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43-421: The Port of Singapore is the collection of facilities and terminals that conduct maritime trade and handle Singapore 's harbours and shipping. It has been ranked as the top maritime capital of the world, since 2015. Currently the world's second-busiest port in terms of total shipping tonnage, it also transships a fifth of the world's shipping containers , half of the world's annual supply of crude oil , and

86-607: A common market between Singapore and the Peninsular states. Since Singapore's full independence in 1965, it has had to compete with other ports in the region to attract shipping and trade at its port. It has done so by developing an export-oriented economy based on value-added manufacturing. It obtains raw or partially manufactured products from regional and global markets and exports value-added products back to these markets through market access agreements such as World Trade Organization directives and free trade agreements . By

129-662: A 200-metre stretch of the Kallang River at Kolam Ayer a S$ 2.5 million facelift. The "demonstration project" by the National Parks Board (NParks) and the Public Utilities Board (PUB) is part of the Active, Beautiful and Clean Waters Programme to transform rivers and reservoirs into vibrant community hubs, and to get Singaporeans to cherish and take care of their waterways. NParks and

172-718: A 602-meter quay, and 12.5-meter depth. Another 9 berths are under construction, with a 20-meter depth. In 2015, it was announced that the port would be leased to the Chinese till 2059 and further developed under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor . Container terminal In November 1932, the first inland container port in the world was opened by the Pennsylvania Railroad company in Enola, Pennsylvania . Port Newark-Elizabeth on

215-474: A common sight off the sea front even up to the 1960s. Today, this long, winding river has little or no industry except for a short distance, although a new industrial estate at Kallang Basin , near Kallang Bahru , has been built. The Pelton Canal ( Chinese : 佩尔顿水道 ) is a canalised river that flows from Ubi via MacPherson into the Kallang River in Kallang . It is one of the numerous tributaries of

258-960: A manager from the Port of Rotterdam , it may be fairly typical way for the cargo of a large 18,000 TEU container ship to be distributed over 19 container trains (74 TEU each), 32 barges (97 TEU each) and 1,560 trucks (1.6 TEU each, on average). The further container terminal, in April 2015, such APM Terminal Maasvlakte II, that adapts the advanced technology of remotely-controlled STS gantry cranes and conceptions of sustainability , renewable energy , and zero carbon dioxide emission . Both maritime and inland container ports usually provide storage facilities for both loaded and empty containers. Loaded containers are stored for relatively short periods, whilst waiting for onward transportation, whilst unloaded containers may be stored for longer periods awaiting their next use. Containers are normally stacked for storage, and

301-501: A stake in the port-settlement. Chinese traders, because of their frequent commercial interactions with Southeast Asian traders throughout the year, set up their trading houses along the lower reaches of the river, while English country traders, who depended on the annual arrival of trade from India, set up warehouses along the upper reaches. The port relied on three main networks of trade that existed in Southeast Asia at that time:

344-419: Is also the world's biggest bunkering hub, with 25 million tonnes sold in the same year. Singapore is ranked first globally in 2005 in terms of containerised traffic, with 23.2 million Twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) handled. High growth in containerised traffic has seen the port overtaking Hong Kong since the first quarter of 2005, and has led the race ever since, with an estimated 19,335 kTEUs handled in

387-539: Is going to be the single largest fully-automated terminal in the world". It will also be able to cater to the demands of the world's largest container ships, with 26 km of deep-water berths. Besides just handling containers, the port will have space set aside for companies to be located, a move that aims to improve the links between port and businesses. It is projected to be twice the size of Ang Mo Kio new town. Operations at Tuas Mega Port began in September 2021, and

430-481: Is lacking in land and natural resources . The port is critical for importing natural resources, and then later re-exporting products after they have been domestically refined and shaped in some manner, for example wafer fabrication or oil refining to generate value added revenue. The Port of Singapore is also the world's largest bunkering port. The majority of ships that pass between the Indian Ocean and

473-606: Is the longest river in Singapore , flowing for 10 kilometers from the Lower Peirce Reservoir (originally named "Kallang River Reservoir") to the Kallang Basin . It originates in the planning area of Central Water Catchment , flows in a southeast direction through Bishan and Toa Payoh , before finally arriving in Kallang . Prior to extensive land reclamation along Singapore's southeastern coast,

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516-444: Is the world's busiest transshipment port. It was also the busiest port in terms of total cargo tonnage handled until 2010, when it was surpassed by the Port of Shanghai . Because of its strategic location, Singapore has been a significant entrepôt and trading post for at least two centuries. During the contemporary era, its ports have not become just a mere economic boon for the country, but an economic necessity because Singapore

559-525: The Daoyi Zhilüe ( Brief Annals of Foreign Islands , 1349) by Chinese trader Wang Dayuan (born 1311, fl. 1328–1339), these included top-quality hornbill casques, lakawood and cotton. Although these goods were also available from other Southeast Asian ports, those from Singapore were unique in terms of their quality. Secondly, Singapore acted as a gateway into the regional and international economic system for its immediate region. South Johor and

602-702: The Geylang River and Rochor River . All these aforementioned waterways form part of the Marina Reservoir , as a result of the Marina Barrage . The Kallang Park Connector of the Park Connector Network (PCN) runs almost parallel to the Kallang River, providing a stretch of recreational space along the river. The Kallang Riverside Park straddles both sides of the Kallang River near the river mouth. In pre-colonial times,

645-530: The Marina Reservoir . A dam , the Marina Barrage , was built at the mouth of the Marina Channel at Marina South . With the completion of the Marina Barrage in 2008, the entire region comprising the basins of the Singapore River , Rochor River , Geylang River and Kallang River has transformed into a water catchment area. In April 2006, the Singapore government announced plans to give

688-486: The Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA) aims to grow the industry's value-add by $ 4.5 billion and create more than 5,000 new jobs by 2025. Automation will be a key part of the new port, with over 1,000 battery-powered driverless vehicles and a fleet of almost 1,000 automated yard cranes to be developed for the port. Nelson Quek, PSA Singapore's head of Tuas planning stated that "Tuas, when it's fully developed,

731-681: The Newark Bay in the Port of New York and New Jersey is considered the world's first maritime container port. On April 26, 1956, the Ideal X was rigged for an experiment to use standardized cargo containers that were stacked and then unloaded to a compatible truck chassis at Port Newark. The concept had been developed by the McLean Trucking Company. On August 15, 1962, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey opened

774-664: The Pacific Ocean go through the Singapore Strait. The Straits of Johor on the country's north are impassable for ships due to the Johor-Singapore Causeway , built in 1923, which links the town of Woodlands, Singapore to the city of Johor Bahru in Malaysia. In the late 13th century, a Kingdom known as Singapura was established on the north bank of the Singapore River around what was called

817-539: The Riau Archipelago supplied products to Singapore for export elsewhere, while Singapore was the main source of foreign products to the region. Archaeological artefacts such as ceramics and glassware found in the Riau Archipelago evidence this. In addition, cotton was transshipped from Java or India through Singapore. In 1984, an archaeological excavation had commenced at Fort Canning Hill led by

860-569: The Riau – Lingga Archipelago by the 1830s, and South Johor by the 1840s. It had also become the centre of the Teochew trade in marine produce and rice. As the volume of its maritime trade increased in the 19th century, Singapore became a key port of call for sailing and steam vessels in their passage along Asian sea routes. From the 1840s, Singapore became an important coaling station for steam shipping networks that were beginning to form. Towards

903-428: The 1830s, Singapore had overtaken Batavia (now Jakarta ) as the centre of the Chinese junk trade, and also become the centre of English country trade, in Southeast Asia. This was because Southeast Asian traders preferred the free port of Singapore to other major regional ports which had cumbersome restrictions. Singapore had also supplanted Tanjung Pinang as the export gateway for the gambier and pepper industry of

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946-669: The 1980s, maritime trading activity had ceased in the vicinity of the Singapore River except in the form of passenger transport, as other terminals and harbours took over this role. Keppel Harbour is now home to three container terminals . Other terminals were built in Jurong and Pasir Panjang as well as in Sembawang in the north. Today, the port operations in Singapore are handled by two players: PSA International (formerly

989-687: The Chinese network, which linked Southeast Asia with the southern Chinese ports of Fujian and Guangdong ; the Southeast Asian network, which linked the islands of the Indonesian archipelago ; and the European and Indian Ocean network, which linked Singapore to the markets of Europe and the Indian Ocean littoral . These networks were complementary, and positioned Singapore as the transshipment point of regional and international trade. By

1032-751: The Kallang River used to empty into the Singapore Straits at the Kallang Basin, near where Merdeka Bridge is standing. Today, the Kallang River flows into the open sea via the Marina Channel . Tributaries of the Kallang River include Sungei Whampoa, the Pelton Canal, and the Bukit Timah Second Diversion Canal. Other rivers that empty into the Kallang Basin, other than the Kallang River, include

1075-486: The Kallang River. A section of the underground Kallang-Paya Lebar Expressway (KPE) follows the course of the Pelton Canal. Sungei Whampoa ( Malay for "Whampoa River", Chinese : 黄埔河 ) begins in Whampoa , near Jalan Rajah, and flows into the Kallang River in Kallang . The Bukit Timah Second Diversion Canal ( Chinese : 武吉知马第二分水渠 ) is a canalised river flowing from Whampoa to Kallang , following closely

1118-578: The Old Harbour. It was the only port in the southern part of the Strait of Malacca and serviced ships and traders in the region, competing with other ports along the coast of the Malacca Strait such as Jambi , Kota Cina, Lambri, Semudra, Palembang , South Kedah and Tamiang. The port had two functions. First, it made available products that were in demand by international markets; according to

1161-757: The PUB reviewed some of the world's best rivers such as the Charles River in the United States and the Cheonggye Stream in Seoul to draw inspiration and learn best practices. By August 2007, the Kolam Ayer stretch of the river was transformed to include more greenery , floating decks, pathways and boardwalks for recreational activities. A water wheel was introduced as the centrepiece of

1204-550: The Pasir Panjang Container Terminal's Phase Two which are due for completion by 2009. Phase Three and Four will add another 16 berths and are expected to be completed by 2013. Jurong Port's facilities are as follows: PSA Singapore also has a 40-year contract to operate the tax-free Gwadar Port on the southwestern coast of Pakistan. Gwadar started operation in March 2008, with 3 multi-purpose berths,

1247-559: The Port of Singapore Authority) and Jurong Port , which collectively operate six container terminals and three general-purpose terminals around Singapore. In the 1990s the port became more well-known and overtook Yokohama, and eventually became the busiest port in terms of shipping tonnage. Singapore is part of the Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast to the southern tip of India, to Mombasa , from there through

1290-833: The Red Sea via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, to the Upper Adriatic region of the northern Italian hub Trieste with its rail connections to Central Europe and the North Sea . The Tuas Mega Port is projected to be the only port in Singapore after the PSA city terminals and Pasir Panjang Terminal are closed in 2027 and 2040 respectively, ending an era of port operations in the city area which began in 1819. The Sea Transport Industry Transformation Map (ITM) launched by

1333-674: The aboriginal Biduanda Orang Kallang tribe lived in the swamps at the mouth of the Kallang River, and fished from their boats, seldom venturing out into the open sea. At the time of Sir Stamford Raffles landing in Singapore in 1819, half of the population of 1,000 were the Orang Kallang . Kallang River was also the place, where in the early days the Bugis traders from Sulawesi (Celebes) unloaded their cargoes of spices and tortoise shells , gold dust and slaves from their palari or their leteh-leteh . These sailing boats were

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1376-513: The archaeologist Dr John Miksic . A range of artefacts including earthenware, ceramic, and porcelain pieces were found which suggests Singapore's role as an active trading port in the 14th century. By the 15th century, Singapore had declined as an international trading port due to the ascendance of the Malacca Sultanate . Local trade continued on the island. A map of Singapore by Portuguese mathematician Manuel Godinho de Eredia showed

1419-587: The colonial period, this was the most important role of the port of Singapore. Singapore ceased to be part of the British Empire when it merged with Malaysia in 1963. Singapore lost its hinterland and was no longer the administrative or economic capital of the Malay Peninsula. The processing in Singapore of raw materials extracted in the Peninsula was drastically reduced due to the absence of

1462-544: The deep and sheltered waters in Keppel Harbour , established for the British Empire a new settlement and international trading port on the island. Keen to attract Asian and European traders to the new port, Raffles directed that land along the banks of the Singapore River, particularly the south bank, be reclaimed where necessary and allocated to Chinese and English country traders to encourage them to establish

1505-629: The late 19th century, Singapore became a staple port servicing the geographical hinterland of the Malay Peninsula . Following the institution of the British Forward Movement, Singapore became the administrative capital of British Malaya . Roads and railways were developed to transport primary materials such as crude oil, rubber and tin from the Malay Peninsula to Singapore to be processed into staple products, and then shipped to Britain and other international markets. During

1548-521: The location of Xabandaria or the office of a shahbandar , the Malay official responsible for international trade. Shards of 15th-century Siam ceramics and late 16th – or early 17th-century Chinese blue and white porcelain have been found at the Singapore and Kallang Rivers . Singapore also provided other regional ports with local products demanded by international markets. For instance, blackwood (a generic term used by Europeans to refer to rosewood )

1591-539: The path of the Pan Island Expressway (PIE). It joins the Kallang River near the traffic interchange at Whampoa Flyover. Other than those listed above, there is another unnamed Kallang River tributary in Toa Payoh . It flows from Braddell Road, via Toa Payoh North and Lorong 6 Toa Payoh, before meeting the Kallang River at Lorong 8 Toa Payoh. Kallang River is now part of the water catchment area for

1634-404: The port officially opened on September 1, 2022 with three berths in service. The port is the world's busiest port in terms of shipping tonnage handled, with 1.15 billion gross tons (GT) handled in 2005. In terms of cargo tonnage, Singapore is behind Shanghai with 423 million freight tons handled. The port retains its position as the world's busiest hub for transshipment traffic in 2005, and

1677-401: The project. The water level was kept at a constant level — 3 metres deep — making activities such as kayaking and dragon boating possible. The upstream of the Kallang River is located at Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park. Officially opened on 17 March 2012 by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong , the meandering river's capacity is now 40% more than when it was a canal. The river helps to slow

1720-413: The resulting stores are known as container stacks. In recent years methodological advances regarding container port operations have considerably improved, such as container port design process . For a detailed description and a comprehensive list of references see, e.g., the operations research literature. Kallang River The Kallang River ( Chinese : 加冷河 , Malay : Sungei Kallang )

1763-512: The world’s first container port, Elizabeth Marine Terminal. Maritime container ports tend to be part of a larger port , and the biggest maritime container ports can be found situated around major harbours . Inland container ports tend to be located in or near major cities, with good rail connections to maritime container ports. It is common for cargo that arrives to a container port in a single ship to be distributed over several modes of transportation for delivery to inland customers. According to

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1806-545: The year up to October, compared to 18,640 kTEUs handled in Hong Kong in the same period. A rise in regional traffic consolidating the port's position in Southeast Asia, and increases in transshipment traffic using the strategic East Asia-Europe route via Singapore helped the port to emerge tops at the end of the year, a title it had not held since overtaking Hong Kong once in 1998. PSA Singapore's container facilities are as follows: PSA Singapore has 13 berths which are part of

1849-409: Was exported from Singapore to Malacca , and was in turn purchased by Chinese traders and shipped to China for furniture-making:) In the early 17th century, Singapore's main settlement and its port were destroyed by a punitive force from Aceh . After this incident, there was no significant settlement or port at Singapore until 1819. In 1819, Stamford Raffles , a British colonial official, excited by

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