The Tuya River is a major tributary of the Stikine River in northwest part of the province of British Columbia , Canada . From its source at High Tuya Lake in Tuya Mountains Provincial Park just south of Ash Mountain , the highest peak of the Tuya Range , the Tuya River flows south about 200 km (120 mi) to meet the Stikine River in the Grand Canyon of the Stikine . The Tuya River's main tributary is the Little Tuya River . The Tuya River divides the Tanzilla Plateau on the east from the Kawdy Plateau , to the northwest, and the Nahlin Plateau , to the southwest. All three are considered sub-plateaus of the Stikine Plateau . The Tuya River's watershed covers 3,575 km (1,380 sq mi), and its mean annual discharge is estimated at 36.9 m/s (1,300 cu ft/s). The mouth of the Tuya River is located about 24 km (15 mi) northeast of Telegraph Creek , British Columbia, about 67 km (42 mi) southwest of Dease Lake , British Columbia, and about 210 km (130 mi) east of Juneau, Alaska . The Tuya River's watershed's land cover is classified as 35.7% shrubland , 31.4% conifer forest , 14.0% mixed forest , 7.2% herbaceous , and small amounts of other cover.
21-615: A tuya is a geologic term for a flat-topped, steep-sided volcano formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet . The geologic term comes from Tuya Butte , which was named in association with Tuya Lake . The term may come from the Tahltan language . The Tuya River is in the traditional territory of the Tahltan First Nation , of the Tahltan people, the Kaska Dena First Nation, and
42-492: A geographer for the British Columbia government, described tuyas in the following way: Because they erupt under ice and water, tuyas have phreatomagmatic eruptions creating layers of breccia and hyaloclastite above pillow lavas . If the volcano breaches the surface of the glacier it will be topped by a subaerially erupted lava plateau . The origin of the term comes from Tuya Butte , one of many tuyas in
63-417: A flattened top and steep sides supported against collapse by the pressure of the surrounding ice and meltwater. If the volcano eventually melts completely through the ice layer, then horizontal lava flows are deposited, and the top of the volcano assumes a nearly level form. However, if significant amounts of lava are later erupted subaerially , then the volcano may assume a more conventional shape. In Canada
84-415: A glacier cools very quickly and cannot travel far, it piles up into a steep-sided hill. If the eruption continues long enough, it either melts all the ice or emerges through the top of the ice and then creates normal-looking lava flows that make a flat cap on top of the hill. Discovering and dating the lava flows in a tuya has proven useful in reconstructing past glacial ice extents and thicknesses. Tuyas are
105-929: A type of subglacial volcano that consists of nearly horizontal beds of lava capping outward-dipping beds of fragmental volcanic rocks, and they often rise in isolation above a surrounding plateau . Tuyas are found in Iceland , British Columbia , the Santiam Pass region in Oregon , the Tyva Republic in eastern Russia, the Antarctic Peninsula and beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet . Tuyas in Iceland are sometimes called table mountains because of their flat tops. S. Holland,
126-482: Is called the Tuya River Coal Basin. The coal was first discovered in 1904, but the main exploration of its economic potential occurred in the late 1970s to 1990s by PetroCanada . The Tuya River drainage provides very high quality salmon spawning habitat, but fish passage is blocked by several barriers including an 11 m (36 ft) waterfall located about 3 km (1.9 mi) above the mouth of
147-802: Is joined by Classy Creek , then flows under Telegraph Creek Road. The Tuya River empties into the Stikine River near Days Ranch, the mouth of the Klastline River , and the Tahltan Indian reserve of " Tahltan 10 ", of the Tahltan First Nation , Coal has been found in rocks exposed in the drainage of the Tuya River and its tributaries the Little Tuya River and Mansfield Creek, between the communities of Dease Lake and Telegraph Creek in northwestern BC. This coal field
168-488: Is then melted into a lake by the rising lava . Today they are most common in Iceland and Antarctica ; older formations of this type are found also in British Columbia and Yukon Territory , Canada . During the eruption, the heat of the lava from the subglacial volcano melts the overlying ice. The water quickly cools the lava, resulting in pillow lava shapes similar to those of underwater volcanoes . When
189-748: The Grímsvötn Volcano beneath the Vatnajökull ice sheet erupted and caused a Jökulhlaup that affected more than 750 km (290 sq mi) and destroyed or severely damaged several bridges. Sonia Esperanca, program director in the National Science Foundation commented on the danger of subglacial volcanoes: "When an ice-covered volcano erupts, the interplay among molten magma, ice and meltwater can have catastrophic results." In 2008, British Antarctic Survey scientists led by Hugh Corr and David Vaughan, reported (in
210-642: The Teslin Tlingit First Nation. The Tuya River originates at High Tuya Lake in Tuya Mountains Provincial Park, just south of Ash Mountain, the highest peak of the Tuya Range. It flows south to Tuya Lake , southeast of Tuya Butte and east of Mount Josephine . The tributary Butte Creek, flowing south from Butte Lake in Tuya Mountains Provincial Park, empties into Tuya Lake. From the southern end of Tuya Lake
231-414: The Tuya River continues south. It is joined by Josephine Creek and numerous unnamed tributaries. Continuing south the Tuya River flows east of Tachilta Lakes, collecting more tributaries including Cody Creek, Tachilta Creek, Mckessock Creek, and Ross Creek. A few kilometres west of Cariboo Meadows the Tuya River is joined by its main tributary, the Little Tuya River . As the river nears the Stikine River it
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#1732765395321252-423: The Tuya River in 2009 included Chinook salmon, sockeye salmon, coho salmon , pink salmon , rainbow trout , and bull trout . Tuya A tuya is a flat-topped, steep-sided volcano formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet . They are rare worldwide, being confined to regions which were covered by glaciers and had active volcanism during the same period. As lava that erupts under
273-607: The Tuya and another significant barrier about 51 km (32 mi) upriver. In addition, a 2006 landslide created a barrier to fish passage near the mouth of the Tuya River. Chinook salmon spawn in the lowermost portion of the river, below the blockage. In the 1950s the Alaska Department of Fish and Game assessed the Tuya River as having the highest level of potential salmon spawning habitat of any transboundary river, possibly capable of supporting more sockeye salmon than
294-564: The area of the Tuya River and Tuya Range in far northern British Columbia , Canada . While still in graduate school in 1947, Canadian geologist Bill Mathews published a paper titled, "Tuyas, Flat-Topped Volcanoes in Northern British Columbia", in which he coined the term "tuya" to refer to these distinctive volcanic formations. Tuya Butte is a near-ideal specimen of the type, the first such landform analyzed in
315-458: The entire Stikine River. The Pacific Salmon Commission , a joint US-Canada transboundary river salmon protection regulatory body, has made the Tuya River a major component of its efforts to improve fish stocks in the Stikine River watershed. In 2008 explosives were used to blast through the fish barrier created by the 2006 landslide. Field studies in 2009 indicated that the landslide barrier had been successfully breached. Salmonid species found in
336-637: The geological literature, and this name has since become standard worldwide among volcanologists in referring to and writing about these formations. Tuya Mountains Provincial Park was recently established to protect this unusual landscape, which lies north of Tuya Lake and south of the Jennings River near the boundary with Yukon . Around the same time that Mathews published his paper, the Icelandic geologist Guðmundur Kjartansson had distinguished between "móberg" ridges and tuyas in Iceland and proposed
357-431: The hypothesis that they were formed during subglacial and intraglacial eruptions. The term tuya may be derived from a Tahltan word. Antarctica : Canada : United States : Iceland : Tuva Republic : Subglacial volcano A subglacial volcano , also known as a glaciovolcano , is a volcanic form produced by subglacial eruptions or eruptions beneath the surface of a glacier or ice sheet which
378-591: The journal Nature Geoscience ) that 2,200 years ago, a volcano erupted under the Antarctica ice sheet (based on airborne survey with radar images). The biggest eruption in Antarctica in the last 10,000 years, the volcanic ash was found deposited on the ice surface under the Hudson Mountains , close to Pine Island Glacier . Many scientists believe that liquid water exists many kilometers below
399-468: The pillow lavas break off and roll down the volcano slopes, pillow breccia , tuff breccia, and hyaloclastite form. The meltwater may be released from below the ice as happened in Iceland in 1996 when the Grímsvötn caldera erupted, melting 3 km of ice and giving rise to a large glacial lake outburst flood . The shape of subglacial volcanoes tends to be quite characteristic and unusual, with
420-459: The surface of Mars, but at this point in time it is impossible to drill to those depths with the rovers in existence. Meredith Payne and Jack Farmer of Arizona State University have studied images from the Viking and Mars Orbiter cameras in search of possible sub-glacial volcanoes that could carry microbes to the surface. It is possible to track catastrophic subglacial volcano eruptions in time with
441-418: The volcanos have been known to form both conical and nearly level shapes. The more distinctly flat-topped, steep-sided subglacial volcanoes are called tuyas , named after Tuya Butte in northern British Columbia by Canadian geologist Bill Mathews in 1947. In Iceland, such volcanoes are also known as table mountains . Subglacial eruptions often cause jökulhlaups or great floods of water. In November 1996
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