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50-459: The name "Tulunan" originates from the Maguindanaon term "tulun," signifying "a place of abundance" or "where grace falls." Initially, the area was inhabited by Muslim tribes in the lowlands, while nomadic groups like the B'laans and Bagobos resided in the hills and mountains. The governance system followed datuism, with Datu Enok considered the inaugural ruling datu. During Datu Enok's reign,

100-588: A Municipal District paved the way for settlers from Luzon and Visayas to come over the succeeding decades up until the 1960s. Kidapawan was not a planned colony, but it was surrounded by planned colonies on both sides, thus encouraging individual migration: Davao, a Spanish colony in the late 1800s, Pikit, an agricultural colony set up by the Americans, the settlements of the National Land Settlement Administration (NLSA) in what

150-653: A notable leader of the B’laans, leading to clashes with the Maguindanaons that disrupted peace and order. However, peace was restored through the marriage of Datu Mangko to a B’laan woman, leading to the subjugation of the B’laans under Datu Mangko's leadership, strengthening the Muslim group. In the early part of 1956, a group of leaders led by Datu Udtog Matalam petitioned for Tulunan's separation from its mother municipality, M’lang, but faced opposition. Another effort led by

200-614: A tribal ward under what was then the Cotabato District of the Moro Province When Datu Ampatuan of Maganoy threatened to stage a rebellion against the Americans in 1913, Datu Ingkal is recorded as threatening to side with him. The Americans sought to pacify the two datus by offering appointments and administrative arrangements. Datu Ingkal's territory, Kidapawan, would be formed into a Municipal District on July 23, 1914, one of twenty seven under

250-717: Is a 3rd class component city and capital of the province of Cotabato , Philippines . According to the 2020 Census, it has a population of 160,791 people making it the most populous in the province. It is located at the foot of Mount Apo , the country's highest mountain. Many proposed etymologies have been recorded to explain the origin of Kidapawan's name over the decades. In 2017, Karlo Antonio Galay David gathered all written and oral explanations from archival sources and tribal key informants. Galay David gathered thirteen proposed etymologies, and of these thirteen, six are about springs, three are about weddings, three are about highlands, two are names, and three are directional and imply

300-551: Is a special economic zone is expected to diversify its economic base and will facilitate the creation of more investment and job opportunities. Cotabato Province ranks first in the region in rice and rubber production, second in corn and produces organic coco sugar and delicious tropical fruits. It hosts processing plants for palm oil, sugar cane and rubber. The Mount Apo Geothermal Power plant in Kidapawan City generates 52 megawatts. Located at Umpan Village, Barangay Balabag

350-536: Is a type of sentence of imprisonment in the Philippines , Argentina , and several other Spanish-speaking countries. In the Philippines, it is one of two severe penalties, the other being life imprisonment , implemented to replace the death penalty and is in legal parlance near-synonymous with life imprisonment. However, there are some important distinctions between the two terms: Reclusión perpetua

400-698: Is also the seat of the provincial government of Cotabato , with the provincial capitol located at Barangay Amas in the western part of the city. American appointed ‘Capitan’ of Kidapawan Appointed President of the Municipal District of Kidapawan Civilian heads during and after the Second World War Elected and appointed mayors of the Municipality and City of Kidapawan Poverty incidence of Kidapawan Source: Philippine Statistics Authority The city

450-399: Is considered as the province's industrial hub, and plays a pivotal role in the economic development of the province and its adjacent areas. It is the commercial and trading hub of eastern Cotabato province as it lies at the heart of three large domestic markets of Davao City , General Santos , and Cotabato City . The city of Kidapawan boasts the most number of shopping and retail centers in

500-521: Is home to a significant flower industry and one of the major sources of income for some Kidapaweños. In addition to ornamental and forest tree seedlings, flowers such as roses, anthuriums and orchids are abundantly grown and cultivated locally, providing a promising and profitable source of livelihood and business in the area. Crops abundantly grown in the city include abaca , rubber , maize , rice , coconut , and vegetables . The Cotabato City-Kidapawan City (CK) Agri-industrial and Eco Tourism Corridor

550-547: Is projected by the NEDA Region 12. The primary growth node in this corridor is Cotabato City with Kidapawan City and Midsayap as intermediate urban centers. Cotabato City as the primary urban center in this corridor, serves as the institutional, financial and service center, also the center of public health with the existence of the Cotabato Regional and Medical Center, and the de facto capital of BARMM. The city

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600-680: Is the Paniki Falls Eco-River Park . Kidapawan is also one of the well-known starting points for trekking on the Mount Apo , via the city's Lake Agco in Barangay Ilomavis, and the Kidapawan- Santa Cruz , and Kidapawan- Magpet trails, towering at 10,311 feet (3,143 m) above sea level with a total area of 14.6 square metres (157 sq ft). The country's tallest mountain is an abode to

650-653: Is the penalty handed down to inmates convicted of a capital crime (in which case they will be ineligible for parole ) as well as what the Republic Act 7659 designates as "heinous crimes" once punishable by death: The Supreme Court of the Philippines has ruled that the Expanded Good Conduct Time Allowance (GCTA) Law also allows heinous crimes convicts (i.e., those sentenced to reclusión perpetua ) to avail for good conduct time credit for early release. This article about

700-480: Is today South Cotabato, and much later the colony of Alamada under Magsaysay's National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA). The diverse ethnic composition of Kidapawan's settler population, with Cebuanos, Tagalogs, Ilonggos, Chinese, and Igorots, reflect both the gradual individual efforts of migrants and Kidapawan's position as the transition area between Cebuano-dominated Davao and Ilonggo-dominated Cotabato. There are conflicting accounts as to where

750-561: The Ligawasan Marsh , to the south. As a result, the size was more than thrice the present. The vast area in its extent was once described in the 1950s being larger than the province of Cavite . The original territory, now called the Greater Kidapawan Area and currently includes the city itself and eight—five daughter and three granddaughter—municipalities (including part of Matalam), occupies more than half of

800-569: The Sultanate of Buayan in Dulawan (today Datu Piang, Maguindanao ), and its related settlement, the Sultanate of Bagua Inged in what is today Pikit and Pagalungan . The Monuvu settlements, the precursors of many of Kidapawan's modern day Baranggays, existed autonomously with one another but were ruled by chieftains often related by centuries of intermarriage. Some time before the coming of

850-474: The "BIG FIVE" group, composed of Datu Dabpil Tuden, Arsenio Villamor Sr., Juan Jinen, Mauro Quibrantar, and Jose Ordenia, succeeded in achieving independence for Tulunan. Tulunan is one of the granddaughter municipalities of Kidapawan . After the Second World War , in 1947, the municipal district of Kidapawan was converted into a municipality, with merging of then forested M'lang-Tulunan area. This

900-444: The 14th century, the influence of religion reached Tulunan through settlers who identified as Maguindanaon. However, minority groups such as Bagobos and B’laans occupied the eastern highlands. Sultan Solaiman was a prominent Muslim leader, succeeded by Datu Mangko Ambag and his advisors like Dappil Tuden, Kasan Kandugon, and Datu Parangan, who settled in the lowlands near rivers, engaging in kaingins and fishing. Datu Dempon emerged as

950-417: The 1967 election, favoring Mayor Conrado Lemana, who served until 1980. In the 1980 election, the people's confidence was placed in the incumbent Municipal Mayor Josue Faustino, who diligently implements various government programs with wisdom. In early 1983, the municipality was among the eleven in the province, along with other provinces in central Mindanao , where most families suffered food shortage due to

1000-654: The 2020 census, Tulunan, Cotabato's population was 60,978, with a density of 180/km² or 470/mi². Poverty incidence of Tulunan Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Agricultural commodities such as rice, corn, upland rice, legumes, scallions, root vegetables, tobacco, rubber, assorted vegetables, sorghum, and coconuts. Kidapawan Kidapawan , officially the City of Kidapawan ( Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Kidapawan ; Hiligaynon : Dakbanwa sang Kidapawan ; Maguindanaon : Kuta nu Kidapawan ; Obo Monuvu : Ingod to Kidapawan ; Filipino : Lungsod ng Kidapawan ),

1050-533: The Americans, the different tribal settlements west of the Matanao river apparently fell under the influence of a Datu Ingkal (in some sources he is named Datu Ingkal Ugok), who became paramount chieftain over the different settlements within the Kidapawan area. When the Americans came they recognized Datu Ingkal's leadership, and records say he was appointed ‘Capitan’ by a Col. Stevens in 1908, presumably as head of

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1100-660: The Municipal Districts elevated in 1942 to Municipality by virtue of Executive Order No. 43 of the Japanese-sponsored Executive Commission. No records attest to it, but informants (primary among them Rosita Blanco Cadungog) names Filomeno Blanco as the local appointed Mayor by the Japanese during their occupation of Kidapawan. There are even less details on the arrangements of the resistance government, but Kidapawan fell under

1150-531: The War), headed by Jacinto Paclibar. When the War ended, Kidapawan's administrative status was in limbo, but in all likelihood it was reverted to Municipal District. No documents also confirm it, but informants like Erlinda Villanueva Asuelo name Ceferino J. Villanueva as acting mayor after the War up to the election of 1947. The election of 1947 resulted in the victory of Alfonso O. Angeles Sr. The first elected Vice Mayor

1200-648: The act of going. The etymologies are listed as follows: - Gabriela Eleosida's 1961 Master's thesis (University of Manila)|| Kidapawan has roots in the municipal district with the same name which was created in 1914 by the Americans, and consisted the territory of the Monuvu. Datu Siawan Ingkal, a tribal leader, was appointed District President. Later, Ilonggo settlers increased in the area. Through Executive Order No. 82 signed by President Manuel Roxas on August 18, 1947, which organized almost all municipal districts of Cotabato into ten municipalities, Kidapawan

1250-585: The almost extinct Philippine eagle . Within the Mt. Apo Natural Park is the Mandarangan Geological Site, which is being promoted as a major educational tourism site. Lake Venado , hidden among the mountain ranges, stands at an elevation of 7,200 feet (2,200 m) above sea level. Reclusi%C3%B3n perpetua Reclusión perpetua ( Spanish , from Latin : reclusio perpetua , lit.   'permanent imprisonment')

1300-778: The area with whom they frequently intermarried, remained independent throughout the Spanish colonial period, as the Spaniards were never able to surmount Mount Apo on the Davao side nor penetrate beyond the Ligawasan Marsh on the Cotabato side. The chieftains of the tribes in the Greater Kidapawan Area remained independent but maintained relations with the nearby Maguindanaon sultanates, the closest of which were

1350-587: The center of Poblacion. Kidapawan is home to the Dole-Stanfilco Banana Plantation and Palletizing Facility, which is under the management of Dole Philippines, itself a subsidiary of the American food producer Dole Food Company . The said plantation, which also had its holdings on neighboring towns Makilala and Matalam, is the largest in the province of Cotabato. With this, the city is an international exporter of bananas. Kidapawan

1400-459: The city are all written in English. Some of the other languages spoken include Obo Monuvu (the city's indigenous language) Maguindanaon, Meranaw, Ilianen, and Tagabawa. The city of Kidapawan is governed by a city mayor, the city's local chief executive and administrative officer, along with a city vice mayor. The Sangguniang Panlungsod serves as the local legislative body of the city. Kidapawan

1450-505: The city. Obo Monuvu, Cebuanos and Hiligaynons are the major ethnic groups in the city. Other ethnic groups residing in the area are the Maguindanaons, Ilocanos and Manobo groups of Obo, Ilianen, and Tagabawa. Cebuano is the most widely spoken language, especially in the city proper. English is used as the medium of instruction in schools and other learning institutions; it is also predominantly used in major government agencies in their transactions and reports. Laws and ordinances in

1500-722: The command of Datu Udtog Matalam , who with his Bolo Battalion led the Cotabato region's guerrilla movement. Records indicate that in 1942 Alfonso O. Angeles Sr. had been appointed ‘Mayor of the Upper Cotabato Sector,’ to which Kidapawan presumably belonged, while the Paclibar family describes a ‘Civil Emergency Administration’ in M’lang under the 118th Infantry Regiment of the 106th Division of Wendell Fertig's 10th Military District (the resistance detachment in Mindanao during

1550-449: The community flourished, benefiting from plentiful harvests from their kaingin. This prosperity led to the adoption of the name "Tulunan," reflecting the abundance and grace bestowed upon the area, as indicated by the Muslim term "tulun." Initially, the population consisted of small nomadic groups reliant on hunting, but contact with other groups led to improvements in their way of life. With the introduction of Islam by Sharif Kabungsuwan in

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1600-421: The first Municipal Secretary. Six months before the 1963 election, Datu Ibrahim Paglas Jr. resigned as the municipal mayor to pursue his candidacy for Municipal Mayor of Buluan. Consequently, Vice Mayor Arsenio Villamor Sr. succeeded him, becoming the first Christian Mayor of Tulunan. In the 1963 election, Godofredo Laluyan emerged as the first elected Mayor of Tulunan. However, the political landscape shifted in

1650-447: The huge, historical municipality; and especially upon the municipality's designation as the provincial capital. These were only achieved when Kidapawan was eventually converted through Republic Act No. 8500 , signed on February 12, 1998, becoming the province's first and only component city to date. Luis Malaluan became the first city mayor. Kidapawan is located at the foot of Mount Apo , in southeastern Cotabato province, in

1700-418: The increasingly hilly and mountainous regions to the northeast near Mount Apo, the highest point in the Philippines. The Kabacan River has its source in the northeastern part of the city and flows through its northern border with Magpet town. The city of Kidapawan is politically subdivided into 40 barangays.   Each barangay can be further subdivided into puroks and sitios . Kidapawan lies outside

1750-789: The long drought. On April 11, 1985, Italian Roman Catholic priest Tullio Favali of the Pontifical Institute for Foreign Missions , the town's parish priest, was killed by an armed paramilitary group led by Norberto Manero Jr. in Barangay La Esperanza. The case was among a few under the Marcos presidency that successfully prosecuted; in 1987, Manero, convicted of murder and arson, was sentenced to reclusión perpetua since death penalty had been suspended earlier . Manero later became controversial for his freedom from jail, both by presidential pardon and by escape, and

1800-408: The middle of the four major Mindanaoan cities of General Santos , Davao , Cotabato and Cagayan de Oro . It shares its borders with the Cotabato towns of Magpet and President Roxas to the north, Matalam to the west, M’lang to the south and Makilala to the east. Kidapawan covers a total land area of 358.47 square kilometres (138.41 sq mi). Its land area is mostly flat, except for

1850-609: The newly created Cotabato Province of the Department of Mindanao and Sulu as mandated under Article 19 of Act No. 2408. Datu Siawan Ingkal, son of Datu Ingkal Ugok, would be appointed Municipal District President. The act was made official with Act No. 2711 approved on March 10, 1917, mentioning Kidapawan as a municipal district. The Cornejo Commonwealth Directory of 1939, published under the newly elected Quezon government, still names Datu Siawan as District President, with Datu Amag Madut as vice president. Kidapawan's establishment as

1900-501: The original center of Kidapawan was before the War. Tribal and settler sources name either Manongol (for a time called ‘Old Kidapawan’) or Lanao as centers, with some sources identifying Lanao as the commercial center of the town where the settlers concentrated, with Manongol the seat of Siawan Ingkal's chieftaincy. The details of Kidapawan's arrangements during the Second World War are unclear, but it seems to have been one of

1950-508: The possibility of becoming a city. The municipal council petitioned to change the border of Makilala, and even urged President Diosdado Macapagal to cancel the establishment of Matalam; but both were unsuccessful. Kidapawan has its roots in pre-colonial settlements of the Obo Monuvu, the indigenous peoples that have lived at the foot of Mount Apo on both the Cotabato and Davao sides for generations. The Monuvu, along with other tribes in

2000-498: The present-day Cotabato , in the northern and eastern part. It also composed the portion of Bansalan east of the Matanao River. It was partitioned gradually over the next two decades with the establishment of separate municipalities: With the partitions, the municipality lost all its original borders, although it shares Mount Apo with Davao and four other towns. The partitioning was almost opposed, mainly because of

2050-428: The provincial capital. It is bordered by M'lang to the north, Datu Paglas, Maguindanao del Sur to the south, Liguasan Marsh to the west, Makilala to the northeast, and Magsaysay, Davao del Sur to the east. Tulunan is politically subdivided into 29 barangays .   Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios . Tulunan experiences a climate characterized by relatively even distribution throughout

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2100-479: The seat of government at the Barrio Tulunan. With the establishment of M'lang and Tulunan, Kidapawan's direct access to the Ligawasan Marsh was cut off. The initial appointed officials included Datu Ibrahim Paglas Jr. as the municipal mayor, Arsenio Villamor Sr. as the vice mayor, and councilors Datu Mangko Ambag, Roberto Jover Sr., Benito Cabello, and Datu Diadel Kamag, with Antonio Caballero serving as

2150-547: The typhoon belt and has a mild climate characterized by wet and dry seasons. The coldest months are December and January. The hottest are April and May. In the 2020 census, Kidapawan had a population of 160,791, with a density of 450 inhabitants per square kilometre or 1,200 inhabitants per square mile. Meanwhile, in the 2015 census, the city had a total population of 140,195 inhabitants, from 125,447 in 2010 and 117,610 from in 2007. Inhabitants are predominantly Christian , though there are also significant Muslim populations in

2200-640: The typhoon belt and protected by small mountains, Tulunan may still experience heavy rains, leading to the overflowing of rivers like Malasila, Tulunan, and Bual. These occurrences, particularly in August and September, result in severe flooding hazards in barangays Damawato, Bual, Popoyon, Tambac, Bagumbayan, Minapan, and Dungos, affecting approximately 1,200 hectares or 3.43% of the total area. Such climatic conditions adversely affect agricultural productivity in these barangays, as floods can unexpectedly destroy crops, often resulting in losses ranging from 50% to 100%. In

2250-567: The whole province of Cotabato. Gaisano Grand Mall of Kidapawan, the largest shopping center in the city, is located at Barangay Lanao in the northern part of the city's urban core, while the KMCC Shopping Center is located at Dayao St., deep into the city's main highway. Other retail centers include Davao Central Warehouse Club Inc. located south of the National Highway, and Survive Marketing located at Quezon Boulevard in

2300-473: The year and rainfall ranging from 60 mm to 215 mm, with an average annual rainfall of 115.04 mm. The dry season typically occurs in January, February, March, and December, while the remaining months see occasional rains. January and December are generally the coldest months, with an average temperature of 28.25 degrees Celsius. Prevailing winds come during the wet/rainy season. Despite being outside

2350-763: Was Datu Siawan Ingkal, while the first elected Councilors were Gil dela Cruz, Lorenzo A. Saniel, Lino Madrid, Ricardo Ipong, Norberto Cajucom, and Arsenio Sibug. The first Municipal Government began functioning in 1948. When the second partitioning of the Empire Province of Cotabato happened in the 1970s, Kidapawan became the provincial capital of the much-reduced Cotabato Province (now colloquially called North Cotabato) by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 341 , issued by Ferdinand Marcos on November 22, 1973. The local government had made efforts for Kidapawan's cityhood, since as early as 1952, when then mayor Alfonso Angeles Sr. made an unsuccessful attempt to merge Kabacan with

2400-444: Was among those converted, merging with it the unexplored region in the north, as well as the then-forested M'lang-Tulunan area, a Maguindanaon territory in the southeast border. The territory extended to the borders of the provinces of Bukidnon and then-undivided Davao through Matanao River, to the north and the east, respectively; Kabacan to the west, meeting with Pulangi River ; and M'lang area, then part of Buluan , and

2450-534: Was due to the closeness of the Manobo with the Maguindanaons , along with the increase of Ilonggo settlers with relatives in the municipal districts into a then-mostly Maguindanaon territory. It was formed by virtue of Executive Order No. 441 , signed on August 6, 1961, by President Carlos P. Garcia , upon the separation of 28 barrios and sitios of M'lang in the then-undivided Cotabato ; with

2500-695: Was eventually released in 2008. Galidan was the sole barangay in the municipality to request inclusion in the Bangsamoro , established under Republic Act No. 11054 after replacing the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao . Nonetheless, it was one of four barangays in the province that opted out during the February 6, 2019 plebiscite . Tulunan is located in southern Cotabato Province, 31 kilometers (19 mi) from Kidapawan City ,

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