a civilian-led government as demanded by the people of Sudan. We welcome the statement of the Chairperson of the African Union (AU) and support

8170-647: The west. The place where the two Niles meet is known as al-Mogran or al-Muqran ( المقرن ; English: "The Confluence"). Khartoum was founded in 1821 by Muhammad Ali Pasha , north of the ancient city of Soba . In 1882 the British Empire took control of the Egyptian government, leaving the administration of Sudan in the hands of the Egyptians. At the outbreak of the Mahdist War , the British attempted to evacuate Anglo-Egyptian garrisons from Sudan but

8265-532: The year, hot, dry continental trade winds from deserts, such as the harmattan , sweep over the region; the weather is stable and very dry. The very irregular, very brief, rainy season lasts about 1 month as the maximum rainfall is recorded in August, with about 48 mm (1.9 in). The rainy season is characterized by a seasonal reverse of wind regimes, when the Intertropical Convergence Zone goes northerly. Average annual rainfall

8360-441: Was a slave trader and the al-Zibar Basha street leads to the military base where the 2019 Khartoum massacre took place. On 26 October 2021, the city was locked down following a military coup that left at least 7 dead, triggering protests and calls for a general strike. Prime minister Abdalla Hamdok was arrested during the coup, and held along with other cabinet members in an unknown location. On 15 April 2023, fighting between

8455-528: Was almost completely blocked in Sudan in the days following the massacre, making it difficult to estimate the number of victims. In October 2019, during the 39-month planned transition to democracy , an official Khartoum massacre investigation commission was created as required under Article 7. (16) of the Sudanese August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration , under the authority of transition period Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok . The commission

8550-677: Was cultivated extensively in Egypt for its oil to be used as fuel. Some scholars speculate that the word derives from the Nubian word Agartum , meaning "the abode of Atum ", Atum being the Nubian and Egyptian god of creation. Other Beja scholars suggest Khartoum is derived from the Beja word hartoom , "meeting". Sociologist Vincent J. Donovan notes that in the Nilotic Maa language of

8645-561: Was finally restored after southern Sudanese politicians and tribal leaders sent strong messages to the rioters. The death toll was at least 24, as youths from southern Sudan attacked northern Sudanese and clashed with security forces. The African Union summit of 16–24 January 2006 was held in Khartoum; as was the Arab League summit of 28–29 March 2006, during which they elected Sudan the Arab League presidency. On 10 May 2008,

8740-662: Was planned and carried out with the full knowledge and personal approval of Yasser Arafat ." In 1977, the first oil pipeline between Khartoum and Port Sudan was completed. The Organization of African Unity summit of 18–22 July 1978 was held in Khartoum, during which Sudan was awarded the OAU presidency. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Khartoum was the destination of hundreds of thousands of refugees fleeing conflicts in neighboring nations such as Chad , Eritrea , Ethiopia and Uganda . Many Eritrean and Ethiopian refugees assimilated into society, while others settled in large slums on

8835-546: Was reinstated as the capital, and was rebuilt according to a street plan in the shape of the Union Jack . Khartoum Bahri was established as a garrison comprising a dockyard and a railhead to Egypt , while Omdurman, remained the most populous part and largely kept its old shape. During World War II, the Italian Empire attempted to advance into Sudan from Ethiopia , with the end goal of capturing Khartoum. However,

8930-568: Was shocked by the killings, calling it a "crime to use live bullets against peaceful protesters". The United Nations Secretary-General, António Guterres , condemned the use of excessive force by Sudan's security agents and said he was "alarmed" by reports that forces had opened fire inside a hospital. On 4 June, Norway , the United Kingdom , and the United States issued a statement on developments in Sudan. "The Troika condemns

9025-406: Was the site of the Khartoum massacre , where over 100 dissidents were murdered (the government said 61 were killed), hundreds more injured and 70 women raped by Rapid Support Forces (RSF) soldiers in order to forcefully disperse the peaceful protests calling for a civilian government. On 1 July 2020, activists demanded that al-Zibar Basha street in Khartoum be renamed. Al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur

#493506