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90-661: Tuff Gong is the brand name associated with a number of businesses started by Bob Marley and the Marley family . 'Tuff Gong' comes from Marley's nickname, which was in turn an echo of that given to founder of the Rastafari movement, Leonard "The Gong" Howell . Tuff Gong is a record label formed by the reggae group The Wailers in 1970 . Before 1981, the label used the facilities of Federal Records recording company in Marcus Garvey Drive. The first single on

180-522: A Myal , was an early musical influence on Marley. Marley began to play music with Neville Livingston, later known as Bunny Wailer , while at Stepney Primary and Junior High School in Nine Mile, where they were childhood friends. At age 12, Marley left Nine Mile with his mother and moved to the Trenchtown section of Kingston . Marley's mother and Thadeus Livingston, Bunny Wailer's father, had

270-587: A civil servant from the United States, giving Marley two half-brothers: Richard and Anthony. In February 1962, Marley recorded four songs, " Judge Not ", "One Cup of Coffee", "Do You Still Love Me?" and "Terror", at Federal Studios for local music producer Leslie Kong . Three of the songs were released on Beverley's with "One Cup of Coffee" being released under the pseudonym Bobby Martell. In 1963, Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, Peter Tosh , Junior Braithwaite, Beverley Kelso, and Cherry Smith were called

360-523: A #1 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 hit include Ini Kamoze with " Here Comes the Hotstepper " in 1994, Super Cat (featured on Sugar Ray's song " Fly "), Shaggy (2 #1 hits, like " Angel "), Rikrok (featured on Shaggy's song " It Wasn't Me "), Sean Paul (3 #1 hits, like " Get Busy "), Sean Kingston with " Beautiful Girls " in 2007, and OMI (singer) with " Cheerleader " in 2015. All are from Kingston , except Ini Kamoze, Rikrok, and OMI. The Bongo Nation

450-924: A 1937 speech given by Marcus Garvey in Nova Scotia. Marley held that independence of African countries from European domination was a victory for all those in the African diaspora. In the song "Africa Unite", he sings of a desire for all peoples of the African diaspora to come together and fight against "Babylon"; similarly, in the song "Zimbabwe", Marley marks the liberation of the whole continent of Africa, and evokes calls for unity between all Africans, both within and outside Africa. Marley married Alfarita Constantia "Rita" Anderson in Kingston, Jamaica, on 10 February 1966. He had many children: three were born to his wife Rita, and two additional children were adopted from Rita's previous relationships as his own, and they have

540-860: A 24-minute tape of Marley performing several of his own and Norman-Pyfrom's compositions. According to reggae archivist Roger Steffens , this tape is rare in that it was influenced by pop rather than reggae, as part of an effort to break Marley into the US charts. According to an article in The New York Times , Marley experimented on the tape with various sounds, adopting a doo-wop style on "Stay With Me" and "the slow love song style of 1960s artists" on "Splish for My Splash". He lived in Ridgmount Gardens, Bloomsbury , during 1972. In 1972, Bob Marley signed with CBS Records in London and embarked on

630-508: A UK tour with soul singer Johnny Nash . While in London the Wailers asked their road manager Brent Clarke to introduce them to Chris Blackwell , who had licensed some of their Coxsone releases for his Island Records . The Wailers intended to discuss the royalties associated with these releases; instead, the meeting resulted in the offer of an advance of £4,000 to record an album. Since Jimmy Cliff , Island's top reggae star, had recently left

720-459: A daughter together named Claudette Pearl, who was a younger sister to both Bob and Bunny. With Marley and Livingston living together in the same house in Trenchtown, their musical explorations deepened to include the new ska music and the latest R&B from United States radio stations whose broadcasts reached Jamaica. Marley formed a vocal group with Bunny Wailer and Peter Tosh . The line-up

810-403: A form of national and even international black resistance, they used Jamaican culture. Jamaican music, moved back and forth between the predominance of boasting and toasting songs packed with 'slackness' and sexual innuendo and a more topical, political, 'conscious' style. Rocksteady was the music of Jamaica's rude boys by the mid-1960s, when The Wailers and The Clarendonians dominated

900-480: A frenzy, captured the intensity of Marley's live performances. "Marley wasn't singing about how peace could come easily to the World but rather how hell on Earth comes too easily to too many. His songs were his memories; he had lived with the wretched, he had seen the downpressers and those whom they pressed down."  – Mikal Gilmore , Rolling Stone Survival , a defiant and politically charged album,

990-802: A live version of " No Woman, No Cry ", from the Live! album. This was followed by his breakthrough album in the United States, Rastaman Vibration (1976), which reached the Top 50 of the Billboard Soul Charts. On 3 December 1976, two days before " Smile Jamaica ", a free concert organised by Jamaican Prime Minister Michael Manley in an attempt to ease tension between two warring political groups, Bob Marley, Rita, and manager Don Taylor were wounded in an assault by unknown gunmen inside Marley's home. Taylor and Rita sustained serious injuries but later made full recoveries. Marley sustained minor wounds in

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1080-482: A major role throughout Marley's life. As well as playing the game, in parking lots, fields, and even inside recording studios, Marley followed the Brazilian club Santos and its star player Pelé growing up and was also a supporter of English football club Tottenham Hotspur and Argentine midfielder Ossie Ardiles , who played for the club for a decade beginning in 1978. Marley surrounded himself with people from

1170-724: A star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , and induction into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame . Marley was born on 6 February 1945 at the farm of his maternal grandfather in Nine Mile , Saint Ann Parish , Jamaica , to Norval Sinclair Marley and Cedella Malcolm . Norval was a white Jamaican born in Clarendon Parish , and whose cousins claimed that the Marley surname had Syrian-Jewish origins. This

1260-508: A vital factor in religious growth and connection with Jah, and as a way to philosophise and become wiser. Marley was a Pan-Africanist and believed in the unity of African people worldwide. His beliefs were rooted in his Rastafari religious beliefs. Marley was substantially inspired by Marcus Garvey and had anti-imperialist and pan-Africanist themes in many of his songs, such as " Zimbabwe ", "Exodus", "Survival", "Blackman Redemption" and " Redemption Song ." The lattermost draws influence from

1350-468: A year later, Marley carried on under the band's name. The album Natty Dread (1974) received positive reviews. In 1975, following the global popularity of Eric Clapton 's version of Marley's " I Shot the Sheriff ", Marley had his international breakthrough with his first hit outside Jamaica, a live version of " No Woman, No Cry ", from the Live! album. This was followed by his breakthrough album in

1440-457: Is a distinct group of Jamaicans possibly descended from the Congo . They are known for Kumina , which refers to both a religion and a form of music. Kumina's distinctive drumming style became one of the roots of Rastafarian drumming, itself the source of the distinctive Jamaican rhythm heard in ska, rocksteady and reggae. The modern intertwining of Jamaican religion and music can be traced back to

1530-416: Is a term coined by Jamaican musician Joy Fairclough, to mean the mix of Jamaican Folk Music with any foreign and local styles of music and the evolution of a new sound created by their fusion. This is the latest Jamaican Music stylistic development of the late 20th century and 21st century. Jamaican music continues to influence the world's music. Many efforts at studying and copying Jamaican music has introduced

1620-404: Is also considered a global symbol of Jamaican music and culture  and identity and was controversial in his outspoken support for democratic social reforms. Marley also supported the legalisation of cannabis and advocated for Pan-Africanism . Born in Nine Mile, Jamaica , Marley began his career in 1963, after forming the group Teenagers with Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer , which became

1710-494: Is based on the record label and is featured as one of the many fictional radio stations featured in-game. The station is dedicated to playing songs associated with Bob Marley , including tracks by his sons Stephen Marley and Damian "Jr. Gong" Marley . Tuff Gong is a full-service recording studio located in Kingston, Jamaica . In 1981, Bob Marley's wife, Rita Marley , purchased Ken Khouri 's Federal Records recording studio,

1800-537: Is however not conclusive and speculative. Norval went by the moniker "Captain", despite only having been a private in the British Army . At the time of his marriage to Cedella Malcolm, an Afro-Jamaican then 18 years old, Norval was supervising a subdivision of land for war veteran housing, and he was about 64 years old at the time of Bob Marley's birth. Norval, who provided little financial support for his wife and child and rarely saw them, died when Marley

1890-552: The 1860s, when the Pocomania and Revival Zion churches drew on African traditions, and incorporated music into almost every facet of worship . Later, this trend spread into Hindu communities, resulting in baccra music. The spread of Rastafari into urban Jamaica in the 1960s transformed the Jamaican music scene, which incorporated drumming (played at grounation ceremonies) and which has led to today's popular music. Many of

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1980-579: The 1970s, such as The Clash , Elvis Costello and the Attractions , The Police , The Slits , and The Ruts . Ska revival bands such as The Specials , Madness and The Selecter developed the 2 Tone genre. During the 1980s, the most popular music styles in Jamaica were dancehall and ragga . Dancehall is essentially speechifying with musical accompaniment, including a basic drum beat (most often played on electric drums). The lyrics moved away from

2070-465: The Marley name. The official Bob Marley website acknowledges 11 children. Those listed on the official site are: Other sites have noted additional individuals who claim to be family members, as noted below: Marley also has several notable grandchildren, including musicians Skip Marley and YG Marley , American football player Nico Marley , model Selah Marley , and filmmaker Donisha Prendergast . Aside from music, association football played

2160-596: The Melody Makers , I-Wayne , Beenie Man , Jimmy Cliff , and many others. International music stars, such as Snoop Dogg , Sinead O'Connor , Kenny Chesney , Lauryn Hill , Self Defense Family , and Tiken Jah Fakoly have chosen the studio for both its recording resources and its history. A renewed international interest in Jamaican music has led to the studio being used by a younger generation of artists, including Major Lazer . Bob Marley Robert Nesta Marley OM (6 February 1945 – 11 May 1981)

2250-931: The Stanley Theater (now The Benedum Center For The Performing Arts ) in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania. The only known photographs from the show were included in Kevin Macdonald 's 2012 documentary film Marley . Shortly after, Marley's health deteriorated as his cancer had spread throughout his body . The rest of the tour was cancelled, and Marley sought treatment at the Josef Issels ' clinic in Rottach-Egern , Bavaria , Germany, where he underwent an alternative cancer treatment called Issels treatment , partly based on avoidance of certain foods, fluids, and other substances. After eight months of

2340-798: The Teenagers. They later changed the name to the Wailing Rudeboys, then to the Wailing Wailers, at which point they were discovered by record producer Coxsone Dodd , and finally to the Wailers. Their single " Simmer Down " for the Coxsone label became a Jamaican No. 1 in February 1964 selling an estimated 70,000 copies. The Wailers, now regularly recording for Studio One, found themselves working with established Jamaican musicians such as Ernest Ranglin (arranger "It Hurts To Be Alone"),

2430-578: The U.S., raised in Jamaica from age 5 to 13) introduced American audiences to calypso music (which had originated in Trinidad and Tobago in the early 20th century), and Belafonte was dubbed the "King of Calypso". From early in the 20th century, Jamaica produced many notable jazz musicians. In this development the enlightened policy of the Alpha Boys School in Kingston , which provided training and encouragement in music education for its pupils,

2520-441: The United States, Rastaman Vibration (1976), which reached the Top 50 of the Billboard Soul Charts. A few months later, Marley survived an assassination attempt at his home in Jamaica, which was believed to be politically motivated. He permanently relocated to London, where he recorded the album Exodus , which incorporated elements of blues , soul , and British rock and had commercial and critical success. In 1977, Marley

2610-457: The Upsetters . Although the alliance lasted less than a year, they recorded what many consider the Wailers' finest work. Marley and Perry split after a dispute regarding the assignment of recording rights, but they would continue to work together. 1969 brought another change to Jamaican popular music, where the beat slowed down even further. The new beat was a slow, steady, ticking rhythm that

2700-500: The Wailers . In 1965, they released their debut studio album, The Wailing Wailers , which included the single " One Love ", a reworking of " People Get Ready ". It was popular worldwide and established the group as a rising figure in reggae. The Wailers released 11 more studio albums, and after signing to Island Records , changed their name to Bob Marley and the Wailers. While initially employing louder instrumentation and singing, they began engaging in rhythmic-based song construction in

2790-688: The Wailers' earliest efforts in the new reggae style. Gone are the ska trumpets and saxophones of the earlier songs, with instrumental breaks now being played by the electric guitar." The songs recorded would be released as the album The Best of The Wailers , including tracks "Soul Shakedown Party", "Stop That Train", "Caution", "Go Tell it on the Mountain", "Soon Come", "Can't You See", "Soul Captives", "Cheer Up", "Back Out" and "Do It Twice". Between 1968 and 1972, Bob and Rita Marley, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer re-cut some old tracks with JAD Records in Kingston and London in an attempt to commercialise

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2880-637: The Wailers' sound. Bunny later asserted that those songs "should never be released on an album... they were just demos for record companies to listen to". In 1968, Bob and Rita visited songwriter Jimmy Norman at his apartment in the Bronx. Norman had written the extended lyrics for " Time is on My Side " (recorded by Irma Thomas and the Rolling Stones ) and had also written for Johnny Nash and Jimi Hendrix . A three-day jam session with Norman and others, including Norman's co-writer Al Pyfrom, resulted in

2970-737: The above-mentioned music and dance have been studied by Rex Nettleford artistic director (retired professor and vice chancellor of The University of the West Indies) and Marjorie Whyle Musical Director (Caribbean Musicologist, pianist, drummer, arranger lecturer at the University of the West Indies). Since 1962, this volunteer company of dancers and musicians have had many of these dances in its core repertoire and have performed worldwide to large audiences, including The British Royal family. Other trends included minimalist digital tracks, which began with Dave Kelly 's "Pepper Seed" in 1995, alongside

3060-488: The album Burnin' , which included the song " I Shot the Sheriff ". Eric Clapton was given the album by his guitarist George Terry in the hope that he would enjoy it. Clapton was impressed and chose to record a cover version of "I Shot the Sheriff", which became his first US hit since " Layla " two years earlier and reached number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on 14 September 1974. Many Jamaicans were not keen on

3150-430: The album Catch a Fire . Primarily recorded on an eight-track, Catch a Fire marked the first time a reggae band had access to a state-of-the-art studio and were accorded the same care as their rock 'n' roll peers. Blackwell desired to create "more of a drifting, hypnotic-type feel than a reggae rhythm", and restructured Marley's mixes and arrangements. Marley travelled to London to supervise Blackwell's overdubbing of

3240-457: The album at Island Studios , which included tempering the mix from the bass-heavy sound of Jamaican music and omitting two tracks. The Wailers' first album for Island, Catch a Fire , was released worldwide in April 1973, packaged like a rock record with a unique Zippo lighter lift-top. Initially selling 14,000 units, it received a positive critical reception. It was followed later that year by

3330-469: The albums Marcus Garvey and Man in the Hills ; and harmonic, spiritually oriented Rasta music like that of The Abyssinians , Black Uhuru and Third World . In 1975, Louisa Mark had a hit with "Caught You in a Lie", beginning a trend of British performers making romantic, ballad-oriented reggae called lovers rock . Reggae and ska had a massive influence on British punk rock and new wave bands of

3420-625: The alternative treatment failing to effectively treat his advancing cancer, Marley boarded a plane for his home in Jamaica. During the flight, his vital functions worsened. After landing in Miami , Florida, Marley was taken to Cedars of Lebanon Hospital, later renamed University of Miami Hospital , for urgent medical attention, where he died on 11 May 1981, at the age of 36, due to the spread of melanoma to his lungs and brain. Marley's final words to his son Ziggy were: "On your way up, take me up. On your way down, don't let me down." On 21 May 1981, Marley

3510-471: The assembly line and as a fork lift operator at a Chrysler plant in nearby Newark , under the alias Donald Marley. Though raised Catholic , Marley became interested in Rastafari beliefs in the 1960s, when away from his mother's influence. After returning to Jamaica, Marley formally converted to Rastafari and began to grow dreadlocks . After a financial disagreement with Dodd, Marley and his band teamed up with Lee "Scratch" Perry and his studio band,

3600-404: The beat. While Dancehall music involves deejays, they are the ones chanting or humming over the rhythm or track. With the rise of many different genres, toasting became popular in Jamaica during the 1960s and 1970s. In the late 1960s, producers such as King Tubby and Lee Perry began stripping the vocals away from tracks recorded for sound system parties. With the bare beats and bass playing and

3690-487: The charts. Desmond Dekker 's "007" brought international attention to the new genre. The mix put heavy emphasis on the bass line, as opposed to ska's strong horn section, and the rhythm guitar began playing on the upbeat. Session musicians like Supersonics , Soul Vendors , Jets and Jackie Mittoo (of the Skatalites) became popular during this period. Reggae is one of the music genres first created in Jamaica. In

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3780-468: The chest and arm. The attempt on his life was believed to have been politically motivated, as many felt that Smile Jamaica was actually a support rally for Manley. Nonetheless, the concert proceeded, and an injured Marley performed as scheduled, two days after the attempt. The members of the group Zap Pow played as Bob Marley's backup band before a festival crowd of 80,000 while members of The Wailers were still missing or in hiding. Marley left Jamaica at

3870-448: The competition, and helped inspire an updated version of the rude boy culture called raggamuffin . Dancehall was sometimes violent in lyrical content, and several rival performers made headlines with their feuds across Jamaica (most notably Beenie Man versus Bounty Killer ). Dancehall emerged from pioneering recordings in the late 1970s by Barrington Levy , with Roots Radics backing and Junjo Lawes as producer. The Roots Radics were

3960-556: The dancehall scene. By the late 2010s, music in Western markets saw influences of dancehall in pop music, including Drake's " One Dance " and " Controlla " (2016) and Rihanna's " Work " (2016). Reggae fusion emerged as a popular subgenre in the late 1990s. It is a mixture of reggae or dancehall with elements of other genres. It is closely related to ragga music. It originated in Jamaica , Reggae fusion artists from Jamaica with

4050-767: The end of 1976, and after a month-long "recovery and writing" sojourn at the site of Chris Blackwell's Compass Point Studios in Nassau , Bahamas, arrived in England, where he spent two years in self-imposed exile. Whilst in England, he recorded the albums Exodus and Kaya . Exodus stayed on the British album charts for 56 consecutive weeks. It included four UK hit singles: " Exodus ", " Waiting in Vain ", " Jamming ", and " One Love " (which interpolates Curtis Mayfield 's hit, " People Get Ready "). During his time in London, Marley

4140-520: The end of the dub era in Jamaica, although dub has remained a popular and influential style in the UK, and to a lesser extent throughout Europe and the US. Dub in the 1980s and 1990s has merged with electronic music . The late 2000s saw large local success for dancehall artists like Popcaan , Vybz Kartel , Shalkal, Konshens , Mr. Vegas and Mavado . In the next decade, others artists such as Tommy Lee Sparta , Alkaline , and Cashtro Troy, would also rise to

4230-441: The fame of Bob Marley . Jamaican music's influence on music styles in other countries includes the practice of toasting , which was brought to New York City and evolved into rapping . British genres such as Lovers rock , jungle music and grime are also influenced by Jamaican music. Mento is a style of Jamaican music that predates and has greatly influenced ska and reggae music. Lord Flea and Count Lasher are two of

4320-405: The island's first pressing plant, and the company subsequently moved from 56 Hope Road to 220 Marcus Garvey Drive, where it continues to operate. Tuff Gong includes a recording studio, mastering room, stamper room, pressing plant, cassette plant, wholesale record shop, booking agency, as well as offices for Rita Marley Music and Ghetto Youths International. Tuff Gong International studio is one of

4410-459: The keyboardist Jackie Mittoo and saxophonist Roland Alphonso. By 1966, Braithwaite, Kelso, and Smith had left the Wailers, leaving the core trio of Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, and Peter Tosh . In 1966, Marley married Rita Anderson , and moved near his mother's residence in Wilmington, Delaware , in the United States for a short time, during which he worked as a DuPont lab assistant, and on

4500-640: The label was "Run For Cover" by The Wailers. After 1973, the Tuff Gong headquarters was located at 56 Hope Road , Kingston , Jamaica — Bob Marley 's home. The location is now home to the Bob Marley Museum . The Tuff Gong label is distributed by Universal Music through Island Records . Tuff Gong is the official Caribbean distributor of Warner Music Group , Universal Music Group , and Disney Music Group . In Rockstar Games and Rockstar North 's Grand Theft Auto IV , Tuff Gong Radio

4590-434: The label, Blackwell was primed for a replacement. In Marley, Blackwell recognised the elements needed to snare the rock audience: "I was dealing with rock music, which was really rebel music. I felt that would really be the way to break Jamaican music. But you needed someone who could be that image. When Bob walked in he really was that image." The Wailers returned to Jamaica to record at Harry J's in Kingston, which resulted in

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4680-427: The largest Caribbean studios and features the second-largest live recording space on the island with artists, musicians, producers and tourists traveling from around the world to visit the facility. A longtime resource for Jamaican musicians, Tuff Gong has been the location of recordings from Rita Marley , Capleton , Sly and Robbie , Shaggy , Bounty Killa , Lady Saw , Vybz Kartel , Popcaan , Ziggy Marley and

4770-444: The late 1960s and early 1970s, which coincided with Marley's conversion to Rastafari. Around this time, Marley relocated to London, and the group embodied their musical shift with the release of the album The Best of The Wailers (1971). Bob Marley and the Wailers began to gain international attention after signing to Island and touring in support of the albums Catch a Fire and Burnin' (both 1973). Following their disbandment

4860-607: The late 1960s, around the same time of toasting, reggae grew out of early Ska and Rocksteady. Reggae became popular around the world, due in large part to the international success of artists like Bob Marley , Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer . Marley was viewed as a Rastafarian messianic figure by some fans, particularly throughout the Caribbean , Africa, and among Native Americans and Australian Aborigines . His lyrics about love, redemption and natural beauty captivated audiences, and he gained headlines for negotiating truces between

4950-438: The late 1970s (Second Wave) and the third wave ska movement, which started in the 1980s (Third Wave) and rose to popularity in the US in the 1990s. The recent revival of Jamaican Jazz attempts to bring back the sound of early Jamaican music artists of the late 1950s. Along with the rise of ska came the popularity of deejays such as Sir Lord Comic , King Stitt and pioneer Count Matchuki , who began talking stylistically over

5040-496: The lead instruments dropping in and out of the mix, Deejays began toasting , or delivering humorous and often provoking jabs at fellow deejays and local celebrities. Over time, toasting became an increasingly complex activity, and became as big a draw as the dance beats played behind it. The basic elements of hip-hop —boasting raps, rival posses, uptown throwdowns, and political commentary—were all present in Jamaican music When rocksteady and reggae bands looked to make their music

5130-770: The mix, sometimes processed heavily with studio effects. King Tubby's advantage came from his intimate knowledge with audio gear, and his ability to build his own sound systems and recording studios that were superior to the competition. He became famous for his remixes of recordings made by others, as well as those he recorded in his own studio. Other popular music forms that arose during the 1970s include: Briton ( Linton Kwesi Johnson 's dub poetry ); Sly & Robbie 's rockers reggae , which drew on Augustus Pablo 's melodica , becoming popular with artists such as The Mighty Diamonds and The Gladiators ; Joe Gibbs ' mellower rockers reggae, including music by Culture and Dennis Brown ; Burning Spear 's distinctive style, as represented by

5220-414: The more successful mento artists. Well-known mento songs include Day-O , Jamaica Farewell and Linstead Market . Mento is often confused with Calypso music , a musical form from Trinidad and Tobago . As in many Anglo-Caribbean islands, the calypso music of Trinidad and Tobago has become part of the culture of Jamaica . Jamaica's own local music mento is often confused with calypso music. Although

5310-523: The nail and nail bed were removed, and a skin graft was taken from his thigh to cover the area. Despite his illness, Marley continued touring and was in the process of scheduling a 1980 world tour. The album Uprising was released in May 1980. The band completed a major tour of Europe, where it played its biggest concert to 100,000 people at San Siro stadium in Milan , Italy. Marley's last ever outdoor concert

5400-408: The new reggae sound on Catch a Fire , but the Trenchtown style of Burnin found fans across both reggae and rock audiences. During this period, Blackwell gifted his Kingston residence and company headquarters at 56 Hope Road (then known as Island House) to Marley. Housing Tuff Gong Studios, the property became not only Marley's office but also his home. The Wailers disbanded in 1974, with each of

5490-400: The opposing Jamaica Labour Party ) joined each other on stage and shook hands. Under the name Bob Marley and the Wailers, 11 albums were released, four live albums and seven studio albums. The releases included Babylon by Bus , a double live album with 13 tracks, was released in 1978 and received critical acclaim. This album, and specifically the final track "Jamming", with the audience in

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5580-554: The outstanding saxophonist Bertie King , who later returned to Jamaica and formed a mento-style band. Reece and Alexander worked in the US. Saxophonist Wilton 'Bogey' Gaynair settled in Germany working mainly with Kurt Edelhagen's orchestra. Ska is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1950s, and was the precursor to rocksteady and reggae. Ska combined elements of Caribbean mento and calypso with American jazz and rhythm and blues . The first ever ska recording

5670-459: The political and spiritual lyrics popular in the 1970s and concentrate more on less serious issues ragga is characterized by the use of computerized beats and sequenced melodic track. Ragga is usually said to have been invented with the song "Under Mi Sleng Teng " by Wayne Smith . Ragga barely edged out dancehall as the dominant form of Jamaican music in the 1980s. DJ Shabba Ranks and vocalist team Chaka Demus and Pliers proved more enduring than

5760-422: The pre-eminent backing band for the dancehall style. Yellowman , Ini Kamoze , Charlie Chaplin and General Echo helped popularize the style along with producers like Sugar Minott . The 1980s saw a rise in reggae music from outside of Jamaica. During this time, reggae particularly influenced African popular music, where Sonny Okusuns, John Chibadura , Lucky Dube and Alpha Blondy became stars. The 1980s saw

5850-412: The return of love balladeers like Beres Hammond . American, British, and European electronic musicians used reggae-oriented beats to create further hybrid electronic music styles. Dub, world music , and electronic music continue to influence music in the 2000s. One of the latest developments is a musical form called Linguay which was founded by record producer Lissant Folkes in 2013. JaFolk Mix

5940-504: The rhythms of popular songs at sound systems. In Jamaican music, the Deejay is the one who talks (known elsewhere as the MC ) and the selector is the person who chooses the records. The popularity of Deejays as an essential component of the sound system, and created a need for instrumental songs, as well as instrumental versions of popular vocal songs. Toasting is a type of lyrical chanting over

6030-423: The sport, and in the 1970s, made the Jamaican international footballer Allan "Skill" Cole his tour manager. Marley told a journalist, "If you want to get to know me, you will have to play football against me and the Wailers." Two of the cars that Marley owned were BMWs, a 1602 and then an E3 2500. He purchased these because of the name. Marley said BMW stood for Bob Marley and the Wailers. In July 1977, Marley

6120-452: The sun, acral lentiginous melanoma occurs in places that are easy to miss, such as the soles of the feet, or under toenails. Although it is the most common melanoma in people with dark skin, it is not widely recognised and was not mentioned in the most popular medical textbook of the time. Marley rejected his doctors' advice to have his toe amputated , which would have hindered Marley's performing career, citing his religious beliefs. Instead,

6210-604: The three main members pursuing a solo career. Despite the break-up, Marley continued recording as "Bob Marley & The Wailers". His new backing band included brothers Carlton and Aston "Family Man" Barrett on drums and bass respectively, Junior Marvin and Al Anderson on lead guitar, Tyrone Downie and Earl "Wya" Lindo on keyboards, and Alvin "Seeco" Patterson on percussion. The " I Threes ", consisting of Judy Mowatt , Marcia Griffiths , and Marley's wife, Rita, provided backing vocals. In 1975, Marley had his international breakthrough with his first hit outside Jamaica with

6300-507: The two opposing Jamaican political parties (at the One Love Concert), led by Michael Manley ( PNP ) and Edward Seaga . By 1973, dub music had emerged as a distinct reggae genre, and heralded the dawn of the remix . Developed by record producers such as Lee "Scratch" Perry and King Tubby , dub featured previously recorded songs remixed with prominence on the bass. Often the lead instruments and vocals would drop in and out of

6390-609: The two share many similarities, they are separate and distinct musical forms. During the mid-20th century, mento was conflated with calypso, and mento was frequently referred to as calypso , kalypso and mento calypso ; mento singers frequently used calypso songs and techniques. As in calypso, mento uses topical lyrics with a humorous slant, commenting on poverty and other social issues. Sexual innuendos are also common. The Trinidadian calypso and soca music are popular in Jamaica. Popular calypso/soca artists from Jamaica include Byron Lee , Fab 5, and Lovindeer. Harry Belafonte (born in

6480-408: Was 10 years old. Some sources state that Marley's birth name was Nesta Robert Marley, with a story that when Marley was still a boy, a Jamaican passport official reversed his first and middle names because Nesta sounded like a girl's name. Marley's biographer has refuted claims by some cousins that the Marley surname had Syrian-Jewish origins. Marley's maternal grandfather, Omariah, known as

6570-426: Was Marley's final studio album and the last album that was released during his lifetime. It is one of his most religious productions, as it includes " Redemption Song " and " Forever Loving Jah ". Confrontation , released posthumously in 1983, contained unreleased material recorded during Marley's lifetime, including the hit " Buffalo Soldier " and new mixes of singles previously only available in Jamaica. Marley

6660-430: Was a Jamaican singer, songwriter, and guitarist. Considered one of the pioneers of reggae , he fused elements of reggae, ska and rocksteady and was renowned for his distinctive vocal and songwriting style. Marley increased the visibility of Jamaican music worldwide and made him a global figure in popular culture. He became known as a Rastafarian icon, and he infused his music with a sense of spirituality. Marley

6750-465: Was a longtime member of the Rastafari movement, whose culture was a key element in the development of reggae. He became an ardent proponent of Rastafari, taking its music out of the socially deprived areas of Jamaica and onto the international music scene. As part of being a Rastafarian, Marley felt that Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia was an incarnation of God or "Jah". However, later in life, he ended up converting to Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity and

6840-478: Was alto saxophonist Joe Harriott , now regarded internationally as one of the most original and innovative of jazz composers. Also internationally successful were trumpeters Dizzy Reece , Leslie 'Jiver' Hutchinson and Leslie Thompson , bassist Coleridge Goode , guitarist Ernest Ranglin and pianist Monty Alexander . Harriott, Goode, Hutchinson and Thompson built their careers in London, along with many other instrumentalists, such as pianist Yorke de Souza and

6930-415: Was an omnipresent cry in our electronic world. His sharp features, majestic looks, and prancing style a vivid etching on the landscape of our minds. Bob Marley was never seen. He was an experience which left an indelible imprint with each encounter. Such a man cannot be erased from the mind. He is part of the collective consciousness of the nation. Jamaican music Reggae is especially popular through

7020-475: Was arrested and convicted of possession of a small quantity of cannabis . In 1978, Marley returned to Jamaica and performed at another political concert, the One Love Peace Concert , again in an effort to calm warring parties. Near the end of the performance, by Marley's request, Michael Manley (leader of then-ruling People's National Party ) and his political rival Edward Seaga (leader of

7110-431: Was arrested in 1968 after being caught with cannabis but continued to use marijuana in accordance with his religious beliefs. Of his marijuana usage, Marley said, "When you smoke herb, herb reveal yourself to you. All the wickedness you do, the herb reveal itself to yourself, your conscience, show up yourself clear, because herb make you meditate. Is only a natural t'ing and it grow like a tree." Marley saw marijuana usage as

7200-486: Was baptised by Archbishop Abuna Yesehaq in the presence of his wife Rita Marley and their children, with the name of Berhane Selassie, on 4 November 1980, shortly before his death. As a Rastafarian , Marley supported the legalisation of cannabis or "ganja", which Rastafarians believe is an aid to meditation. Marley began to use cannabis when he converted to the Rastafari faith from Catholicism in 1966. Marley

7290-555: Was diagnosed with acral lentiginous melanoma ; he died in May 1981, shortly after baptism into the Ethiopian Orthodox Church . Fans around the world expressed their grief, and he received a state funeral in Jamaica. The greatest hits album Legend was released in 1984 and became the best-selling reggae album of all time . Marley also ranks as one of the best-selling music artists of all time , with estimated sales of more than 75 million records worldwide. He

7380-422: Was diagnosed with a type of malignant melanoma under the nail of his right big toe. Contrary to urban legend , this lesion was not primarily caused by an injury during a football match that year but was instead a symptom of already-existing cancer. Marley had to see two doctors before a biopsy was done, which confirmed acral lentiginous melanoma . Unlike other melanomas, which usually appear on skin exposed to

7470-653: Was first heard on the Maytals song " Do the Reggay ". Marley approached producer Leslie Kong , who was regarded as one of the major developers of the reggae sound. For the recordings, Kong combined the Wailers with his studio musicians called Beverley's All-Stars, which consisted of bassists Lloyd Parks and Jackie Jackson , drummer Paul Douglas , keyboardists Gladstone Anderson and Winston Wright , and guitarists Rad Bryan, Lynn Taitt , and Hux Brown. As David Moskowitz writes, "The tracks recorded in this session illustrated

7560-432: Was given a state funeral in Jamaica that combined elements of Ethiopian Orthodoxy and Rastafari tradition. He was buried in a chapel near his birthplace in Nine Mile; Marley's casket contained his red Gibson Les Paul guitar, a Bible opened at Psalm 23 , and a stalk of ganja placed there by his widow Rita Marley . Jamaican Prime Minister Edward Seaga delivered the final funeral eulogy to Marley, saying: His voice

7650-473: Was known variously as the Teenagers, the Wailing Rudeboys, the Wailing Wailers, and finally just the Wailers. Joe Higgs , who was part of the successful vocal act Higgs and Wilson , lived nearby and encouraged Marley. Marley and the others did not play any instruments at this time and were more interested in being a vocal harmony group. Higgs helped them develop their vocal harmonies and began teaching Marley guitar. Marley's mother later married Edward Booker,

7740-473: Was made by Count Ossie , a Nyabinghi drummer from the rasta community. It is characterized by a walking bass line accented with rhythms on the upbeat. In the early 1960s, ska was the dominant music genre of Jamaica and was popular with British mods. Music historians typically divide the history of ska into three periods: the original Jamaican scene of the 1960s (First Wave), the English 2 Tone ska revival of

7830-685: Was played on 6 July 1980 at Dalymount Park in Dublin . After the tour, Marley went to the United States, where he performed two shows at Madison Square Garden in New York City as part of the Uprising Tour . On 21 September 1980, Marley collapsed while jogging in Central Park and was taken to the hospital, where it was found that his cancer had spread to his brain, lungs, and liver. Marley's last concert took place two days later at

7920-465: Was posthumously honoured by Jamaica soon after his death with a designated Order of Merit by his nation. In 1994, Marley was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Rolling Stone ranked him No. 11 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time . and No. 98 on its list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time. His other achievements include a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award ,

8010-638: Was released in 1979. Tracks such as "Zimbabwe", " Africa Unite ", "Wake Up and Live" and "Survival" reflected Marley's support for the struggles of Africans. His appearance at the Amandla Festival in Boston in July 1979 showed his strong opposition to South African apartheid , which he already had shown in his song " War " in 1976. In early 1980, Marley was invited to perform at a 17 April celebration of Zimbabwe 's Independence Day. Uprising (1980)

8100-424: Was very influential. Also significant was the brass band tradition of the island, strengthened by opportunities for musical work and training in military contexts. However, limited scope for making a career playing jazz in Jamaica resulted in many local jazz musicians leaving the island to settle in London or in the United States. Among the most notable Jamaican jazz instrumentalists who made successful careers abroad

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