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119-596: In July 1559, after the accidental death of her husband, Henry II , Queen Catherine de' Medici decided to leave her residence of the Hôtel des Tournelles , at the eastern part of Paris, near the Bastille . Together with her son, the new king of France Francis II , her other children and the royal court, she moved to the Louvre Palace . Five years later, in 1564, she decided to build a new residence with more space for

238-399: A patent . The idea was to require an inventor to disclose his invention in exchange for monopoly rights to the patent. The description is called a patent "specification". The first patent specification was submitted by the inventor Abel Foullon for Usaige & Description de l'holmetre (a type of rangefinder ). Publication was delayed until after the patent expired in 1561. Henry II

357-672: A Spanish annus mirabilis . However, following the end of the Fronde and an English intervention on the side of France, the course of the war largely changed in France's favour, and it ultimately achieved some territorial gains in the Peace of the Pyrenees . The French word fronde means "sling" ; Parisian crowds used slings to smash the windows of supporters of Cardinal Mazarin. Jean François Paul de Gondi , Cardinal de Retz, attributes

476-620: A cerebral abscess and the infection that he got through sepsis probably travelled to his brain. He was buried in a cadaver tomb in Saint Denis Basilica . Henry's death played a significant role in the decline of jousting as a sport, particularly in France. As Henry lay dying, Queen Catherine limited access to his bedside and denied Diane de Poitiers permission to see him, even though he repeatedly asked for her. Following his death, Catherine sent Diane into exile, where she lived in comfort on her own properties until her death. It

595-572: A claimant to the throne of England . Henry had Mary sign secret documents, illegal in Scottish law, that would ensure Valois rule in Scotland even if Mary died without leaving a child by Francis. As it happened, Francis died without issue a year and half after his father, ending the French claim to Scotland. Henry II introduced the concept of publishing the description of an invention in the form of

714-692: A consular and soon to be imperial residence. His major addition to the palace-garden complex was the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel in the large courtyard between the Tuileries Palace and the Louvre, This was modeled after the triumphal Arch of Septimius Severus in Rome, and was designed to be the ceremonial entrance to his palace, It also became the centerpiece of the large parade ground where Louis XIV had held his Carrousel procession. In 1801, Napoleon ordered

833-629: A gallery devoted to contemporary art. The Orangerie , originally used to keep citrus trees during the winter, was also made into a gallery, with the eastern wing devoted to the display of eight paintings of the Water Lilies series by Claude Monet . They were installed there in 1927, shortly after Monet's death. During World War II , the Jeu de paume was used by the Germans as a warehouse for art they had stolen or confiscated . An exposition of work by

952-533: A garden. For that purpose, Catherine bought land west of Paris, just outside the city Wall of Charles V . It was bordered on the south by the Seine , and on the north by the faubourg Saint-Honoré , a road in the countryside continuing the Rue Saint-Honoré . Since the 13th century this area had been occupied by tile-making factories called tuileries (from the French tuile , meaning "tile"). The new residence

1071-480: A gardener at the Tuileries. He immediately began transforming the Tuileries into a formal jardin à la française , a style he had first developed at Vaux-le-Vicomte and perfected at Versailles , based on symmetry, order and long perspectives. Le Nôtre's gardens were designed to be seen from above, from a building or terrace. He eliminated the street which separated the palace and the garden, and replaced it with

1190-437: A member of the ruling family of Florence , on 28 October 1533, when they were both fourteen years old. The wedding was officiated by Pope Clement VII , himself a Medici . At this time, Henry's brother Francis was alive and there was little prospect of Henry coming to the throne. The following year, he became romantically involved with a thirty-five-year-old widow, Diane de Poitiers . Henry and Diane had always been very close:

1309-646: A mob stormed the palace, the King was imprisoned, and the King's Swiss Guards fell back through the gardens where they were massacred. The new revolutionary government, the National Convention , met in the Salle du Manège , the former riding academy in the northwest corner of the gardens, which was the largest meeting hall in the city. Louis XVI was put on trial by the National Convention at

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1428-476: A new Calais , to be held by England forever, gave the next campaign a character of certainty and decision which was entirely wanting in the rest of the war. Dunkirk was besieged promptly in great force and when Don Juan of Austria and Condé appeared with the relieving army from Fumes, Turenne advanced boldly to meet them. The Battle of the Dunes , fought on 14 June 1658, was the first real trial of strength since

1547-626: A patrilineal great-grandfather, and their marriage strengthened the family's claim to the throne. Henry's father was captured at the Battle of Pavia in 1525 by the forces of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, and held prisoner in Spain . To obtain his release, it was agreed that Henry and his older brother Francis be sent to Spain in his place. They remained in captivity for over four years. Henry married Catherine de' Medici ,

1666-543: A rectangular ornamental lake of 65 metres by 45 metres with a fountain supplied with water by the new pump called La Samaritaine , which had been built in 1608 on the Pont Neuf . The area between the palace and the former moat of Charles V was turned into the "New Garden" (Jardin Neuf) with a large fountain in the center. Though Henry IV never lived in the Tuileries Palace, which was continually under reconstruction, he did use

1785-636: A refusal to pay but also a condemnation of earlier financial edicts and a demand for the acceptance of a scheme of constitutional reforms framed by a united committee of the parlement (the Chambre Saint-Louis), composed of members of all the sovereign courts of Paris. The military record of the Parlementary Fronde is almost blank. In August 1648, feeling strengthened by the news of Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé 's victory at Lens (20 August 1648), Mazarin suddenly arrested

1904-508: A remark that displayed the feudal arrogance which ironically led to the iron-handed absolutism of Louis XIV. After Bléneau, both armies marched to Paris to negotiate with the parlement , de Retz and Mlle de Montpensier, while the archduke took more fortresses in Flanders , and Charles, duke of Lorraine , with an army of plundering mercenaries, marched through Champagne to join Condé. As to

2023-415: A ring of fire 7 metres (23 ft) in diameter hanging from the bottom. It is also the first such cauldron that burns without using fossil fuels. The final torch bearers in their respective torch relays who lit the flame during their respective opening ceremonies were: The cauldron has remained landed during the day and has risen into the sky at sunset and when lit during both opening ceremonies, anchored to

2142-589: A single piece of marble by Germain Pilon , the sculptor to Catherine de' Medici , survives. Henry was succeeded by his sickly fifteen-year-old son, Francis II . Francis was married to sixteen-year-old Mary, Queen of Scots , who had been his childhood friend and fiancée since her arrival at the French court when she was five. Francis II died in December 1560, and Mary returned to Scotland in August 1561. Francis II

2261-489: A small number dating back to the early 19th century or earlier. The Couvert was extensively replanted in the 1990s, with eight hundred trees added since 1997. Cyclone Lothar in 1999 caused extensive damage, and brought down a number of the oldest trees. The two outdoor cafes in the Grand Couvert are named after two famous cafes once located in the garden; the café Very, which had been on the terrasse des Feuillants in

2380-472: A statue of Wisdom. The ceremony then moved on the a larger event in the Champs de Mars . Two months later, however, Robespierre was accused of excessive ambition, arrested and sent to the guillotine. During their storming, the gardens had been badly damaged, with many buildings set on fire. The National Convention assigned the renewal of the gardens to the painter Jacques-Louis David, and to his brother in law,

2499-548: A terrace looking down upon flowerbeds bordered by low boxwood hedges and filled with designs of flowers. In the centre of the flowerbeds he placed three ornamental lakes with fountains. In front of the centre of the first fountain he laid out the Grande Allée, which extended 350 metres. He built two other alleys, lined with chestnut trees, on either side. He crossed these three main alleys with small lanes, to create compartments planted with diverse trees, shrubs and flowers. On

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2618-456: A young ruler with the experience of the Fronde, came to reorganize French fighting forces under a stricter hierarchy, whose leaders ultimately could be made or unmade by the king. Cardinal Mazarin blundered into the crisis but came out well ahead at the end. The Fronde represented the final attempt of the French nobility to confront the king, and ended in its humiliation. In the long run, the Fronde served to strengthen royal authority, but weakened

2737-528: Is decorated by two large vases which used to be in the gardens of Versailles, and two statues by Aristide Maillol ; the Monument to Cézanne on the north and the Monument aux morts de Port Vendres on the south. The Moat of Charles V is a vestige of the original fortifications of the Medieval Louvre Castle , which was then at the edge of the city. It was rebuilt by Charles V of France in

2856-412: The 1900 Paris Universal Exposition on 22 September 1900, in honour of the twenty-two thousand mayors of France, served under large tents. The Tuileries Garden was filled with entertainments for the public; acrobats, puppet theatres, lemonade stands, small boats on the lakes, donkey rides, and stands selling toys. It was a meeting for major commercial events, such as the first Paris Motor Show in 1898. At

2975-579: The 1900 Summer Olympics , the Gardens hosted the fencing events. During the First World War (1914–1918), the gardeners were drafted into the army, and maintenance of the garden was reduced to a minimum. The statues were surrounded by sandbags. In 1918, two German long-range artillery shells landed in the garden. In the years between the two World Wars, the Jeu de paume tennis court was turned into

3094-485: The Battle of Waterloo and Bourbon restoration , the horses were sent back to Venice and replaced in 1826 by a new group of sculpture, selected by Charles X , representing the triumph of peace. The elevated terrace between the Carrousel and the rest of the garden used to be at the front of the Tuileries Palace. After the palace was burned in 1870, it was made into a road, which was put underground in 1877. The terrace

3213-500: The Château d'Anet ; father and son were reconciled in 1545. He succeeded his father on his 28th birthday and was crowned King of France on 25 July 1547 at Reims Cathedral . Henry's reign was marked by the persecution of Protestants, mainly Calvinists known as Huguenots . Henry II severely punished them, particularly the ministers, for example by burning at the stake or cutting off their tongues for uttering heresies . Henry II

3332-673: The French Revolution began, King Louis XVI and family were brought against his will to the Tuileries Palace. The garden was reserved exclusively for the royal family in the morning, then open to the public in the afternoon. Queen Marie Antoinette and the Dauphin were given a part of the garden for her private use, first at the west end of the Promenade Bord d'eaux, then at the edge of the Place Louis XV. After

3451-488: The French Wars of Religion and did not return. The gardens were pillaged. However, the new king, Henry IV , returned in 1595 and, with his chief landscape gardener Claude Mollet , restored and embellished the gardens. Henry built a chamille, or covered arbor, the length of the garden, Another alley was planted with mulberry trees where he hoped to cultivate silkworms and start a silk industry in France. He also built

3570-482: The French Wars of Religion between Catholics and Protestants , and an eventual end to the House of Valois as France's ruling dynasty. Henry was born in the royal Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye , near Paris, the son of King Francis I and Claude, Duchess of Brittany , daughter of Louis XII of France and Anne, Duchess of Brittany . Francis and Claude were second cousins ; both had Louis I, Duke of Orléans , as

3689-587: The Grand Louvre project launched by President François Mitterrand , the Belgian landscape architect Jacques Wirtz remade the garden of the Carrousel, adding labyrinths and a fan of low hedges radiating from the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel in the square. In 1998, under President Jacques Chirac , works of modern sculpture by Jean Dubuffet , Henri Laurens , Étienne Martin , Henry Moore , Germaine Richier , Auguste Rodin and David Smith were placed in

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3808-950: The Italian Wars against the Habsburgs and tried to suppress the Reformation , even as the Huguenot numbers were increasing drastically in France during his reign. Under the April 1559 Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis which ended the Italian Wars, France renounced its claims in Italy, but gained certain other territories, including the Pale of Calais and the Three Bishoprics . These acquisitions strengthened French borders while

3927-692: The Monuments Men and they were brought to the Orangerie, in a program to restore them to owners or surviving family members. Until the 1960s, most sculpture in the garden dated from the 18th or 19th century. In 1964–65, André Malraux , the Minister of Culture for President Charles de Gaulle , removed the 19th century statues which surrounded the Place du Carrousel and replaced them with contemporary sculptures by Aristide Maillol . In 1994, as part of

4046-548: The Spanish Netherlands , but peasants of the countryside rose against the invaders; the royal army in Champagne was in the capable hands of César de Choiseul, comte du Plessis-Praslin , who counted 52 years of age and 36 of war experience; and the little fortress of Guise successfully resisted the archduke's attack. At that point Mazarin drew upon Plessis-Praslin's army for reinforcements to be sent to subdue

4165-433: The Spanish Netherlands . However, in April 1559 lack of money and increasing domestic religious tensions led Henry to agree the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis . The Peace was signed between Henry and Elizabeth I of England on 2 April and between Henry and Philip of Spain on 3 April 1559 at Le Cateau-Cambrésis . Under its terms, France restored Piedmont and Savoy to Emmanuel Philibert, but retained Saluzzo , Calais and

4284-522: The centre of gravity was soon transferred, the Frondeurs were commanded by intriguers and quarrelsome lords, until Condé's arrival from Guyenne. His bold leadership made itself felt in the Bléneau (7 April 1652) in which a portion of the royal army was destroyed, but fresh troops came up to oppose him. From the skillful dispositions made by his opponents, Condé felt the presence of Turenne and broke off

4403-450: The 14th century, Two stairways parallel to the Arc du Triumph du Carrousel lead down into the moat. On the west side of the moat are traces left by the fighting during the unsuccessful siege of Paris by Henry IV of France in 1590 during the French Wars of Religion . Since 1994 the moat has been decorated with statues from the façade of the old Tuileries Palace and with bas- reliefs made in

4522-667: The 18th–19th century; and the café Renard, which in the 18th century had been a popular meeting place on the western terrace. The alleys of the Couvert are decorated with two exedra , low curving walls built to display statues, which were installed during the French Revolution. They were completed in 1799 by Jean-Charles-Alexandre Moreau , and are the only surviving elements of a larger proposed garden plan by painter Jacques-Louis David made in 1794. They are now decorated with plaster casts of moldings on mythological themes from

4641-467: The 1998 film Ever After , the Prince Charming figure, portrayed by Dougray Scott , shares his name with the historical monarch. In the 2013 CW series Reign , he is played by Alan van Sprang . In the premiere of The Serpent Queen (2022), a young Henri (Alex Heath) is shown meeting and marrying Catherine De Medici, performing consummation of the marriage, jousting, and snuggling in

4760-660: The 19th century during the Restoration . These were originally intended to replace the Napoleonic bas-reliefs on the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel, but they were never put in place. The Grand Carré (Large Square) is the eastern, open part of the Tuileries Garden, close to the Louvre, which still follows the formal plan of the Garden à la française created by André Le Nôtre in the 17th century. The eastern part of

4879-592: The Crown needed to recover from its expenditures in the recent wars. The costs of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) constrained Mazarin's government to raise funds by traditional means, the impôts , the taille , and the occasional aides . The nobility refused to be so taxed, based on their old liberties, or privileges, and the brunt fell upon the bourgeoisie . The movement soon degenerated into factions, some of which attempted to overthrow Mazarin and to reverse

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4998-637: The Emperor was not in Paris, usually from May to November, the entire garden, including his private garden and the playground, were opened to the public. In 1870, Napoleon III was defeated and captured by the Prussians , and Paris was the scene of the uprising of the Paris Commune . A red flag flew over the palace, and it could be visited for fifty centimes. When the army arrived and fought to recapture

5117-420: The French Revolution, when it was used as the meeting hall of the revolutionary parliament. The garden was entirely enclosed, and was used exclusively by the royal family when they were in residence, but When the king and court were absent from Paris, the gardens were turned into a pleasure spot for the nobility. In 1630 a parterre at the west end of the garden, between the Louvre and the Tuileries Palace, where

5236-536: The Fronde paved the way for the absolutism of Louis XIV. Meanwhile, the Franco-Spanish war continued in Flanders, Catalonia , and Italy wherever a Spanish and a French garrison were face to face. Condé, along with the remnant of his army, defiantly entered the service of the king of Spain. In 1653, France was so exhausted that neither invaders nor defenders were able to gather supplies to enable them to take

5355-591: The German sculptor Arno Breker , a favourite of Hitler, was held in the Orangerie. The liberation of Paris in 1944 saw considerable fighting in the garden between the Germans and the French resistance. Monet's paintings were damaged during the fighting. In 1946, after the end of World War II, many masterpieces from private collections were recovered in Germany by the French Commission for Art Recovery and

5474-488: The Grand Carré, surrounding the circular pond, was the private garden of the King under Louis Philippe and Napoleon III , separated from the rest of the Tuileries by a fence. Most of the statues in the Grand Carré were put in place in the 19th century. The large round pond is surrounded by statues on themes from antiquity, allegory, and ancient mythology. Statues in violent poses alternate with those in serene poses. On

5593-496: The King's failed attempt to escape France on 21 June 1791, the King and family were placed under house arrest in the palace. The royal family was allowed to walk in the park on the evening of 18 September 1791, during the festival organized to celebrate the new French Constitution , when the alleys of the park were illuminated with pyramids and rows of lanterns. But as the Revolution took a more radical turn, On 10 August 1792 ,

5712-575: The Manège, and was sentenced to death. Afterwards the Tuileries became the National Garden (Jardin National) of the new French Republic . The Convention ordered that statues from the former royal gardens of Marly, Versailles and Fontainebleau be brought to Paris and installed in the National Garden. The originals are now in the Louvre, with copies taking their place in the gardens. The garden

5831-626: The Three Bishoprics. The agreement was reinforced by a marriage between Henry's sister Margaret and Emmanuel Philibert, while his daughter Elisabeth of Valois became Philip's third wife. Henry raised the young Mary, Queen of Scots , at his court, hoping to establish a dynastic claim to the Kingdom of Scotland by her marriage to Dauphin Francis on 24 April 1558. Their son would have been King of France and King of Scotland, and also

5950-416: The abdication of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in January 1556 and division of his empire between Spain and Austria provided them with greater flexibility in foreign policy. Nostradamus also served King Henry as physician and astrologer. In June 1559, Henry was injured in a jousting tournament held to celebrate the treaty, and died ten days later after his surgeon, Ambroise Paré , was unable to cure

6069-430: The abdication of Charles V in 1556, the Habsburg empire was split between his son Philip II of Spain and brother Emperor Ferdinand I . The focus of Henry's conflict with the Habsburgs shifted to Flanders , where Philip, in conjunction with Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy , defeated the French at St Quentin . England's entry into the war later that year led to the French capture of Calais , and French armies plundered

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6188-415: The action. The royal army did likewise. Condé invited the commander of Turenne's rearguard to supper, chaffed him unmercifully for allowing the prince's men to surprise him in the morning, and by way of farewell remarked to his guest, "Quel dommage que de braves gens comme nous se coupent la gorge pour un faquin" ("It's too bad decent people like us are cutting our throats for a scoundrel")—an incident and

6307-431: The ancient liberties from royal encroachments and to defend the established rights of the parlements – courts of appeal rather than legislative bodies like the English parliaments – and especially the right of the Parlement of Paris to limit the king 's power by refusing to register decrees that ran against custom. The liberties under attack were feudal, not of individuals but of chartered towns, where they defended

6426-487: The architect August Cheval de Saint-Hubert. They conceived a garden decorated with Roman porticos, monumental porches, columns, and other classical decoration. The project of David and Saint-Hubert was never completed. All that remains today are the two exedres , semicircular low walls crowned with statues by the two ponds in the centre of the garden. Napoleon Bonaparte moved into the Tuileries Palace on 19 February 1800 as First Consul , and began making improvements to suit

6545-516: The astute intriguer Jean François Paul de Gondi , the future Cardinal de Retz. The military operations fell into the hands of war-experienced mercenaries, led by two great, and many lesser, generals. The peace of Rueil lasted until the end of 1649. The princes, received at court once more, renewed their intrigues against Mazarin. On 14 January 1650, Cardinal Mazarin, having come to an understanding with Monsieur Gondi and Madame de Chevreuse, suddenly arrested Condé, Conti, and Longueville. This time, it

6664-446: The battle of the Faubourg St Antoine. Successes on one wing were compromised by failure on the other but in the end Condé drew off with many losses, the success of his cavalry charges subverted by the defeat of the Spanish right wing among the dunes. Here the " red-coats " made their first appearance on a continental battlefield, under the leadership of Sir William Lockhart , Cromwell's ambassador at Paris. They astonished both armies by

6783-419: The beginning of the 21st century, French landscape architects Pascal Cribier and Louis Benech have been working to restore some of the early features of the André Le Nôtre garden. Starting in November, 2021, ninety-two elm trees are being added to the Grande Allée to recreate its historic appearance. Since the beginning of 2020, a project for the erection of a large national memorial is also being prepared,

6902-469: The centre with a waterjet of 12 m (39 ft) height, additional powerful waterjets from each corner to the center. The terraces frame the western entrance of the garden, and provide another viewpoint to see the garden from above. Le Nôtre wanted his grand perspective from the palace to the western end of the garden to continue outside the garden. In 1667, he made plans for an avenue with two rows of trees on either side, which would have continued west to

7021-420: The city, the Communards deliberately burned the Tuileries Palace, and tried to burn the Louvre as well. The ruins, burned out inside but with walls largely intact, were torn down in 1883. The empty site of the palace, between the two pavilions of the Louvre, became part of the garden. Dozens of statues were added to the garden. It also served as the setting for large civic events such as the banquet given during

7140-411: The civil war ceased, but in the several other campaigns of the Franco-Spanish War that followed, the two great soldiers were opposed to one another, Turenne as the defender of France, Condé as a Spanish invader. The début of the new Frondeurs took place in Guyenne (February–March 1652), while their Spanish ally, the archduke Leopold Wilhelm, captured various northern fortresses. On the Loire , where

7259-432: The closed gates of Paris. The royalists attacked all along the line and won a signal victory in spite of the knightly prowess of the prince and his great lords, but at the critical moment Gaston's daughter persuaded the Parisians to open the gates and to admit Condé's army. She herself turned the guns of the Bastille on the pursuers. An insurrectionist government appeared in Paris and proclaimed Monsieur lieutenant-general of

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7378-445: The construction of a new street along the northern edge of the Tuileries Garden through space that had been occupied by the riding school and stables built by Marie de' Medici, and the private gardens of aristocrats and convents and religious orders that had been closed during the Revolution. This new street also took part of the Terrasse des Feuillants, which had been occupied by cafés and restaurants. The new street, lined with arcades on

7497-427: The continuation of his father's Franco-Ottoman alliance allowed him to invade the Rhineland while a Franco-Ottoman fleet defended southern France. Although an attempted 1553 invasion of Tuscany ended with defeat at Marciano , in return for his support in the Second Schmalkaldic War , Henry occupied the Three Bishoprics of Toul , Verdun and Metz , acquisitions secured with victory at Renty in 1554. After

7616-413: The defeat of Arras by storming Turenne's circumvallation around Valenciennes (16 July) but Turenne drew off his forces in good order. The campaign of 1657 was uneventful and is only to be remembered because a body of 6,000 English infantry, sent by Oliver Cromwell in pursuance of his treaty of alliance with Mazarin, took part in it. The presence of the English contingent and its purpose of making Dunkirk

7735-403: The extirpation of domestic heresy. The Italian War of 1551–1559 began when Henry declared war on Holy Roman Emperor Charles V with the intent of recapturing Italy and ensuring French, rather than Habsburg, domination of European affairs. Persecution of Protestants at home did not prevent him from becoming allied with German Protestant princes at the Treaty of Chambord in 1552. Simultaneously,

7854-405: The field until July. At one moment, near Péronne , Condé had Turenne at a serious disadvantage but could not galvanize Spanish General Count Fuensaldaña , who was more solicitous to preserve his master's soldiers than to establish Condé as mayor of the palace to the king of France and the armies drew apart again without fighting. In 1654 the principal incident was the siege and relief of Arras . On

7973-443: The first free flight of a manned hydrogen balloon, was made from the garden on 1 December 1783 by Jacques Alexandre César Charles and Nicolas Louis Robert . The King watched the flight from the tower of the palace. The first trial of the balloon was attended by the first American ambassador to Paris, Benjamin Franklin . The balloon and passengers landed safely at Nesles-la-Vallée , thirty-one miles from Paris. On 6 October 1789, as

8092-417: The garden, and the restored monarchs moved into the Tuileries Palace. During the July Revolution of 1830, the garden again became a battleground, stormed by opponents of the monarchy. King Charles X was replaced by a constitutional king, Louis Philippe . Louis-Philippe, reluctant to have garden visitors walking by his window, had a large flower garden protected by a moat created to isolate his residence in

8211-466: The garden, though entrance to the north side of the garden, prior to the construction of Rue Saint-Honoré by Napoleon , was obstructed by residences, convents and private gardens. Certain holidays, such as August 25, the feast day of Saint Louis , were celebrated with concerts and fireworks in the park. Small food stands were placed in the park, and chairs could be rented for a small fee. Public toilets were added in 1780. A famous early balloon ascent,

8330-483: The garden. Louis XIV quickly imposed his own sense of order on the Tuileries Garden. His architects, Louis Le Vau and François d'Orbay , finally finished the Tuileries Palace, making a proper royal residence. In 1664, Colbert , the King's superintendent of buildings , commissioned the landscape architect André Le Nôtre , to redesign the entire garden. Le Nôtre was the grandson of Pierre Le Nôtre, one of Catherine de' Medici's gardeners, and his father Jean had also been

8449-409: The garden. In 2000, the works of living artists were added; these included works by Magdalena Abakanowicz , Louise Bourgeois , Tony Cragg , Roy Lichtenstein , François Morellet , Giuseppe Penone , Anne Rochette and Lawrence Weiner . Another ensemble of three works by Daniel Dezeuze , Erik Dietman and Eugène Dodeigne , called Prière Toucher (Eng: Please Touch), was added at the same time. At

8568-534: The gardens for relaxation and exercise. After the assassination of his father in 1610, Louis XIII , age nine, became the new owner of the Tuileries Gardens. It became his enormous playground - he used it for hunting, and he kept a small zoo of exotic animals. On the north side of the gardens, his mother and the regent, Marie de' Medici , built stables and a riding school, the Manége , which survived until

8687-457: The gardens with beds of exotic plants and flowers, and new statues. In 1859, he turned the Terrasse du bord-de-l'eau into a playground for his son, Louis-Napoléon, Prince Imperial . He also constructed twin pavilions. The garden embellishments added by Napoleon III included an indoor handball court, the Jeu de Paume , and an Orangerie . He built a new stone balustrade at the west entrance. When

8806-592: The ground by a wire-like conduit in the middle of the Grand Bassin Rond. The maximum 10,000 people per day visited the cauldron daily during the Olympics, and calls have been made to make the cauldron a permanent fixture. Beginning at the east end, closest to the Louvre, these are some of the primary features of the garden. Also known as the Place du Carrousel , this part of the garden used to be enclosed by

8925-463: The latter will feature the list of names of the 200,000 slaves freed by the French abolition of 1848. In 2024, a platform was installed in the middle of the Grand Bassin Rond on which the city's new Olympic and Paralympic cauldron rested. Mathieu Lehanneur designed the cauldron as part of a hot air balloon in tribute to the Montgolfier brothers – a helium sphere 30 metres (98 ft) high with

9044-463: The latter, Turenne maneuvered past Condé and planted himself in front of the mercenaries, and their leader, not wishing to expend his men against the old French regiments, consented to depart with a money payment and the promise of two tiny Lorraine fortresses. A few more manœuvers, and the royal army was able to hem in the Frondeurs in the Faubourg St. Antoine (2 July 1652) with their backs to

9163-553: The leaders of the parlement, whereupon Paris broke into insurrection and barricaded the streets. The noble faction demanded the calling of an assembly of the Estates General , which had last been convoked in 1615. The nobles believed that in the Estates-General, they could continue to control the bourgeois element, as they had in the past. The royal faction, having no army at its immediate disposal, had to release

9282-402: The moat of the old city walls had been, was turned into a parterre of flower beds and paths. This parterre was transformed into a sort of a playground for the aristocracy. The daughter of Gaston, Duke of Orléans and the niece of Louis XIII, known as La Grande Mademoiselle , held court there, and it became known as known the "Parterre de Mademoiselle". However, in 1652, "La Grande Mademoiselle"

9401-478: The national economy. The Fronde facilitated the emergence of absolute monarchy . The Spanish Empire promoted the Fronde to the point that without its support, it would have had a more limited character; it benefited from the internal upheaval in France, as it contributed to the Spanish military's renewed success in its war against the French between 1647 and 1653, so much so that the year 1652 could be considered

9520-422: The night of 24/25 August the lines of circumvallation drawn round that place by the prince were brilliantly stormed by Turenne's army and Condé won equal credit for his safe withdrawal of the besieging corps under cover of a series of bold cavalry charges led by himself as usual, sword in hand. In 1655, Turenne captured the fortresses of Landrecies , Condé and St Ghislain . In 1656 the prince of Condé avenged

9639-483: The nobility of actual power was a result of those events in his childhood. The term frondeur was later used to refer to anyone who suggested that the power of the king should be limited and has now passed into conservative French usage to refer to anyone who shows insubordination or engages in criticism of the powers in place. In May 1648 a tax levied on judicial officers of the Parlement of Paris provoked not merely

9758-673: The noble party submitted to the government and received concessions. From then on the Fronde became a story of intrigues, half-hearted warfare in a scramble for power and control of patronage, losing all trace of its first constitutional phase. The leaders were discontented princes and nobles: Gaston, Duke of Orleans (the king's uncle); the great Louis II, Prince de Condé and his brother Armand, Prince of Conti ; Frédéric, Duke of Bouillon , and his brother Henri, Viscount of Turenne . To those must be added Gaston's daughter, Mademoiselle de Montpensier ( La grande Mademoiselle ) ; Condé's sister, Madame de Longueville ; Madame de Chevreuse ; and

9877-501: The north side, was named the rue de Rivoli , after Napoleon's victory in 1797. Napoleon made few changes to the interior of the garden. He continued to use the garden for military parades and to celebrate special events, including the passage of his own wedding procession on 2 April 1810, when he married the Archduchess Marie-Louise of Austria . After Napoleon's fall, Russian and Prussian troops were camped in

9996-488: The older Diane's arms. Beginning with the fourth episode, older Henri is portrayed by Lee Ingleby . Fronde The Fronde ( French pronunciation: [fʁɔ̃d] ) were a series of civil wars in the Kingdom of France between 1648 and 1653, occurring in the midst of the Franco-Spanish War , which had begun in 1635. The government of the young King Louis XIV confronted the combined opposition of

10115-424: The palace from the popular footpaths. This made him unpopular among Parisians and contributed to his downfall in 1848 . In 1852, following another revolution and the short-lived Second Republic , Emperor Napoleon III became owner of the garden, and made major changes. He enlarged the royal reserve within the garden further to the west as far as the north–south alley that crossed the large round basin, He decorated

10234-607: The park of Louis XIV at Marly . Henry II of France Henry II (French: Henri II ; 31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559) was King of France from 1547 until his death in 1559. The second son of Francis I and Duchess Claude of Brittany , he became Dauphin of France upon the death of his elder brother Francis in 1536. As a child, Henry and his elder brother spent over four years in captivity in Spain as hostages in exchange for their father. Henry pursued his father's policies in matters of art, war, and religion. He persevered in

10353-470: The place, fell back hurriedly. But he was a terrible opponent, and Plessis-Praslin and Mazarin himself, who accompanied the army, had many misgivings as to the result of a lost battle. The marshal chose nevertheless to force Turenne to a decision, and the Battle of Blanc-Champ (near Sommepy-Tahure ) or Rethel was the consequence. Both sides were at a standstill in strong positions, Plessis-Praslin doubtful of

10472-506: The policies of his predecessor, Cardinal Richelieu (in office 1624–1642), who had taken power for the crown from great territorial nobles, some of whom became leaders of the Fronde. When Louis XIV became king in 1643, he was only a child, so France was ruled by Anne of Austria and though Richelieu had died the year before, his policies continued to dominate French life under his successor Cardinal Mazarin. Most historians consider that Louis's later insistence on absolutist rule and depriving

10591-403: The prerogatives accorded to offices in the legal patchwork of local interests and provincial identities that was France. The Fronde in the end provided an incentive for the establishment of royalist absolutism , since the disorders eventually discredited the feudal concept of liberty. The pressure that saw the traditional liberties under threat came in the form of extended and increased taxes as

10710-465: The present Rond-Point des Champs-Élysées. Le Nôtre and his hundreds of masons, gardeners and earth-movers worked on the gardens from 1666 to 1672. In 1682, however, the King, furious with the Parisians for resisting his authority, abandoned Paris and moved to Versailles. In 1667, at the request of the famous author of Sleeping Beauty and other fairy tales, Charles Perrault , the Tuileries Garden

10829-401: The princes, the nobility, the noble regional court assemblies ( parlements ), as well as much of the French population, and managed to subdue them all. The dispute started when the government of France issued seven fiscal edicts, six of which were to increase taxation. The parlements resisted, questioned the constitutionality of the king's actions, and sought to check his powers. The Fronde

10948-634: The prisoners and to promise reforms; on the night of 22 October, it fled from Paris. However France's signing of the Peace of Westphalia (Treaty of Münster, 24 October 1648) allowed the French army to return from the frontiers, and by January 1649, Condé had put Paris under siege. The two warring parties signed the Peace of Rueil (11 March 1649) after little blood had been shed. The Parisians, though still and always anti-cardinalist, had refused to ask for Spanish aid, as proposed by their princely and noble adherents under Armand de Bourbon, prince de Conti , and having no prospect of military success without such aid,

11067-482: The realm. Mazarin, feeling that public opinion was solidly against him, left France again, and the bourgeois of Paris, quarreling with the princes, permitted the king to enter the city on 21 October 1652. Mazarin returned unopposed in February 1653. The Fronde as a civil war was now over. Tired of the turmoil and disgusted with the princes, the country came to look to the king and his party as representing order. Thus,

11186-498: The rebellion had everywhere collapsed. Then followed a few months of hollow peace and the court returned to Paris. Mazarin, an object of hatred to all the princes, had already retired into exile. His absence left the field free for mutual jealousies, and for the remainder of the year anarchy reigned in France. In December 1651, Cardinal Mazarin returned to France with a small army. The war began again, and this time, Turenne and Condé were pitted against each other. After that campaign,

11305-462: The rebellion in the south forcing the royal general to retire. Then Archduke Leopold Wilhelm decided that he had spent enough of King Philip IV of Spain 's money and men in the French quarrel. His regular army withdrew into winter quarters, and left Turenne to deliver the princes with a motley host of Frondeurs and Lorrainers. Plessis-Praslin by force and bribery secured the surrender of Rethel on 13 December 1650 and Turenne, who had advanced to relieve

11424-581: The sale, importation or printing of any unapproved book. It was during the reign of Henry II that Huguenot attempts at establishing a colony in Brazil were made, with the short-lived formation of France Antarctique . In June 1559, with war against the Habsburgs concluded, Henri established in letters patent his desire to task much of the Gendarmerie that had been involved in the foreign wars with

11543-636: The south side of the park, next to the Seine , he built a long terrace called the Terrasse du bord-de-l'eau, planted with trees, with a view of the river. He built a second terrace on the north side, overlooking the garden, called the Terrasse des Feuillants. On the west side of the garden, beside the present-day Place de la Concorde, he built two ramps in a horseshoe shape Fer à Cheval and two terraces overlooking an octagonal lake Bassin Octogonal 60 m (200 ft) in diameter, respectively 70 m (230 ft) from corner to corner, with one fountain in

11662-452: The south side, starting from the east entrance of the large round pond, they are: On the north side, starting at the west entrance to the pond, they are: The Grand Couvert is the central, tree-covered portion of the garden. It is divided by the Grande Allée, the wide path that runs from the Round pond to the gates of the Place de la Concorde. Most of the trees are relatively recent, with only

11781-624: The stubborn fierceness of their assaults. Dunkirk fell and was handed over to the English Protectorate , as promised, flying the St George's Cross until Charles II sold it to Louis XIV in 1662. One last half-hearted campaign followed in 1659—the twenty-fifth year of a conflict between France and Spain which had begun during the Thirty Years' War —then the peace of the Pyrenees was signed on 5 November. On 27 January 1660

11900-509: The throne. When his elder brother Francis died in 1536 after a game of tennis, Henry became heir apparent to the throne. His attachment to Diane caused a breach with his father in 1544; the royal mistress Anne de Pisseleu d'Heilly persuaded Francis that Henry and Diane were conspiring on behalf of the Constable Montmorency , who had been banished from court in 1540. Francis banished Diane from court. Henry also withdrew to

12019-542: The trustworthiness of his cavalry, but Turenne was too weak to attack, when a dispute for precedence arose between the French Guards Regiment and the Picardie regiment. The royal infantry had to be rearranged in order of regimental seniority, and Turenne, seeing and desiring to profit by the attendant disorder, came out of his stronghold and attacked with the greatest vigour. The battle (15 December 1650)

12138-654: The two wings of the Louvre and by the Tuileries Palace . In the 18th century it was used as a parade ground for cavalry and other festivities. The central feature is the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel , built to celebrate the victories of Napoleon, with bas-relief sculptures of his battles by Jean-Joseph Espercieux . It was originally surmounted by the Horses of Saint Mark from St Mark's Basilica in Venice , which had been captured in 1798 by Napoleon . In 1815, following

12257-584: The usage to a witticism in Book II of his Memoirs : "Bachaumont once said, in jest, that the Parlement acted like the schoolboys in the Paris ditches, who fling stones [ frondent , that is, fling using slings], and run away when they see the constable, but meet again as soon as he turns his back." He goes on to state that emblems based on that nickname became quite popular and were placed on hats, fans and gloves and even were baked onto bread. The insurrection did not start with revolutionary goals but aimed to protect

12376-452: The west entrance of the garden. Other statues by Nicolas Coustou and Guillaume Coustou the Elder , Corneille Van Clève , Sébastien Slodtz , Thomas Regnaudin and Coysevox were placed along the Grande Allée. A swing bridge was placed at the west end over the moat, to make access to the garden easier. The creation of the Place Louis XV (now Place de la Concorde ) created a grand vestibule to

12495-406: The wound inflicted by Gabriel de Montgomery , the captain of his Scottish Guard . Though he died early, the succession appeared secure, for he left four young sons – as well as a widow ( Catherine de' Medici ) to lead a capable regency during their minority. Three of those sons lived long enough to become king; but their ineffectual reigns, and the unpopularity of Catherine's regency, helped to spark

12614-496: The young lady had fondly embraced Henry on the day he, as a seven-year-old child, set off to captivity in Spain, and the bond had been renewed after his return to France. At the tournament to honour his father's new bride, Eleanor , in 1531, Henry and Francis dressed as chevaliers, and Henry wore Diane's colors. Extremely confident, mature and intelligent, Diane left Catherine powerless to intervene. She did, however, insist that Henry sleep with Catherine in order to produce heirs to

12733-490: Was Turenne, before and afterwards the most loyal soldier of his day, who headed the armed rebellion. Listening to the promptings of Madame de Longueville, he resolved to rescue her brothers, particularly Condé, his old comrade in the battles of Freiburg and Nördlingen . Turenne hoped to do that with Spanish assistance; a powerful Spanish army assembled in Artois under Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria , governor-general of

12852-543: Was also used to celebrate revolutionary holidays and festivals. On 8 June 1794, a series of events to honour the Cult of the Supreme Being was organized in Paris by Robespierre , with sets and costumes designed by Jacques-Louis David . The opening event was held in the Tuileries. After a hymn written for the occasion, Robespierre set fire to mannequins representing Atheism, Ambition, Egoism and False Simplicity, revealing

12971-468: Was an avid hunter and a participant in jousts and tournaments. On 30 June 1559, a tournament was held near Place des Vosges to celebrate the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis with his longtime enemies, the Habsburgs of Austria, and to celebrate the marriage of his daughter Elisabeth of Valois to King Philip II of Spain . During a jousting match, King Henry, wearing the colours of his mistress Diane de Poitiers ,

13090-619: Was called the Tuileries Palace Catherine commissioned a landscape architect from Florence, Bernard de Carnesse, to create an Italian Renaissance garden for the palace. The new garden was an enclosed space five hundred metres long and three hundred metres wide, separated from the new palace by a lane. It was divided into rectangular compartments by six alleys, and the sections were planted with lawns, flower beds, and small clusters of five trees, called quinconces ; and, more practically, with kitchen gardens and vineyards. It

13209-589: Was divided into two campaigns, the Parlementary Fronde and the Fronde of the Princes . The timing of the outbreak of the Parlementary Fronde, directly after the Peace of Westphalia (1648) that ended the Thirty Years' War , was significant. The nuclei of the armed bands that terrorized parts of France under aristocratic leaders during that period had been hardened in a generation of war in Germany, where troops still tended to operate autonomously. Louis XIV, impressed as

13328-490: Was expelled from the palace and garden for having supported an uprising, the Fronde , against her cousin, the young Louis XIV . Louis XIV had the space transformed into large parade ground, When his first child was born, on Jun 5-6 1662, the parterre was the setting for a spectacular circular horseback promenade by the nobility, slowly circling the parterre. This became known as a " Carrousel ", and gave its name to that portion of

13447-573: Was further decorated with fountains, a labyrinth , a grotto , and faience images of plants and animals, made by Bernard Palissy , whom Catherine had tasked to discover the secret of Chinese porcelain . The development of the garden was interrupted by a civil war. In 1588 Henry III had to flee through the garden to escape capture from the Catholic League on the Day of the Barricades of

13566-583: Was made a Knight of the Garter by Edward VI, King of England , in April 1551. By 19 July, after some lengthy haggling concerning the dowry, a betrothal was made between his daughter, Elisabeth and Edward. The Edict of Châteaubriant (27 June 1551) called upon the civil and ecclesiastical courts to detect and punish all heretics and placed severe restrictions on Huguenots, including the loss of one-third of their property to informers, and confiscations. The Edict also strictly regulated publications by prohibiting

13685-411: Was opened to the public, with the exception of beggars, "lackeys" and soldiers. It was the first royal garden to be open to the public. After the death of Louis XIV, the five-year-old Louis XV became owner of the Tuileries Garden. In 1719, two large equestrian statuary groups, La Renommée and Mercure , by the sculptor Antoine Coysevox , were brought from the king's residence at Marly and placed at

13804-450: Was severe and for a time doubtful, but Turenne's Frondeurs gave way in the end, and his army, as an army, ceased to exist. Turenne himself, undeceived as to the part he was playing in the drama, asked and received the young king's pardon, and meantime the court, with the maison du roi and other loyal troops, had subdued the minor risings without difficulty (March–April 1651). Condé, Conti, and Longueville were released, and by April 1651

13923-433: Was succeeded by his ten-year-old brother Charles IX . His mother, Catherine de Medici , acted as regent . Catherine de' Medici bore ten of Henry's children: Henry II also had three illegitimate children: Henri or Henry has had four notable portrayals onscreen: He was played by a young Roger Moore in the 1956 film Diane , opposite Lana Turner in the title role and Marisa Pavan as Catherine de Medici . In

14042-626: Was the practice to enclose the heart of the king in an urn. The Monument to the Heart of Henry II is in the collection of the Louvre , but was originally in the Chapel of Orleans beneath a pyramid. The original bronze urn holding the king's heart was destroyed during the French Revolution and a replica was made in the 19th century. The marble sculpture of the Three Graces holding the urn, executed from

14161-403: Was wounded in the eye by a fragment of the splintered lance of Gabriel Montgomery , captain of the King's Scottish Guard . Despite the efforts of royal surgeons Ambroise Paré and Andreas Vesalius , the court doctors ultimately "advocated a wait-and-see strategy"; as a result, the king's untreated eye and brain damage led to his death by sepsis on 10 July 1559. His autopsy found that he had

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