60-633: Tuen Mun New Town (formerly Castle Peak New Town ), commonly referred to simply as Tuen Mun , is a satellite town of Hong Kong. It is one of the new towns that were developed by the Hong Kong Government in the New Territories from the 1960s. It was built around the existing rural local centre of Tuen Mun ( a.k.a. Castle Peak), which has since been referred to as the Tuen Mun Kau Hui [ yue ] and
120-509: A car park on the edge of Macau. A small quota of 300 vehicles are allowed to enter Macau directly. In 2023 the permit/quota system relaxed further, allowing more Hong Kong and Macau vehicles to enter Guangdong Province via the Northbound Travel scheme. A similar Southbound Travel scheme is planned for 2025. The HZMB links three major cities—Hong Kong, Zhuhai, and Macau—which are geographically close but separated by water. With
180-720: A consortium of banks led by Bank of China . Construction of the HZMB project began on 15 December 2009 on the Chinese side, with the Politburo Standing member and Vice Premier of China Li Keqiang holding a commencement ceremony. Construction of the Hong Kong section of the project began in December 2011 after a delay caused by a legal challenge regarding the environmental impact of the bridge. The last bridge tower
240-494: A day earlier by Chinese leader Xi Jinping . Hopewell Holdings founder and then-managing director Gordon Wu proposed the concept of a bridge-tunnel linking Mainland China , British Hong Kong and Portuguese Macau in the 1980s. Wu stated that he got the idea in 1983 from the Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel . In 1988 Wu pitched the concept to Guangdong and Beijing officials. He envisaged a link farther north than
300-481: A land-based population of 22,500 people. Studies suggested that the area should be developed into a satellite city of 1 million population. As of 2011 census, whole Tuen Mun District, which covers Tuen Mun New Town and other urban and rural areas, had a population of 487,546 people. The development model is constructed around a town centre. The town is also served by multiple lines of the Light Rail . According to
360-475: A positive review on the town planning, which they describe the Tuen Mun town centre is the "centre of gravity" ( Chinese : 重心 ) of the town: 今天看來，當初的規劃的確陸續得以實現，市中心確實是屯門的重心。 In 1971, the section of the town that encompassing the existing market town San Hui was considered as the most-valuable land for high-rise private residential use. These residential area are designated as Tuen Mun Area 10, 11 and 13 in
420-473: A responsibility to consider worker safety on the Chinese side. In 2017, Hong Kong's Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) arrested 21 employees (2 senior executives, 14 laboratory technicians, and 5 laboratory assistants) of Jacobs China Limited, a contractor of the Civil Engineering and Development Department for falsifying concrete test results, thus potentially risking the safety of
480-487: A self-sufficient community outside of its larger metropolitan area. However, it functions as part of a metropolis and experiences high levels of cross-commuting (that is, residents commuting out of and employees commuting into the city). Satellite cities are different from and are sometimes confused with the following related patterns of development. Satellite cities differ from suburbs in that they have distinct employment bases, commuter sheds, and cultural offerings from
540-644: A series of three cable-stayed bridges , an undersea tunnel , and four artificial islands . It is both the longest sea crossing and the longest open-sea fixed link in the world. The HZMB spans the Lingding and Jiuzhou channels, connecting Hong Kong and Macau with Zhuhai — a major city on the Pearl River Delta in China . The HZM Bridge was designed to last for 120 years and cost ¥ 127 billion (US$ 18.8 billion) to build. The cost of constructing
600-408: A twin rather than a satellite. However, Waco, Texas is a satellite town of both cities. Generally speaking, cities that are listed as being part of the same urbanized area should be considered twins, rather than one having a satellite relationship to the other. Conceptually, satellite cities are miniature metro areas on the fringe of larger ones. Satellite cities are sometimes listed as part of
660-496: Is a huge difference compared to the similar Shenzhen-Zhongshan Link where over 3 million vehicles have used the bridge alone in its first month of opening. The artificial island housing the Hong Kong Boundary Crossing Facilities (HKBCF) was reported drifting due to an unconventional method, hitherto unused in Hong Kong, for land reclamation using a row of circular steel cells pile-driven into
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#1732802352120720-462: Is technically in Zhuhai for most of its length ). Thus, drivers from Hong Kong and Macau need to make use of crossing viaducts to switch to RHT upon entering the bridge, and back to LHT upon leaving the bridge when they are back to Hong Kong and Macau. Traffic between Zhuhai and the bridge requires no left-right conversion as they are both RHT. The HZMBus shuttle bus service (colloquially referred as
780-696: The Blue Dolphin Island on the west and the White Dolphin Island on the east. The bridge construction crosses the Pearl River estuary with three cable-stayed bridges spanning between 280 and 460 metres (920 and 1,510 ft), allowing shipping traffic to pass underneath. Administered under Highways Department of HKSAR , the Hong Kong Link Road connects the main bridge-tunnel to an artificial island housing
840-654: The Home Affairs Department , is located on the second floor of Tuen Mun Government Offices, a building located within the new town at 1 Tuen Hi Road. Satellite town A satellite city or satellite town is a smaller municipality or settlement that is part of (or on the edge of) a larger metropolitan area and serves as a regional population and employment center. It differs from mere suburbs , subdivisions and especially bedroom communities in that it has employment bases sufficient to support its residential population, and conceptually, could be
900-541: The Jing-Zhu Expressway , Guang-Zhu West Expressway and Jiang-Zhu Expressway. Opened in October 2024, the 3km long bridge provided alternative access to Taipa Island from the HZMB boundary office. Although the HZMB connects two left-hand traffic (LHT) areas, namely Hong Kong and Macau, the crossing itself is right-hand traffic (RHT), the same as in Zhuhai and other regions of mainland China (the bridge
960-472: The Main Bridge was estimated at ¥51.1 billion (US$ 7.56 billion) funded by bank loans and shared among the governments of mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau. Originally set to be opened to traffic in late 2016, the structure was completed on 6 February 2018 and journalists were subsequently taken for a ride over the bridge. On 24 October 2018 the HZMB was opened to the public after its inauguration
1020-638: The Qing Empire to the British Empire in 1898 for 99 years as part of the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory . The colonial government, faced with overcrowding resulting from large numbers of immigrants from China as well as natural increase, embarked on various new towns projects to create large housing developments to house the rapidly growing population. Construction of
1080-530: The Tuen Mun San Hui . The new town covers most of the urban area of Tuen Mun District . The initial plan for Tuen Mun New Town can be traced to a report by consulting firm Scott Wilson Kirkpatrick & Partners in 1959. At that time the project was known as Castle Peak. The history of settlement in Tuen Mun can be traced back 6,000 years. The area was part of a larger region which was leased from
1140-524: The "golden buses") runs 24 hours a day with bus departures as frequent as every five minutes. The journey across the HZMB takes about 40 minutes. The HZMB Hong Kong Port can be reached from Hong Kong by taxi or various buses including Cityflyer airport routes A10, A11, A12, A17, A21, A22, A23, A25, A26, A28 and A29, Long Win Bus airport routes A30, A31, A32, A33X, A34, A36, A37, A38, A41, A41P, A42, A43, A46 and A47X, NLB airport route A35, Green Minibus route 901,
1200-557: The 101X bus and the 102X bus from St Paul's and Taipa, or the HZMB Integrated Resort Connection bus from Taipa Ferry Terminal or the Exterior Ferry terminal, connecting with free casino shuttle buses. Since the Hong Kong government imposes significant fees, taxes and administrative paperwork on private vehicle ownership and usage to deal with road congestion, driving a car on the HZMB would incur
1260-771: The B4 shuttle bus from Hong Kong International Airport, the B5 shuttle bus from Sunny Bay MTR station , or the B6 bus from Tung Chung . In addition, all overnight airport buses (NA-prefixed routes) which are operated by Cityflyer or Long Win stops or terminates at the Hong Kong Port. The HZMB Zhuhai Port can be reached from Zhuhai by taxis or the L1 bus which uses historic tourist vehicles, or Line-12, 23, 25 or 3 buses. The HZMB Macau Port can be reached from Macau by taxis or various buses including
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#17328023521201320-714: The China/Hong Kong Conference on Co-ordination of Major Infrastructure Projects agreed to a joint study on a transport link between Hong Kong and Pearl River West. To coordinate the project, the Advance Work Coordination Group of HZMB was set up in 2003. Officials from three sides solved issues such as landing points and alignments of the bridge, operation of the Border Crossing Facilities, and project financing. In August 2008, China's central government,
1380-499: The Hong Kong Boundary Crossing Facilities (HKBCF). This section includes a 9.4-km (5.8 mi) bridge construction, a 1-km (0.62 mi) Scenic Hill Tunnel and a 1.6-km (1.0-mi) at-grade road along the east coast of the Chek Lap Kok . The Zhuhai Link Road starts from Zhuhai-Macao Port Artificial Island, passes through the developed area of Gongbei via a tunnel towards Zhuhai, and connects to three major expressways, namely,
1440-526: The OZP, which they are bordering one to another. Area 11 also accommodated the planned town centre. [ sic ] Tuen Mun Area 34, due west to Area 11 and 13, was designed to be an open space. Area 34 is now known as Tuen Mun Park . News reports also consider residential blocks of the Trend Plaza [ zh ] , Kam Wah Garden, Tuen Mun Town Plaza and Waldorf Garden [ zh ] are
1500-633: The V City and its associated residential blocks, are located in Area 10. The railway station itself is located above the river, which divides Area 10 to Area 9. Some constituencies of the Tuen Mun District Council serve the new town, although the boundaries of the constituencies differ from the boundaries of the urban planning OZP. The executive branch of the district-level government, the Tuen Mun District Office of
1560-543: The artificial islands at both ends of the undersea tunnel. In footage taken by drone users and mariners, the dolosse installed at the edges of the artificial islands appear to have dislodged. Some civil engineers suggested that there was an error in design. In dismissing the safety concerns, the HZMB Authority said the dolosse were designed to be submerged and the design was working as intended. Director of Highways Department Daniel Chung denied on 8 April 2018 that
1620-567: The breakwater components had been washed away by waves. Subsequent aerial footage posted online showed a section of the dolosse breakwater completely underwater. Civil engineer So Yiu-kwan told Hong Kong media on 12 April 2018 that the water level, at the time the photos were taken, was about 1.74 mPD (metres above Principal Datum), but the maximum water level could reach 2.7 mPD. He said the dolosse would offer no wave protection if entirely submerged, and further alleged that they had been installed backwards. Conservationists at WWF Hong Kong blamed
1680-410: The bridge for public use. In December 2017, a lab technician pleaded guilty and was sentenced to imprisonment for eight months, while the others await sentencing. Hong Kong's Highways Department conducted tests again after the falsified results were exposed and found all test results met safety standards. In April 2018, the public and media raised questions over the integrity of the seawalls protecting
1740-401: The bridge in place, travelling time between Zhuhai and Hong Kong was cut down from about 4 hours to 30 minutes on the road. The HZMB project is part of a Beijing -driven strategy to create an economic hub and promote the economic development of the whole area of the Pearl River Delta , which is also known as Greater Bay Area. Hoping to leverage the bridge and create an economic zone linking
1800-401: The central metropolis, as well as an independent municipal government. Satellite cities are not bedroom communities . Satellite cities differ from edge cities , which are suburbs with large employment bases and cultural offerings, in that satellite cities must have a true historic downtown , a distinct independent municipal government , existed as a city prior to becoming interconnected with
1860-614: The construction 19 workers died. The 55-km (34 mi) HZMB consists of three main sections: the Main Bridge (29.6 km or 18.4 mi) in the middle of the Pearl River estuary, the Hong Kong Link Road (12 km or 7.5 mi) in the east and the Zhuhai Link Road (13.4 km or 8.3 mi) in the west of the estuary. The Main Bridge, the largest part of the HZMB project, is a bridge-tunnel system constructed by
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1920-736: The construction project came under scrutiny in Hong Kong. In addition to nine fatalities on the mainland side, more than ten deaths were reported on the Hong Kong side of the construction project, plus between 234 and 600 injuries, depending on the source. In April 2017, the Construction Site Workers General Union, the Labour Party and the Confederation of Trade Unions demonstrated at the Central Government Complex , demanding
1980-416: The core city and would not exist in anything like their present form if not for the suburban expansion of their larger neighbor. Edge cities are activity nodes within a metro area, not miniature metro areas themselves. Some satellite cities that are particularly close or well connected to their larger neighbors and/or have their own historic downtown may also qualify as the uptown variety of edge cities, but
2040-576: The current design, beginning at Black Point near Tuen Mun , Hong Kong and crossing the Pearl River estuary via Nei Lingding Island and Qi'ao Island . His proposed bridge would have ended at the Chinese village of Tangjia, and a new road would have continued south through Zhuhai before terminating at Macau. Discussions stalled after the Tiananmen Square protests in mid-1989 "unnerved" Wu and other foreign investors, and caused Hopewell's Hong Kong share prices to plunge. The route proposed by Wu
2100-506: The early draft of the new town, the settlement was designed to have land allocated for industrial use, which would provide employment to residents, however this did not eventuate. As Hong Kong transformed into a service-oriented economy, only 30% of residents in the western New Territories (including the Tuen Mun, Yuen Long, and Tin Shui Wai New Towns) worked locally, according to 2011 census . In 2019, some industrial buildings of
2160-441: The end of 2017 only 10,000 permits for private vehicles to drive across the HZMB from Hong Kong to Zhuhai had been issued. In addition, the number of vehicles permitted to enter Hong Kong and Macau from other regions is subject to a daily quota. In addition, to help compact Macau tackle its road congestion problems, drivers arriving from other regions are strongly encouraged to use a park and ride scheme, leaving their vehicles at
2220-531: The four major residential estates of the town centre. In urban zoning, they were located at the aforementioned Area 11, as well as on a small strip of Area 37 of the Tuen Mun OZP. Another private residential estate, Tuen Mun Centre ( Chinese : 屯門中心大廈 ), is situated at Area 10, which also marked as the site of the San Hui. Another land lease, Tuen Mun Town Lot №513, which was sold by the government in 2014,
2280-550: The government take action. Lawmaker Fernando Cheung also expressed concern over the unknown death toll on the Chinese side of the project, speculating: "the project is known as the 'bridge of blood and tears' and we are only talking about the Hong Kong side. We don't even know what is happening in China. I suppose the situation could be 10 times worse than that in Hong Kong." He said that the Hong Kong Government had
2340-505: The governments of Guangdong , Hong Kong and Macau agreed to finance 42 percent of the total costs. The remaining 58% consisted of loans (approximately ¥ 22 billion or US$ 3.23 billion) from the Bank of China . In March 2009, it was further reported that China's central government, Hong Kong and Macau agreed to finance 22 percent of the total costs. The remaining 78 percent consisted of loans (approximately ¥ 57.3 billion or US$ 8.4 billion) from
2400-508: The larger metro area and sometimes listed as totally independent. In the United States, satellite cities are often (but not always) listed as independent Metropolitan Statistical Areas within a single Combined Statistical Area that is unified with the larger metropolis. Hong Kong%E2%80%93Zhuhai%E2%80%93Macau Bridge The Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge ( HZMB ) is a 55-kilometre (34 mi) bridge–tunnel system consisting of
2460-522: The larger metropolitan core, and are surrounded by a belt of rural land between themselves and the central city. Conceptually, both satellite cities and some types of edge cities could be (and once were) self-sufficient communities outside of their larger metropolitan areas but have become interconnected due to the suburban expansion of the larger metropolis. However, while edge cities may have their own government and share many characteristics with satellite cities, they are much more physically integrated with
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2520-565: The mainland Chinese authorities. It connects Zhuhai-Macao Port Artificial Island , an artificial island housing the Boundary Crossing Facilities (BCF) for both mainland China and Macau in the west, to the Hong Kong Link Road in the east. This section includes a 22.9-km (14.2 mi) bridge construction and a 6.7-km (4.2 mi) immersed tube undersea tunnel that runs between two artificial islands,
2580-510: The mud and filled with inert material to form a seawall. The drifting of parts of the reclaimed island allegedly caused a delay in the HZMB project. The Highways Department denied various reports of movement up to 20 metres (66 ft) but admitted that parts of the reclaimed land had moved "up to six or seven metres", claiming that some movement was expected and safety had not been jeopardised. Mainland contractors also reportedly had difficulty constructing immersed tubes for their section of
2640-644: The new town applied to be rezoned for commercial use. However, it was also reported that due to the opening of the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge , some industrial buildings were rented by logistic companies in 2018. A number of logistics companies also expressed interest in land leases near the River Trade Terminal in 2018. The road infrastructure of the town to other areas of Hong Kong relies on Tuen Mun Road and Castle Peak Road , as well as roads to northern Yuen Long District . Until
2700-472: The new town project was renamed Tuen Mun New Town. Rumour has it that the town was renamed because Castle Peak was more famous for a psychiatric hospital which was named after the area. The major construction works, such as land reclamation, underground drainage, electricity infrastructure, and roads were completed in 1974. However, the last sale of the land lease of the new town by the government won't carried out until 2019. The first public housing estate of
2760-406: The new town started in 1966. In the next year, the government reclaiming 29 acres (12 ha) of land near an area known as " Tuen Mun San Hui " ( Chinese : 屯門新墟 ; Jyutping : Tyun4 Mun4 San1 Heoi1 ; Cantonese Yale : Tyùhn Mùhn Sān Hēui ; lit. 'Tuen Mun new market'). San Hui was considered as a market township of the area at that time, which was a market centre for
2820-409: The new town was San Fat Estate . It was completed in 1971. Tuen Mun New Town, as of 1971, was 20 miles (32 km) by road and 15 miles (24 km) by sea from Kowloon. There was little chance of flood at that time. The new town is situation in the valley between Castle Peak and Tai Lam hill [ sic ] (should be Kau Keng Shan ). Before the development, it was a major fishing port with
2880-578: The opening of the West Rail in 2003, local residents suffered from traffic congestion on Tuen Mun Road and Castle Peak Road. However, as of 2019, the railway line also reached its capacity and the government had planned new road to connect the town to the CBD via the site of the Lantau Tomorrow Vision project. Tuen Mun–Chek Lap Kok Link was opened in 2020. Tuen Mun Ferry Pier serves as
2940-400: The pier for the town to connect to Mainland China, and Macau, as well as local destinations such as Lantau Island. In the past it also had scheduled ferries to Hong Kong Island . The boundary and land uses of the town are still regulated by Tuen Mun Outline Zoning Plan. The government still periodically updates the plan. The first plan was approved by Governor-in-Council in 1967. As of 2018,
3000-484: The project, with the director of the Guangdong National Development and Reform Commission stating that 2020 would be a difficult target to meet. By 2017, the Main Bridge of the HZMB project had experienced a cost overrun of about ¥ 10 billion, blamed on increased labour and material costs, as well as changes to the design and construction schemes. The number of deaths and injuries during
3060-488: The same restrictions as current cross-border traffic. These include applying for separate driving licenses for both Hong Kong and mainland China, a Hong Kong Closed Road Permit for cross-boundary vehicles, and an Approval Notice from the Guangdong Public Security Bureau. Vehicle owners also need to ensure they have the appropriate insurance coverage for the regions they are travelling to. By
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#17328023521203120-489: The statutory boundaries of the town are "the ridges of Castle Peak to the west, Lam Tei Interchange of Castle Peak Road to the north, and Tai Lam Country Park to the east. To the southeast the area extends to Siu Lam Interchange of Tuen Mun Road , while to the southwest it extends to Tap Shek Kok ." In 2017, the local council rejected the government's plan to convert some land from "government, institution and community" use or "open space" to residential. The town centre
3180-565: The surrounding area. Further reclamation was carried out in Castle Peak Bay , among others, until the late 1960s. The government also levelled the hillside area to obtain land for the town during that period. J. M. Wigglesworth, a senior planning officer of the government, has stated that choosing coastal sites is partially due to land tenure rights in the New Territories. Thus the government preferred land reclamation. In 1973,
3240-466: The terms are not synonymous. In some cases, large metropolitan areas have multiple centers of close-to-equal importance. These multi-polar cities are often referred to as twin cities . Multi-polar cities differ from satellite cities in the following ways: For example, Fort Worth, Texas is a twin of Dallas, Texas because though Fort Worth is somewhat smaller, it is proportionally close enough and physically integrated enough with Dallas to be considered
3300-410: The three cities, Zhuhai's Hengqin area was designated as a free trade zone in 2015. Some residents have complained that the bridge had been a waste of taxpayers' money due to the restrictive criteria to be met and large amount of administrative paperwork needed in order to use the bridge with their own vehicle. Consequently an average of only 8,900 vehicles per day have used the bridge in 2023. This
3360-515: Was also considered as next to the town centre and the railway station by the real estate critics. Nowadays, near to the Tuen Mun railway station , are Tuen Mun Town Hall, Tuen Mun Public Library, Tuen Mun Clinic, Tuen Mun Government Offices, Tuen Mun Law Courts, Tuen Mun Park, as well as shopping centres such as V City, The Trend Plaza Shopping Arcade, Tuen Mun Town Plaza shopping centre, as well as pentahotel Tuen Mun, etc. Those public facilities were mostly located in Area 11 as well as Area 37, while
3420-471: Was designed to have public library, education centre, theatre, convention and exhibition hall, arts museum, as well as government building that connects to commercial buildings, which house supermarkets, banks and other shops that provide daily needs. In a history book edited by Lau Chi-pang ( Chinese : 劉智鵬 ; Jyutping : Lau4 Zi3 Paang4 ) and Liu Shuyong ( Chinese : 劉蜀永 ; pinyin : Liú Shǔyǒng ; Jyutping : Lau4 Suk6 Wing5 ), they give
3480-415: Was erected on 2 June 2016. The last straighted-element of the 4,860-metre-long (15,940 ft) straight section of the undersea tunnel was installed on 12 July 2016. While the final tunnel joint was installed on 2 May 2017. Construction of the Main Bridge, consisting of a viaduct and an undersea tunnel was completed on 6 July 2017. The entire construction project was completed on 6 February 2018. During
3540-484: Was promoted by the Zhuhai government under the name Lingdingyang Bridge . In the mid-1990s, Zhuhai built a bridge between the Zhuhai mainland and Qi'ao Island that was intended as the first phase of this route, though the full scheme had not been approved by either the Chinese or Hong Kong governments at the time. China's central government showed support for this project on 30 December 1997. The new Hong Kong government
3600-578: Was reluctant, stating that it was still awaiting cross-border traffic study results, and Hong Kong media questioned the environmental impact of the project with regard to air pollution, traffic and marine life. In December 2001 the Legislative Council of Hong Kong passed a motion urging the Administration to develop the logistics industry including the construction of a bridge connecting Hong Kong, Zhuhai and Macao. In September 2002,
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