United States
31-583: The Tule River War of 1856 was a conflict where American settlers, and later, California State Militia , and a detachment of the U. S. Army from Fort Miller , fought a six-week war against the Yokuts in the southern San Joaquin Valley . The Native Americans living in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains were relatively undisturbed by early Spanish colonization. During the late 1840s and into
62-625: A local settler. The combined force, including reinforcements from Keyesville, now under the leadership of Sheriff W.G. Poindexter, were also unable to dislodge the Native encampment. After falling back, the militia then proceeded to move, by force, the Native Americans which had been previously protected by other settlers. In addition, the militias conducted a scorched-earth campaign by destroying Native American supply caches. News of these engagements spread throughout California, exaggerating
93-558: A militia plan to ambush the village at night. One militia, under the leadership of Captain Foster DeMasters, ventured up the north fork of the Tule River, where they encountered a well-sited Native encampment. According to historical reports, the encampment had fortifications which consisted of a two- to four-foot high breastworks composed of boulders and brush, and the terrain made it difficult for an attacker to flank. In
124-449: A million young people. It is one of five budgeted youth programs of the CMD. The California Military and Veterans Code (MVC Section 517) authorizes CACC units as part of all regular schools, for all children in the state. The CACC is a statewide, school-based, applied leadership program conducted within a military framework. Its primary goal was originally to prepare young men to be officers in
155-540: A proposed reservation and 200 head of cattle per year, the US Senate failed to ratify any of the eighteen treaties in a secret vote cast on July 8, 1852, with every member either abstaining or voting no. The result of the vote was not made public until 1905. In the fall of 1851, the Wingfield brothers settled and claimed the land near the cabin built by Woods. The Wingfields did not initially experience any trouble with
186-409: A single yearling calf had been taken and slaughtered as a bridal gift during the wedding feast. In addition, Orson Smith's sawmill burned, and the fire was attributed to Native American marauders. Armed militias were organized to counter the perceived menace, and commenced raiding Native camps and killing their inhabitants. In Visalia, some citizens took in a village of Native Americans upon overhearing
217-469: A small party of Native Americans. After attacking and driving off the party at daybreak, Williams' group returned to DeMasters, and it was decided to send for reinforcements. During the ride to Keyesville , Williams encountered what he thought was a bear, which he promptly shot. Later, when riding back with the Keyesville reinforcements, it was discovered that Williams had shot a large black mule owned by
248-496: A substitute for physical education—a decision each school or district makes based on the course of instruction provided, the instructors' credentials, and the alignment of the curriculum with state standards. California State Content Standards in health, science, physical education, social science, language arts, English language development, and mathematics are embedded in the CACC curriculum's content and activities. The CACC serves as
279-408: Is a temporary fortification , often an earthwork thrown up to breast or shoulder height to provide protection to defenders firing over it from a standing position. A more permanent structure, normally in stone, would be described as a parapet or the battlement of a castle wall. In warships, a breastwork is the armored superstructure in the ship that did not extend all the way out to the sides of
310-401: Is the fourth component of the state militia, comprising, like the other three active militia components, all able-bodied male residents of the state between 18 and 45 years of age and other persons who have voluntarily applied and are otherwise eligible to serve. The unorganized militia may be called for active duty in case of "war, rebellion, insurrection, invasion, tumult, riot, breach of
341-525: The 1850s, once gold was discovered in California, American miners began encroaching on Indigenous lands. In late 1850, a trader named James Woods settled on the south bank of the Kaweah River along with a party of approximately 15 men. According to a contemporary account, the Native Americans killed the entire party of settlers in the spring of 1851. The Kaweah people imposed a ten-day deadline for
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#1732787583770372-676: The Adjutant General (OTAG) is enumerated in CA Military & Veteran's Code § 161 (recently amended by SB807 on 9/17/12) and consists of: The department's Sunburst Youth Academy is run by the California National Guard. The California Cadet Corps (CACC) is a paramilitary youth organization in California open to students in the college, high school, middle school and elementary school grades. Established through statute in 1911, it has trained more than
403-614: The CACC's individual units is a shared responsibility of the local school authorities and the CMD. Commandants must be credentialed by the California Commission on Teacher Credentialing and appointed by the Adjutant General. In accordance with Sections 509–512 of the California Military and Veterans Code, the CMD is responsible for providing uniforms and equipment, developing curriculum, and conducting state level competitions, activities, and awards programs for
434-681: The California National Guard are sometimes referred to interchangeably. The Adjutant General (TAG) is the commander of all State of California military forces and is subordinate only to the Governor. TAG is: In the 1850 law establishing the California Militia, the office of Adjutant General was separate from that of Quartermaster General. In 1852, the two offices were consolidated when William H. Richardson resigned and Quartermaster General William Chauncey Kibbe became Adjutant General. Adjutants General have included: The Office of
465-664: The Indian sub-Agent William Campbell, sought out the natives in the mountains and found they were willing to make peace. About 100 of the native people had died in the war. The Tule River War lasted approximately six weeks. In retrospect, George Stewart wrote "Thus ended the Tule river war of 1856; a war that might have been prevented had there been an honest desire on the part of the white settlers to do so, and one that brought little glory to those who participated therein. The responsibility cannot now be fixed where it properly belongs. Possibly
496-624: The Indians were to blame. Certainly the whites were not blameless, and it is too seldom, indeed, that they have been in the many struggles with the aboriginal inhabitants of this continent." Historian Annie Mitchell later wrote in the Tulare County Historical Society bulletin ( Los Tulares No. 68, March 1966): "Over the years it has been assumed that the Tule River War was a spontaneous, comic opera affair. It
527-627: The Native Americans did steal horses and cattle, they were often motivated by subsistence, as their normal means of living were often cut off by settlers, and these raids generally did not threaten settler lives. In contrast, the militias would often indiscriminately slaughter Native people. In 1853, some of the Yokuts-speaking population were relocated to the Sebastian Indian Reservation by California's first Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Ned Beale . Beale's vision
558-496: The Native populace. The settlers reasoned that potential raids could be averted by establishing an agency to ensure Native welfare. Henley's plan was similar to Beale's: establish self-sufficient reservations. In preparation, Henley delegated scouts to identify suitable locations in the Tule Lake region. In the spring of 1856, a rumor that 500 cattle had been stolen by Native Americans began to circulate. Upon further investigation,
589-536: The Native population. On April 20, 1852, Mariposa County was subdivided, creating Tulare County , with the temporary county seat to be near the Woods cabin. Creating a new county brought new government positions, and during the preparation for elections to be held in July 1852, the Wingfield brothers were taken captive by Native Americans. They were later released when an armed expedition under Major James Savage approached
620-783: The United States military, after Brigadier General Edwin A. Forbes saw that the Germans already had such programs before World War I. The program's goal has since expanded not only to prepare young men and women for military service, but also for the business world, where communication and leadership skills are essential. The CaCC's current objectives are to: These expanded goals provide personal growth and leadership opportunities for cadets from middle school through high school levels. Activities include summer encampments, field training (including land navigation), marksmanship, and military drill competitions. The development and maintenance of
651-437: The cadets. The CMD provides in-service and pre-service training for adult commandants and volunteers across the state. The CMD is also responsible for issuing state orders for officers and enlisted personnel and updating Commandant and Cadet Regulations. The CACC program is offered through the school as a component of its school mission and curriculum. The CACC military science class can be taken as an elective, or for credit as
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#1732787583770682-423: The dated language of the statute; it refers simply to the selective service pool of the state military in modern sense. In particular, it must not be confused with paramilitary organizations , colloquially called "militias" in the modern language, which operate outside of the state military authority. Paramilitary organizations are prohibited by law in California. Breastwork (fortification) A breastwork
713-451: The degree of menace and misrepresenting its causes. Finally, in May 1856, army soldiers and others under the combined command of Lt LaRhett Livingston were able to drive off the defenders. It had been decided the night before to divide the combined forces into four divisions to envelop and simultaneously assault the encampment at daybreak. However, during the preliminary scouting, Livingston was in
744-727: The encampment. In 1851, William Campbell and John Poole set up a ferry across the Kings River on land reserved for the Choinumni in one of the un-ratified 1851 treaties. The nearby Choinumni village in the Kings River Reservation was raided in July 1852 by the newly elected Judge Walter Harvey. After the skirmish, Judge Harvey shot and killed Major James Savage. Throughout the 1850s, settler-led militias would attack Native American villages, justifying their actions as retaliation for raids of cattle and horses. Although
775-421: The initial attack, the militia under DeMasters failed to dislodge the numerically-superior Native force. DeMasters' militia was wearing makeshift body armor consisting of cotton-padded jackets, which proved ineffective against arrows. In pursuit of the presumed cattle raiders, a small detachment under the command of John Williams had earlier separated from the main force of DeMasters' militia, and encountered
806-421: The peace, public calamity or catastrophe, or other emergency, or imminent danger" of such an event by the Governor or officers designated by the Governor. That is, the unorganized militia consists of ordinary persons not in active military service but liable or willing to serve, who may be called for active duty by the Governor in case of utter emergency. The name unorganized militia is confusing because of
837-516: The process of selecting the most advantageous ground for a howitzer he had brought along when he came under attack. Livingston then ordered a charge and drove off the encampment's defenders. The natives were pursued for a few days into the mountains but could not be found before the Livingston's force was compelled to return to the valley. This was the last engagement in the war. After several more weeks of raids on cattle herds and settler houses,
868-466: The settlers to vacate their lands. After the settlers missed the deadline, the locals attacks the non-Native settlers and skinned Woods. Other accounts come from American survivors who state Woods was the lone victim, although the various accounts all agree Woods was skinned. Although the United States drafted a treaty with the local tribes in 1851 (one of 18 such treaties signed state-wide, setting aside 7.5 percent of California's land area), defining
899-420: The “national model” for school-based applied leadership programs, and is designed to: The CACC provides a structured learning environment to facilitate academic success, leadership development, physical training and improved self-esteem through attaining achievable goals. It continues to receive support from the education community and civic leaders throughout California. The unorganized militia of California
930-591: Was not and if the Indians had been armed with guns instead of bows and a few pistols they would have run the white men out of the valley." California State Militia The California Military Department is an agency defined under the California Military and Veterans Code § 50 . It includes the California National Guard ( Army and Air ), California State Guard , and the Youth and Community Programs. The California Military Department and
961-602: Was similar to the Spanish Missions, and he intended the Sebastian Reservation to be self-sustaining. Since the Sebastian Reservation was not located close to traditional Yokuts territories, though, the majority of the Yokuts population stayed in the newly-formed Tulare County. In August 1855, citizens of Visalia petitioned Beale's successor, Superintendent Thomas Henley to prevent starvation amongst