60-461: Tuvan or Tuvinian can refer to: Of or pertaining to Tuva , a federal subject of Russia Tuvans or Tuvinians, a Turkic ethnic group living in southern Siberia Tuvan language , also known as Tuvinian, Tyvan or Tuvin, a Turkic language spoken in the Republic of Tuva Tuvan throat singing , a singing technique where one can sing in two tones at
120-581: A Turkic ethnic group indigenous to Siberia that live in Tuva , Mongolia , and China . They speak the Tuvan language , a Siberian Turkic language . In Mongolia, they are regarded as one of the Uriankhai peoples. Tuvans have historically been livestock-herding nomads , tending to herds of goats, sheep, camels , reindeer , cattle, and yaks for the past thousands of years. (This is, in fact, evident in
180-584: A part of the local Oirat Mongol community that is counted under the general label "Mongol". Oirat and Tuvan children attend schools in which they use Chakhar Mongolian and Mandarin Chinese . The famous bogtag headdress worn by women seems to have been restricted to married women of very high rank. The Tuvans were mainly semi-nomadic livestock herders. They raised sheep, goats, camels , horses, reindeer , cattle, and yaks. Today, some Tuvans still retain their semi-nomadic way of life. The mobile dwellings of
240-625: A railway, although famous postage stamps in the 1930s, designed in Moscow during the time of Tuvan independence, mistakenly depict locomotives as demonstrating Soviet-inspired progress there. The Kuragino–Kyzyl railway line was scheduled to be completed in 2026. Tuva is served by Kyzyl Airport . Traditionally, the Tuvan people are a Central Asian yurt -dwelling nomadic culture, with distinctive traditions in music, cuisine, and folk art. Tuvan music features Tuvan throat singing (khoomei), in which
300-725: A third of the population reside. Historically part of Outer Mongolia as Tannu Uriankhai during the Qing dynasty , the last imperial dynasty of China, Tuva broke away in 1911 as the Uryankhay Republic following the Xinhai Revolution , which created the Republic of China . It became a Russian protectorate in 1914 and was replaced by the nominally independent Tuvan People's Republic in 1921 (known officially as Tannu Tuva until 1926), recognized only by its neighbors
360-878: A tradition to hold the international festival of live music "Ustuu-Khuree", the International Symposium "Khoomei – the Phenomenon of the Culture of the Peoples of Central Asia", the Regional Competition-Festival of Performers on National Instruments "Dingildai", the International Felt Festival "Patterns of Life on Felt" Pop songs "Melodies of the Sayan Mountains". Tuva is one of the few places in
420-620: Is a drier lowland . There are over 8,000 rivers in the Tuvan Republic, including the upper course of the Yenisei River , the fifth longest river in the world. Most of the republic's rivers are Yenisei tributaries . There are also numerous mineral springs in the area. Major rivers include: There are numerous lakes in Tuva, many of which are glacial and salt lakes , including Todzha Lake, a.k.a. Azas Lake (100 km ) –
480-596: Is a small population of Old Believers in the Republic scattered in some of the most isolated areas. Before Soviet rule, there were a number of large ethnic Russian Old Believer villages, but as atheism spread, the believers moved deeper and deeper into the taiga in order to avoid contact with outsiders. Major Old Believer villages are Erzhei, Uzhep, Unzhei, Zhivei and Bolee Malkiye (all in the Kaa-Khemsky District ). Smaller ultra-Orthodox settlements are found further upstream. Ethnic Russians make up 27.4% of
540-543: Is a type of Tengriism , or Turkic animistic shamanism . During the 18th century, the Tuvans were converted to Tibetan Buddhism via contact with the Mongolians . However, many shamanistic elements continued to be widely practiced along with the new religion the Tuvans adopted. A unique form of music exists in Tuva – commonly known as throat singing or as khoomei . There are various techniques of khoomei, some giving
600-530: Is associated with many folk rituals, calendar holidays, and folk medicines in Tuva. Centers of Buddhism in Tuva are Khuree – temples, temple complexes; the temple complex Tsechenling in Kyzyl is the residence of Khambo Lama , head of Buddhism in Tuva. Treasures of the old Slavonic culture in the Asian Tuva saved along with the values of other peoples – children's folklore ensemble "Oktay" from the city of Kyzyl in
660-616: Is not clear what it means, Dieter Maue suggested that it could be related to the tribal name "Dubo". This name is recognized as being associated with the Tuvan people and is the earliest written record of them. The Xianbei 鮮卑 (descendants of the Donghu 東胡, once conquered by the Xiongnu) attacked and defeated the Xiongnu and they, in turn, were defeated by the Rouran 柔然. From around the end of
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#1732765832304720-426: Is where he also met the famous Khoomeizhi Kongar-ol Ondar one of the masters of Khoomei. The Tuvan people have been skiing for thousands of years, primarily for the purpose of hunting elk. Tuvan hunters would track an elk in a heavy snow region and once they spotted an elk, they would ski downhill fast and throw a lasso to catch their game. Although the origin of skiing is hotly debated, some experts believe that
780-616: The Uryankhay Republic before being turned into a Russian protectorate as Uryankhay Krai under Tsar Nicholas II, on 17 April 1914. A Tuvan capital was established, called Belotsarsk (Белоца́рск; literally, "(Town) of the White Tsar "). Meanwhile, in 1911, Mongolia became independent, though under Russian protection. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917 that ended the imperial autocracy, most of Tuva
840-591: The 2021 census , Tuvans make up 88.7% of the population. Other groups include Russians (10.1%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population. During the period from 1959 to 2010, there was more than a doubling of ethnic Tuvans. The Russian population growth slowed by the 1980s and decreased by 70% since 1989. The official languages are Tuvan ( Turkic ) and Russian ( Slavic ). Outside Kyzyl, settlements have few if any Russian inhabitants and, in general, Tuvans use their original language as their first language. However, there
900-490: The Republic of Tuva , is a republic of Russia . Tuva lies at the geographical center of Asia , in southern Siberia . The republic borders the federal subjects of the Altai Republic , Buryatia , Irkutsk Oblast , Khakassia , and Krasnoyarsk Krai , and shares an international border with Mongolia to the south. Tuva has a population of 336,651 ( 2021 census ). Its capital city is Kyzyl , in which more than
960-627: The Soviet Union and Mongolia , before being annexed into the former in 1944. A majority of the population are ethnic Tuvans who speak Tuvan as their native tongue, while Russian is spoken natively by the Russian minority; both are official and widely understood in the republic. The Great Khural is the regional parliament of Tuva. The territory of Tuva has been controlled by the Xiongnu Empire (209 BC – 93 AD) and
1020-920: The Tsengel Tuvans . Around 1,500 live in the Tsagaan Gol River Valley, Altai Tavan Bogd National Park , Tsengel Sum of Bayan-Ölgii Aimag . Other Tuvans live in Khovd Aimag and in Ubsunur Hollow . Tuvans in China , who live mostly in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region, are included under the Mongol ethnicity. Some Tuvans reportedly live at Lake Kanas in the northwestern part of Xinjiang in China where they are not officially recognized, are counted as
1080-494: The Xianbei state (93–234), Rouran Khaganate (330–555), Tang dynasty (647–682), Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate (7th – 13th century), Mongol Empire (1206–1271), Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), Northern Yuan dynasty (1368–1691), Khotgoid Khanate and Zunghar Khanate (1634–1758). Medieval Mongol tribes, including Oirats and Tumeds , inhabited areas which are now part of the Tuvan Republic. From 1758 to 1911, Tuva
1140-689: The state religion . This unsettled the Soviet Union, which orchestrated a coup carried out in 1929 by five young Tuvan graduates of Moscow's Communist University of the Toilers of the East . In 1930, the pro-Soviet regime discarded the state's Mongol script in favor of a Latin alphabet designed for Tuva by Russian linguists. In 1943, Cyrillic script replaced Latin. Under the leadership of Party Secretary Salchak Toka, ethnic Russians were granted full citizenship rights and Buddhist and Mongol influences on
1200-530: The 17th century by Khalka Mongol leader Sholoi Ubashi Altan-Khan . It was at this time in 1615 that the first Russians, Vasily Tyumenets and Ivan Petrov, visited Tuva as emissaries to the Altan-Khan. Russian documents from this time record information about different groups that contributed to the composition of modern Tuvans. Tyumenets and Petrov describe the Maads, who became Russian subjects in 1609, living in
1260-469: The 31 March 1992 treaty that created the Russian Federation. On 22 October 1993, a new constitution was drawn up for the republic, creating a 32-member parliament ( Supreme Khural ) and a Grand Khural , which deals with local legislation. The constitution was approved by 53.9% (62.2% according to another source) of Tuvans in a referendum on 12 December 1993. At the same time, the official name
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#17327658323041320-581: The 6th century, the Göktürks held dominion over Tuvans ( Doubo 都播), who constituted one of the three Wooden-Horse Turkic tribes, up until the 8th century when the Uyghurs took over. Tuvans were subjects of the Uyghur Khanate during the 8th and 9th centuries. The Uyghurs established several fortifications within Tuva as a means of subduing the population. There are plans being discussed to restore
1380-793: The Bii-Khem basin, 14 days' ride from Tomsk . The Maads travelled to the area of the Khemchik and Ulug-Khem next to the lands of the Altan-Khan near the lake Uvs Nuur . The ambassadors also described the Sayan raising reindeer with the Tochi (Todzhi) from the Sayan to the Altai mountain ranges. The descendants of the Ak-Sayan and Kara-Sayan live mostly around Tere-Khol rayon . The Altan-Khan's control over
1440-521: The Khemchik and Barlyk rivers and in the region of Bai-Taiga. Some Todzhans, Sayans, and Mingats ended up in the Altay. The Siberians (Xianbei) established Manchu- Qing Dynasty migrated other Tuvans north across the Sayan range and they became known as Beltirs (Dag-Kakpyn, Sug-Kakpyn, Ak-Chystar, Kara-Chystar). The languages of the Beltirs and Tuvans still contain common words not found in the language of
1500-496: The Mongol Empire. The earliest Buddhist temples uncovered by archaeologists in the territory of Tuva date to the 13th and 14th centuries. During the 16th and 17th centuries, Tibetan Buddhism gained popularity in Tuva. An increasing number of new and restored temples are coming into use, and there has been an upward trend in the number of novices being trained as monks and lamas in recent years. Religious practice declined under
1560-696: The Mongol Uriankhai are Mongol, and Tuva Uriankhais have both Turkic and Mongol clans. In the beginning of the Mongol Empire (1206–1368), the Mongol Uriankhai (Burkhan Khaldun Uriankhai) were located in central Mongolia but in the mid 14th century they lived in Liaoyang province of modern China . In 1375, Naghachu , Uriankhai leader of the Mongolia-based colonial dynasty in Liaoyang province invaded Liaodong with aims of restoring
1620-567: The Mongols to power. Although he continued to hold southern Manchuria , Naghachu finally surrendered to the Chinese Ming dynasty in 1387–88 after successful diplomacy of the latter. After the rebellion of the northern Uriankhai people, they were conquered by Dayan Khan in 1538 and mostly annexed by the northern Khalkha. Batmunkh Dayan Khan dissolved Uriankhai tumen and moved them to Altai Mountains and Khalkha land. Currently, Tuvans form
1680-696: The National Museum in Kyzyl . The Xiongnu ruled over the area of Tuva prior to 200 AD. At this time, a people known to the Chinese as Dingling 丁零 inhabited the region. Chinese chroniclers further associated the Dingling with the Tiele, one of whose tribes was named Dubo (都波) and was located in the eastern Sayans. The word tuwa also occurs three times in the Inscription of Hüis Tolgoi . While it
1740-507: The Tuvan folk song " Tooruktug Dolgai Tangdym ".) They have traditionally lived in yurts covered by felt or chums , layered with birch bark or hide that they relocate seasonally as they move to newer pastures. Traditionally, the Tuvans were divided into nine regions called khoshuun , namely the Tozhu , Salchak, Oyunnar, Khemchik, Khaasuut, Shalyk, Nibazy, Daavan and Choodu, and Beezi. The first four were ruled by Uriankhai Mongol princes, while
1800-1241: The Tuvan population would continue to grow during the foreseeable future. In the context of the Russian invasion of Ukraine since 2022, the Tuvans have been reported as one of Russia's ethnic minority groups suffering from a disproportionally large casualty rate among Russian forces. There are two major groups of Tuvans in Tuva: Western or the Common Tuvans and Tuvans-Todzhins (Тувинцы-тоджинцы). The latter ones live in Todzhinsky District , Tuva Republic and constitute about 5% of all Tuvans. A people similar by language to Tuvans live in Okinsky District of Buryatia (autonym: Soyots (сойоты), sometimes referred to as Oka Tuvans). A noticeable proportion of Tuvans lives in Mongolia . The Dukha live in Khövsgöl Aimag . The largest population of Tuvans in Mongolia are
1860-772: The Tuvan state and society were systematically curtailed. Tuva was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1944, with the approval of Tuva's Little Khural (parliament), but without a referendum on the issue. It became the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast , within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , after the Soviet victory in World War II . Salchak Toka , leader of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party ,
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1920-629: The Tuvans were usually circular yurts used in the steppes or conical hide tents when they were near or inside a forest. The Tuvan language belongs to the Northern or Siberian branch of the Turkic language family. Four dialects are recognized: Central, Western, Southeastern and Northeastern (Todzhinian). In writing, a variety of the Cyrillic script is used. A talking dictionary is produced by Living Tongues Institute. The traditional religion of Tuvans
1980-710: The Yenisei. In 1207, the Oirat prince Quduqa-Beki led Mongol detachments under Jochi to a tributary of the Kaa-Khem river. They encountered the Tuvan Keshdims, Baits, and Teleks. This was the beginning of Mongol suzerainty over the Tuvans. After the collapse of the Naiman Khanate , Tuvans moved to modern Mongolia and some Naimans moved to modern Kazakhstan territory. Tuvans came to be ruled for most of
2040-721: The area lessened over time due to constant warring between the Oirat and the Khalka of Jasaghtu Khan aimag . The Tuvans then became part of the Dzungarian Empire ruled by the Oirats. The Dzungars ruled over all of the Sayano-Altay Plateau until 1755. It was during this time of Dzungarian rule that many tribes and clans broke up, moved around, and intermingled. Groups of Altayan Telengits settled in western Tuva on
2100-486: The course several ethnographic expeditions in the old believers ' settlements were able to collect an extensive collection of samples of ancient singing art. Bandy , a sport similar to ice hockey , is played in Tuva. Mongolian-style wrestling is very popular, as are most martial arts. Horse riding related sports are also predominant in the area. Tuvans The Tuvans (from Russian тувинцы tuvincy ) or Tyvans (from Tuvan тывалар tyvalar ) are
2160-577: The direct descendants of the Indigenous Southern Siberian peoples. According to Ilya Zakharov of Moscow 's Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, genetic evidence suggests that the Tuvan people are among the close genetic relatives to the indigenous peoples of the Americas in Eurasia. There does not seem to exist a clear ethnic delineation for the application of the name Uriankhai . Mongols applied this name to all tribes of Forest People . This name has historically been applied to Tuvans. In Mongolia there are peoples also known by this name. A variation of
2220-399: The effect of multiple tones by emphasizing overtones . Some famous groups from Tuva who feature throat-singing are Yat-Kha , Huun-Huur-Tu , Chirgilchin and the Alash Ensemble . A documentary called Genghis Blues was made in 1999 about an American blues/jazz musician, Paul Pena , who taught himself overtone singing and traveled to Tuva to compete in a throat-singing competition. This
2280-530: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuvan&oldid=964212954 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Tuva Tuva ( / ˈ t uː v ə / ; Russian : Тува [tʊˈva] ) or Tyva ( / ˈ t ɪ v ə / ; Tuvan : Тыва [tʰɤ̀ʋɐ] ), officially
2340-577: The largest in the republic, and Uvs Lake (shared with Mongolia and a World Heritage Site ). The Tuva Republic is made up of a mountain basin, about 600 m high, encircled by the Sayan and Tannu-Ola mountain ranges. Mountains and hills cover over 80% of its territory. Mongun-Tayga ("Silver Mountain", 3,970 m) is the highest point in the republic and is named after its glacier. Population : 336,651 ( 2021 Census ) ; 307,930 ( 2010 Census ) ; 305,510 ( 2002 Census ) ; 309,129 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . |- According to
2400-411: The majority of the population in Tuva Republic. According to the 2010 Russian census, there was a total of 249,299 Tuvans who resided within Tuva. This represented 82.0% of the total population of the republic. In addition, Tuvans have a much higher fertility rate than Russians and the other Slavic peoples, while the median age of the Tuvan population is much lower than Russians. This basically ensures that
2460-441: The name, Uraŋxai , was an old name for the Sakha . Russian Pavel Nebol'sin documented the Urankhu clan of Volga Kalmyks in the 1850s. Another variant of the name, Orangkae (오랑캐), was traditionally used by the Koreans to refer indiscriminately to " barbarians " that inhabited the lands to their north. They are two groups under the name Uriankhai: Mongol Uriankhai , Uriankhai (Tuva) of mixed Turkic-Mongol origin. All clans of
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2520-428: The ninth century BC. and Arzhaan-2, where Scythian animal art in great variety, and over 9,000 decorative gold pieces were unearthed. A collection of gold jewelry from this site is on display at the National Museum Aldan-Maadyr in Kyzyl. Festivals celebrating Tuvan traditions include the ecological film festival "The Living Path of Dersu", the Interregional Festival of National Cultures "Heart of Asia". It has become
2580-461: The other Khakas (Kachins or Sagays). Other Russian documents mention Yeniseian Kyrgyz (Saryglar and Kyrgyz), Orchaks (Oorzhaks) and Kuchugets (Kuzhugets) moving into Tuva from the north. Genetic research revealed that Tuvans are most closely related to other Turkic peoples , specifically the Altaians and the Khakas . It was found that Tuvans display differences to Mongolic peoples and are closer related to Siberian Turkic groups. Tuvans seem to be
2640-529: The population (as of the 2021 census) in Kaa-Khemsky District, one of the most remote regions in Tuva. The population is mostly Old Believers . Russians account for 18.9% of the population in Piy-Khemsky and 16.4% in Kyzyl. Two religions are widespread among the Tuvan people: Tibetan Buddhism and shamanism . Tibetan Buddhism's present-day spiritual leader is Tenzin Gyatso , the fourteenth Dalai Lama . In September 1992, Tenzin Gyatso visited Tuva for three days. On September 20, he blessed and consecrated
2700-414: The remains of one of these fortresses, Por-Bazhyn in lake Tere-Khol in the southeast of the country. The memory of Uyghur occupation could still be seen up until the end of the 19th century due to the application of the name Ondar Uyghur for the Ondar Tuvans living near the Khemchik river in the southwest. Uyghur dominance was broken by the Yeniseian Kyrgyz in 840 AD, who came from the upper reaches of
2760-502: The rest were administered by Borjigin Mongol princes. Besides prehistoric rock-carvings to be found especially along the Yenisei banks, the first internationally important archaeological findings have been near Arzhan , in the north central Tuva. Here, Scythian kurgan burials are being researched, revealing the earliest (7th, 6th century BC) and easternmost remains of these people who spread from Central Asia and predate Turcomongol tribes. Their story and artifacts can be viewed in
2820-595: The restrictive policies of the Soviet period, but is now flourishing. According to a 2012 survey, 61.8% of the population of Tuva adheres to Buddhism , 8% to Tengrism or Tuvan shamanism, 1.5% to the Russian Orthodox Church , the Old Believers or other forms of Christianity , 1% to Protestantism . In addition, 7.7% follow other religions or did not give an answer to the survey. 8% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious" and 12% to be atheist . The present flag of Tuva – yellow for prosperity, blue for courage and strength, white for purity –
2880-428: The same time Tuvan syndrome, a fictional malady in the Star Trek episode "Inter Arma Enim Silent Leges" ( Star Trek: Deep Space Nine ) See also [ edit ] Tyvan, Saskatchewan Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Tuvan . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to
2940-488: The singer sings a fundamental tone and an overtone simultaneously. This type of singing can be heard during performances by the Tuvan National Orchestra , at events such as the 'International Khoomei Day' held at the National Tuvinian Theatre in Kyzyl. The Tuvan craft tradition includes carving the soft stone, agalmatolite . A frequent motif is hand-held-sized animals, such as horses. Important archaeological excavations in Tuva include Arzhaan-1 and Tunnug 1, dating to
3000-409: The status of the Tuvan language and culture. Later in the year, there was a wave of attacks against Tuva's sizeable Russian community, including sniper attacks on trucks, and attacks on outlying settlements, with 168 murdered. Russian troops were eventually called in. Many Russians moved out of the republic during this period. Tuva has remained remote and difficult to access. Tuva was a signatory to
3060-510: The vote in Tuva. In Tuva, there are a total of approximately 7,400 unemployed, which gives a 5.9% unemployment rate and is above the overall Russian unemployment rate of 4.9% Mining is a crucial element of the Tuvan economy. The Ulugh-Khem coal basin is located in Tuva. It is estimated that in 2020, there were 40 million metric tonnes of coal produced in Tuva, which accounts for approximately 9.4% of Russia's average annual coal production of 423 million metric tonnes. Tuva does not have
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#17327658323043120-475: The world where the original form of shamanism is preserved as part of the traditional culture of Tuva. Shamanism presupposes the existence of good and evil spirits inhabiting mountains, forests and water, as well as the heavens and the underworld. The mediator between man and the spirits is the shaman. It is believed that with the help of spirits the shaman is able to cure patients and predict the future. In Tuva, shamanism peacefully coexists with Buddhism. Buddhism
3180-412: The yellow-blue-white flag of Tuva, which had been officially adopted three days before. The Tuvan people – along with the Yellow Uyghurs in China – are one of the only two Turkic groups who are primarily adherents to Tibetan Buddhism, which coexists with native shamanistic traditions. Tuvans were first exposed to Buddhism during the 13th and 14th centuries, when Tuva entered into the composition of
3240-438: Was adopted on 17 September 1992. The Republic's Constitution was adopted on 23 October 1993. The head of Tuva is the chairman of the government and serves a five-year term which can be renewed. The first Chairman of the Government was Sherig-ool Oorzhak . On 3 April 2007, Russian president Vladimir Putin nominated Sholban Kara-ool , 40, a former champion wrestler, as the Chairman of the Government of Tuva. Kara-ool's candidacy
3300-403: Was approved by the Khural on 9 April 2007. Kara-ool served from 2007 until 2021. The third and current Tuvan head of government is Vladislav Khovalyg . Tuva's legislature, the Great Khural , has 32 seats as of 2023; each deputy is elected to serve a five-year term. In the 2024 Russian presidential election , which critics called rigged and fraudulent, President Vladimir Putin won 95.37% of
3360-401: Was changed from Tuva (Тува) to Tyva (Тыва). Tuva was one of the Russian regions with the highest number of military casualties during the Russian invasion of Ukraine . The Tyva Republic is situated in the far south of Siberia . Its capital city is Kyzyl, located near the geographic "center of Asia" . The eastern part of the republic is forested and elevated, while the western part
3420-457: Was given the title of First Secretary of the Tuvan Communist Party and became the de facto ruler of Tuva until his death in 1973. The territory became the Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 10 October 1961. In February 1990, the Tuvan Democratic Movement was founded by Kaadyr-ool Bicheldei , a philologist at the Kyzyl State Pedagogical Institute . The party aimed to provide jobs and housing (both in short supply), and improve
3480-516: Was occupied by China (governor was Yan Shichao [traditional, Wade–Giles transliteration: Yan Shi-ch'ao]). On 14 August 1921, the Bolsheviks established the Tuvan People's Republic , popularly called Tannu-Tuva . In 1926, the capital (Belotsarsk; Khem-Beldyr since 1918) was renamed Kyzyl , meaning "red". The Tuvan People's Republic was de jure an independent state between the World Wars . The state's ruler, Chairman Donduk Kuular , sought to strengthen ties with Mongolia and establish Buddhism as
3540-426: Was occupied from 5 July 1918 to 15 July 1919 by Alexander Kolchak 's White Russian troops. Pyotr Ivanovich Turchaninov was named governor of the territory. In the autumn of 1918, the southwestern part was occupied by Chinese troops and the southern part by Mongol troops led by Khatanbaatar Magsarjav . From July 1919 to February 1920, the communist Red Army controlled Tuva but from 19 February 1920 to June 1921 it
3600-526: Was part of China's Qing dynasty and administered by Outer Mongolia . During the Xinhai Revolution in China, Tsarist Russia formed a separatist movement among the Tuvans while there were also pro-independence and pro-Mongol groups. Tsar Nicholas II agreed to the third petition by Tuva's leadership in 1912, establishing a protectorate over the then-independent state. Some Russians, such as merchants, travellers, and explorers, had already settled in Tuva at that time. Tuva became nominally independent as
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