Toliara (also known as Toliary , [tuliˈar] ; formerly Tuléar ) is a city in Madagascar .
37-544: It is the capital of the Atsimo-Andrefana region, located 936 km southwest of national capital Antananarivo . The current spelling of the name was adopted in the 1970s, reflecting the orthography of the Malagasy language . Many geographic place names, assigned French spellings during the colonial period, were altered following Malagasy independence in 1960. The city has a population of 168,758 in 2018. As
74-440: A chemical obtained as an intermediate in the chloride process. The starting materials are purified if needed, and then converted to titanium metal by a chemical reduction process using a reducing agent. Processes mainly differ in regard to the reducing agent used to transform the starting material into titanium metal: magnesium is the most frequently cited reducing agent and the most exploited in industrial production. Key players in
111-663: A deposit of black sand in a stream that runs through the valley just south of the village of Manaccan ( Cornwall ), and identified for the first time titanium as one of the constituents of the main mineral in the sand. Gregor named this mineral manaccanite . The same mineral was found in the Ilmensky Mountains , near Miass , Russia , and named ilmenite . Pure ilmenite has the composition FeTiO 3 . However, ilmenite most often contains appreciable quantities of magnesium and manganese and up to 6 wt% of hematite, Fe 2 O 3 , substituting for FeTiO 3 in
148-699: A key role during the "boom corn" years in the 1980s and 90s. Today, the arrival of migrants contributing to agricultural production (maize, cassava and rice) and livestock (cattle and goats) supplying the city markets with food, has contributed to the development of small informal businesses: particularly among the Mahafale and Masikoro communities. The city specializes in the import and export of various products including sisal, cotton, rice, peanuts and soap. Production of sea salt thrives, from salt marshes and landscaped places in coastal areas. The Bay of Toliara houses one of Madagascar's oil exploration sites. The sea floor
185-626: A main destination for tours to southern Madagascar. The Toliara Sands project, renamed Base Toliara , seeks to exploit ilmenite but encounters strong opposition despite an investment of 700 million dollars. Toliara is located on a broad coastal plain, surrounded by dunes and mangroves, near the Tropic of Capricorn in the Mozambique Channel. A nearby barrier reef (the Great Reef) is 18 km long and 3 km wide. The beach area
222-527: A port town it acts as a major import/export hub for commodities such as sisal , soap , hemp , cotton , rice and peanuts . In the 17th century, French buccaneers landed in the bay of St. Augustine near the Tropic of Capricorn , and founded the city to maintain commercial relations. It was not until the colonial period, after 1897, when the city really grew: with the efforts of Joseph Gallieni to install French administrative services, previously isolated on
259-473: A submetallic luster. It is almost always massive, with thick tabular crystals being quite rare. It shows no discernible cleavage, breaking instead with a conchoidal to uneven fracture. Ilmenite crystallizes in the trigonal system with space group R 3 . The ilmenite crystal structure consists of an ordered derivative of the corundum structure; in corundum all cations are identical but in ilmenite Fe and Ti ions occupy alternating layers perpendicular to
296-399: A titanium-rich slag using a smelting process. Ilmenite ore is used as a flux by steelmakers to line blast furnace hearth refractory. Ilmenite can be used to produce ferrotitanium via an aluminothermic reduction. Most ilmenite is recovered from heavy mineral sands ore deposits, where the mineral is concentrated as a placer deposit and weathering reduces its iron content, increasing
333-540: Is Toliara and the population was 1,799,088 in 2018. Atsimo Andrefana is geographically the largest of all Malagasy regions with an area of 66,236 km (25,574 sq mi). Atsimo-Andrefana Region is divided into nine districts, which are sub-divided into 105 communes. In Atsimo-Andrefana are found the following protected areas: Mayor river in Atsimo-Andrefana is the Onilahy River and in
370-405: Is a common accessory mineral found in metamorphic and igneous rocks . It is found in large concentrations in layered intrusions where it forms as part of a cumulate layer within the intrusion. Ilmenite generally occurs in these cumulates together with orthopyroxene or in combination with plagioclase and apatite ( nelsonite ). Magnesian ilmenite is formed in kimberlites as part of
407-437: Is a titanium-iron oxide mineral with the idealized formula FeTiO 3 . It is a weakly magnetic black or steel-gray solid. Ilmenite is the most important ore of titanium and the main source of titanium dioxide , which is used in paints, printing inks, fabrics, plastics, paper, sunscreen, food and cosmetics. Ilmenite is a heavy (specific gravity 4.7), moderately hard (Mohs hardness 5.6 to 6), opaque black mineral with
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#1732787061791444-594: Is extended by an underwater beach along the continental shelf that slopes gently seaward. To the north lies the Delta Fiherenana. Toliara is nicknamed the "City of the Sun" because it has a hot climate (25.3 °C average) which is arid ( Köppen BWh ), with less than 400 mm annual rainfall. The city is constantly swept by a strong prevailing wind, the Tsio Katimo ("South Wind"). The colonial legacy
481-565: Is historically the oldest center for higher education, founded in 1971 after the decentralization of the University of Madagascar center. The university campus is located in Maninday 5 km east of the city, and teaches Humanities and Social Science, Science, Philosophy, and Management. The Fisheries and Marine Sciences Institute (IHSM) welcomes students from diverse backgrounds, and offers advanced training in fisheries, aquaculture, and
518-428: Is located in the city. Air Madagascar operates scheduled flights to here. 23°21′S 43°40′E / 23.350°S 43.667°E / -23.350; 43.667 Atsimo-Andrefana Atsimo-Andrefana (South West) is a region of Madagascar . It borders Menabe in north, Amoron'i Mania and Haute Matsiatra in northeast, Ihorombe and Anosy in east and Androy in southeast. The capital
555-482: Is mined for titanium dioxide production. Ilmenite and titanium dioxide are used in the production of titanium metal. Titanium dioxide is most used as a white pigment and the major consuming industries for TiO 2 pigments are paints and surface coatings, plastics, and paper and paperboard. Per capita consumption of TiO 2 in China is about 1.1 kilograms per year, compared with 2.7 kilograms for Western Europe and
592-474: Is obtained from the processing of ilmenite, while 13 percent is obtained from titaniferous slags and 5 percent from rutile. Ilmenite can be converted into pigment grade titanium dioxide via either the sulfate process or the chloride process . Ilmenite can also be improved and purified to titanium dioxide in the form of rutile using the Becher process . Ilmenite ores can also be converted to liquid iron and
629-579: Is rich in minerals gemstones (about 200 km to the north lies the Ilakaka sapphire deposit has operated since 1999) and ground salt. More recently, Canadian companies begin operation of the ilmenite in the region of Tolanaro. Beyond this mining and production, the industrial sector has declined in recent decades. Tourism is a promising sector, thanks to the climate and natural assets of the hinterland ( Ifaty , Anakao , Saint Augustin ). Calm shallow seas and shallow support scuba diving, and Toliara remains
666-415: Is still visible in the architecture and the urban landscape. Major road works and development were undertaken in 2003 to promote the development of the city. The University Hospital Centre CHU Mitsinjo Betanimena is located near the city center in the district of Tanambao. Another private health facility, St. Luke's Clinic, is located in the district of Sanfily on the road to the airport. Toliara Airport
703-559: Is the biggest producer of titanium dioxide, followed by the United States and Germany. China is also the leader in the production of titanium metal, but Japan, the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan have emerged as important contributors to this field. Patenting activity related to titanium dioxide production from ilmenite is rapidly increasing. Between 2002 and 2022, there have been 459 patent families that describe
740-476: The MARID association of minerals ( mica - amphibole - rutile -ilmenite- diopside ) assemblage of glimmerite xenoliths . Manganiferous ilmenite is found in granitic rocks and also in carbonatite intrusions where it may also contain anomalously high amounts of niobium . Many mafic igneous rocks contain grains of intergrown magnetite and ilmenite, formed by the oxidation of ulvospinel . Most ilmenite
777-717: The South ( Mahafale , Masikoro , Antandroy ) which make up more than half of the urban population. To these are added migrants from other urban regions, occupying positions in government and the private sector. Toliara's cathedral is the archiepiscopal seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toliara , one of five in the country, originally the Diocese of Tuléar since 1957, renamed with the city in 1989, promoted in 2003 to Metropolitan archbishopric. Regional cultural highlights include: The University of Toliara
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#1732787061791814-474: The United States. Titanium is the ninth most abundant element on Earth and represents about 0.6 percent of the Earth's crust. Ilmenite is commonly processed to obtain a titanium concentrate, which is called "synthetic rutile" if it contains more than 90 percent TiO2, or more generally "titaniferous slags" if it has a lower TiO2 content. More than 80 percent of the estimated global production of titanium concentrate
851-1118: The chloride process. The proven reserves of ilmenite and rutile ore are estimated at between 423 and 600 million tonnes titanium dioxide. The largest ilmenite deposits are in South Africa, India, the United States, Canada, Norway, Australia, Ukraine, Russia and Kazakhstan. Additional deposits are found in Bangladesh, Chile, Mexico and New Zealand. Australia was the world's largest ilmenite ore producer in 2011, with about 1.3 million tonnes of production, followed by South Africa, Canada, Mozambique, India, China, Vietnam, Ukraine, Norway, Madagascar and United States. The top four ilmenite and rutile feedstock producers in 2010 were Rio Tinto Group , Iluka Resources , Exxaro and Kenmare Resources , which collectively accounted for more than 60% of world's supplies. The world's two largest open cast ilmenite mines are: Major mineral sands based ilmenite mining operations include: Attractive major potential ilmenite deposits include: In 2020, China has by far
888-410: The crystal structure. Thus the full chemical formula can be expressed as (Fe,Mg,Mn,Ti)O 3 . Ilmenite forms a solid solution with geikielite ( MgTiO 3 ) and pyrophanite ( MnTiO 3 ) which are magnesian and manganiferous end-members of the solid solution series. Although ilmenite is typically close to the ideal FeTiO 3 composition, with minor mole percentages of Mn and Mg,
925-541: The field are Japanese companies, in particular Toho Titanium and Osaka Titanium Technologies , both focusing on reduction using magnesium. Pangang also contributes to titanium metal production and holds patents describing reduction by molten salt electrolysis. Ilmenite has been found in lunar samples , particularly in high-Ti lunar mare basalts common from Apollo 11 and Apollo 17 sites, and on average, constitutes up to 5% of lunar meteorites. Ilmenite has been targeted for ISRU water and oxygen extraction due to
962-512: The highest titanium mining activity. About 35 percent of the world’s ilmenite is mined in China, representing 33 percent of total titanium mineral mining (including ilmenite and rutile). South Africa and Mozambique are also important contributors, representing 13 percent and 12 percent of worldwide ilmenite mining, respectively. Australia represents 6 percent of the total ilmenite mining and 31 percent of rutile mining. Sierra Leone and Ukraine are also big contributors to rutile mining. China
999-552: The ilmenites of kimberlites usually contain substantial amounts of geikielite molecules, and in some highly differentiated felsic rocks ilmenites may contain significant amounts of pyrophanite molecules. At temperatures above 950 °C (1,740 °F), there is a complete solid solution between ilmenite and hematite. There is a miscibility gap at lower temperatures, resulting in a coexistence of these two minerals in rocks but no solid solution. This coexistence may result in exsolution lamellae in cooled ilmenites with more iron in
1036-417: The island of Nosy Ve, to form the regional capital. Tulear grew along a grid pattern of cross streets, with wide avenues and public monuments. Toliara has seen a population boom over the last two decades, due to a rural exodus that has brought over 200,000 citizens into urban centers in the region. The Vezo , nomadic fishermen, are the indigenous ethnic group. Today they are being dominated by migrants from
1073-461: The marine and coastal environment. Toliara has a Technical School and two grammar schools (Lycée Laurent Botokeky and Antaninarenina High School), private and religious schools such as Sacred Heart College, Tsianaloke Mahavatse, and the School of Notre Dame, and a French international school, Collège Etienne de Flacourt , which serves école primaire (primary school) and collège . The port played
1110-620: The north the Mangoky River . Also the Fiherenana River and Linta River flows in that region while the Menarandra River forms the border with region of Androy in the south. 23°24′50″S 43°48′22″E / 23.414°S 43.806°E / -23.414; 43.806 This Atsimo-Andrefana location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ilmenite Ilmenite
1147-439: The percentage of titanium. However, ilmenite can also be recovered from "hard rock" titanium ore sources, such as ultramafic to mafic layered intrusions or anorthosite massifs . The ilmenite in layered intrusions is sometimes abundant, but it contains considerable intergrowths of magnetite that reduce its ore grade. Ilmenite from anorthosite massifs often contain large amounts of calcium or magnesium that render it unsuitable for
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1184-479: The processes leading to a final product. In comparison, patenting activity related to titanium metal production from ilmenite remains stable. Between 2002 and 2022, there have been 92 patent families that describe the production of titanium metal from ilmenite, and this number has remained quite steady. These patents describe the production of titanium metal starting from mineral ores, such as ilmenite, and from titanium dioxide (TiO2) and titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4),
1221-449: The production of titanium dioxide from ilmenite, and this number is growing rapidly. The majority of these patents describe pre-treatment processes, such as using smelting and magnetic separation to increase titanium concentration in low-grade ores, leading to titanium concentrates or slags. Other patents describe processes to obtain titanium dioxide, either by a direct hydrometallurgical process or through two industrially exploited processes,
1258-482: The sulfate process and the chloride process. Acid leaching might be used either as a pre-treatment or as part of a hydrometallurgical process to directly obtain titanium dioxide or synthetic rutile (>90 percent titanium dioxide, TiO2). The sulfate process represents 40 percent of the world’s titanium dioxide production and is protected in 23 percent of patent families. The chloride process is only mentioned in 8 percent of patent families, although it provides 60 percent of
1295-447: The system than can be homogeneously accommodated in the crystal lattice. Ilmenite containing 6 to 13 percent Fe 2 O 3 is sometimes described as ferrian ilmenite . Ilmenite alters or weathers to form the pseudo-mineral leucoxene , a fine-grained yellowish to grayish or brownish material enriched to 70% or more of TiO 2 . Leucoxene is an important source of titanium in heavy mineral sands ore deposits . Ilmenite
1332-564: The trigonal c axis. Pure ilmenite is paramagnetic (showing only very weak attraction to a magnet), but ilmenite forms solid solutions with hematite that are weakly ferromagnetic and so are noticeably attracted to a magnet. Natural deposits of ilmenite usually contain intergrown or exsolved magnetite that also contribute to its ferromagnetism. Ilmenite is distinguished from hematite by its less intensely black color and duller appearance and its black streak , and from magnetite by its weaker magnetism. In 1791 William Gregor discovered
1369-418: The worldwide industrial production of titanium dioxide. Key contributors to patents on the production of titanium dioxide are companies from China, Australia and the United States, reflecting the major contribution of these countries to industrial production. Chinese companies Pangang and Lomon Billions Groups are the main contributors and hold diversified patent portfolios covering both pre-treatment and
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