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34-475: The Tungusic language family is divided into two main branches, Northern ( Ewenic – Udegheic ) and Southern Tungusic ( Jurchenic – Nanaic ). The name Tungusic is artificial, and properly refers just to the linguistic family ( Tungusic languages ). It is derived from Russian Tungus ( Тунгус ), a Russian exonym for the Evenks (Ewenki). English usage of Tungusic was introduced by Friedrich Max Müller in

68-638: A Tungusic-speaking section of the (Mongolic) Shiwei and have been conquered by the expanding Manchu (Jurchen). Their language is mutually intelligible with Manchu. The Nanai (Goldi) are also derived from the Jurchen. The Orok (Ulta) are an offshoot of the Nanai. Other minor groups closely related to the Nanai are the Ulch , Oroch and Udege . The Udege live in the Primorsky Krai and Khabarovsk Krai in

102-517: A potential shared ancestry between Tungusic, Mongolic, Turkic, Koreanic, and Japonic populations via Neolithic agriculturalist societies from Northeast China (e.g. the Liao civilization ) as a part of the hypothetical Altaic language family. However, recent data contradicts this because while West Liao River ancestry was found among the "macro-Altaic" Koreans and Japanese, it was absent among the "micro-Altaic" Tungusic and Mongolic populations. The Manchu ,

136-454: A ruling class). Tungusic people on the Amur river like Udeghe, Ulchi and Nanai adopted Chinese influences in their religion and clothing with Chinese dragons on ceremonial robes, scroll and spiral bird and monster mask designs, Chinese New Year, using silk and cotton, iron cooking pots, and heated homes from China. The Manchu originally came from Manchuria , which is now Northeast China and

170-730: Is associated with the C-M217 clade and its subclades. The other dominant haplogroup is Haplogroup N-M231 , which was found in Neolithic Northeastern Asian societies along the Liao river and widespreaded throughout Siberia. An exception are modern Manchu people which display higher frequency of Haplogroup O-M122 . 29/97 = 29.9% C-M86 in a sample of Mongols from northwest Mongolia, The maternal haplogroups of Tungusic peoples are primarily shared with other Northern East Asians . Maternal haplogroup diversity seems to reflect some amount of gene flow with peoples living around

204-668: The 2010 Chinese Census , there were 190,481 Sibe people in China : 99,571 males and 90,910 females. The largest Sibe population within China was in the province of Liaoning , home to 132,431 Sibe people, 69.52% of all Sibe people in China, but just 0.30% of Liaoning's total population. The autonomous region of Xinjiang is also home to a sizable number of Sibe people: 34,399 in total, accounting for 18.06% of all Sibe people in China, and 0.16% of Xinjiang's total population. Outside of these two, Heilongjiang , Jilin , and Inner Mongolia have

238-681: The Chinese word Donghu ( 東胡 , 'Eastern Barbarians', cf. Tonggu 通古 'Tungusic'). This "chance similarity in modern pronunciation led to the once widely held assumption that the Eastern Hu were Tungusic in language. However, there is little basis for this theory." It is generally suggested that the homeland of the Tungusic people is in northeastern Manchuria , somewhere near the Amur River region. Genetic evidence collected from

272-743: The Jin dynasty (266–420) at times controlled the Sibe until the advent of the Göktürks , who accorded the Sibe lower status than did the Chinese dynasties. At the height of their territorial dispersion, the Sibe lived in an area bounded by Jilin to the east, Hulunbuir to the west, the Nen River to the north and the Liao River to the south. After the fall of the Liao dynasty , the Sibe became vassals of

306-901: The Khorchin Mongols who moved to the Nen and Songhua river valleys in 1438 after the Khorchin were defeated by the Oirats . Nurhaci , the first prominent figure of the Manchu people , routed the Sibe during the battle of Gure in 1593 on his way to founding the Qing dynasty of China. From that point, the Qing contracted the Sibe for logistical support against the Russian Empire 's expansionism on China's northern border. Crossley claims that

340-669: The Northern Tungusic languages , form a subgroup of Tungusic languages of Far East Russia and northeastern China . The Ewenic languages include: Sibe people The Sibe or Xibo ( ᠰᡞᠪᡝ , [REDACTED] , IPA: [ɕivə] ; simplified Chinese : 锡伯 ; traditional Chinese : 錫伯 ; pinyin : Xībó ) are a Tungusic-speaking East Asian ethnic group living mostly in Xinjiang , Jilin and Shenyang in Liaoning . The Sibe form one of

374-590: The Russian Far East . Following the Manchu establishment of the Qing dynasty in the 17th century, they have been almost completely assimilated into the language and culture of the ethnic Han population of China . The southern Tungusic Manchu farming sedentary lifestyle was very different from the nomadic hunter gatherer forager lifestyle of their more northern Tungusic relatives like the Warka, which left

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408-631: The Sea of Okhotsk (Koryaks, Nivkhs, Ainus, etc. ) on the one hand and peoples living in Central Asia (Iranian, Turkic, Mongolic peoples) on the other. According to a total of 29 sample from the mtDNA studies of Xibo , Oroqen , and Hezhen from China : 283 samples from a mtDNA study of Tungusic Evenks, Evens, and Udeges in Russia published in 2013, their main mtDNA haplogroups are : Ewenic languages The Ewenic languages , also known as

442-713: The Ulchsky District suggests a date for the Micro-Altaic expansion predating 3500 BC. The Tungusic expansion into Siberia displaced the indigenous Siberian languages, which are now grouped under the term Paleosiberian . Several theories suggest that the Pannonian Avars of the Avar Khaganate in Central, East and Southeast Europe were of Tungusic origin or of partially Tungusic origin (as

476-600: The Xianbei in 286 AD, the southern Shiwei started practicing agriculture. Some historians have theorized that the Xianbei were the direct progenitors of the Sibe, a theory described by some as politically motivated. Pamela Kyle Crossley writes the Xianbei might have undergone a language shift from an earlier Turkic or proto-Mongolian language to a Tungusic one. However, the name "Sibe" was not used in historical records during Xianbei times. The Han dynasty , Cao Wei and

510-465: The Yellow River region. Tungusic peoples display their highest genetic affinity with Mongolic peoples , but also share varying degrees of genetic affinity with Turkic peoples , which however have significant West Eurasian admixture. Tungusic peoples display the highest genetic affinity to Ancient Northeast Asians, represented by c. 7,000 and 13,000 year old specimens. Previous studies argued for

544-714: The 1850s, based on earlier use of German Tungusik by Heinrich Julius Klaproth . The alternative term Manchu–Tungus is also in use ( Тунгусо-маньчжурские 'Tunguso-Manchurian'). The name Tunguska , a region of eastern Siberia bounded on the west by the Tunguska rivers and on the east by the Pacific Ocean , has its origin from the Tungus people (Evenks). Russian Tungus was likely taken from East Turkic tunguz (literally, 'wild pig, boar', from Old Turkic tonguz ), although some scholars prefer derivation from

578-558: The 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by China , and had a recorded population of 190,481 in the 2010 Chinese Census , comprising just over 0.014% of China's total population. The Sibe are known by several variations of their name. The self-appellation of the Sibe people is pronounced Śivə , the official Chinese term is Xibo , in Russian literature the terms Сибинцы (sibintsy) and Шибинцы (shibintsy) are used, while in English works

612-670: The Evenkī language.) The Evenks live in the Evenk Autonomous Okrug of Russia in addition to many parts of eastern Siberia, especially Sakha Republic . The Evens are very closely related to the Evenks by language and culture, and they likewise inhabit various parts of eastern Siberia. People who classify themselves as Evenks in the Russian census tend to live toward the west and toward the south of eastern Siberia, whereas people who classify themselves as Evens tend to live toward

646-462: The Qing state to attempt to make them sedentarize and farm like Manchus. During the 17th century, the Tsardom of Russia was expanding east across Siberia, and into Tungusic-speaking lands, resulting in early border skirmishes with the Qing dynasty of China, leading up to the 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk . The first published description of a Tungusic people to reach beyond Russia into the rest of Europe

680-521: The Russian Federation. The northern branch is mostly formed by the closely related ethnic groups of Evenks (Ewenki) and Evens . (Evenks and Evens are also grouped as "Evenic". Their ethnonyms are only distinguished by a different suffix - -n for Even and -nkī for Evenkī; endonymically, they even use the same adjective for themselves - ǝwǝdī, meaning "Even" in the Even language and "Evenkī" in

714-596: The Sibe from Qiqihar is believed by Gorelova to be linked to the Qing's complete annihilation of the Manchu clan Hoifan (Hoifa) in 1697 and the Manchu tribe Ula in 1703 after they revolted against the Qing. According to Jerry Norman , after a revolt by the Qiqihar Sibes in 1764, the Qianlong Emperor ordered an 800-man military escort to transfer 18,000 Sibe to the Ili River of Dzungaria . In Ili,

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748-1089: The Sibe were so "well known to Russians moving toward the Pacific" that the Russians named Siberia after them. In 1692, the Khorchin dedicated the Sibe, the Gūwalca and the Daur to the Kangxi Emperor in exchange for silver. The Sibe were incorporated into the Eight Banners and were stationed in Qiqihar and other cities in Northeast China . In 1700, some 20,000 Qiqihar Sibes were resettled in Hohhot (modern Inner Mongolia ); 36,000 Songyuan Sibes were resettled in Shenyang , Liaoning . The relocation of

782-565: The Solons and the Khamnigans in particular have interacted closely with Mongolic peoples ( Mongol , Daur , Buryat ), and they are ethnographically quite distinct from the Evenks in Russia. Tungusic peoples are: Full genome analyses on Northern East Asian populations, including Tungusic peoples, revealed them to descend primarily from Ancient Northeast Asians , with varying degrees of admixture associated with agriculturalist populations from

816-523: The Thagor Kalmuks. In the meantime both Solons and Sibos were being attacked and plundered and were obliged to make peace with the insurgents, so that only Ili, Khorgos, Losigun and Suidun, remained in the hands of the Mantchus. Ili was now entirely surrounded and it was resolved to reduce it by famine. The situation there was indeed frightful; all the provisions had been exhausted and the only food

850-683: The Xinjiang Sibe built Buddhist monasteries and cultivated vegetables, tobacco and poppies . The Sibe population declined after the Qing used them to suppress the Dungan Revolt (1862–77) by the Hui and to fight against the Russian occupation of Ili during the revolt. The scarcity of provisions in Ili became such that the Governor at last saw himself obliged to dismiss his last auxiliaries,

884-576: The east and toward the north of eastern Siberia, with some degree of overlap in the middle (notably, in certain parts of Sakha Republic ). Minor ethnic groups also in the northern branch are the Negidals and the Oroqen . The Oroqen, Solon , and Khamnigan inhabit some parts of Heilongjiang Province , Inner Mongolia in China, and Mongolia and may be considered as subgroups of the Evenk ethnicity, though

918-636: The eradication of Qapqal disease (a form of type A botulism ). In 1954, the PRC established the Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County to replace Ningxi County in Xinjiang, in the group's area of highest ethnic concentration. Historical religions of the Sibe included shamanism and Buddhism . Customary Sibe attire included short buttoned jackets and trousers for men and close-fitting, long and lace-trimmed gowns for women. Arranged marriage

952-495: The largest Sibe populations, totaling 7,608, 3,113, and 3,000, respectively. Approximately 43,000 Sibe people live in the autonomous region of Xinjiang , of which, approximately 34,000 live in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture , where the Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County is located. As of 2018, 19,984 Sibe people live in the autonomous county , comprising 10.28% of its total population, which

986-673: The largest Tungusic-speaking population, displays increased genetic affinity with Han Chinese , and Koreans , compared to with other Tungusic peoples. The Manchu were therefore an exception to the coherent genetic structure of Tungusic-speaking populations, likely due to the large-scale population migrations and genetic admixtures with the Han Chinese in the past few hundred years. Tungusic peoples display primarily paternal haplogroups associated with Ancient Northeast Asians , and display high affinity to Mongolic peoples as well as other Northeastern Asian populations. Their primarily haplogroup

1020-517: The name Sibe has been established, which corresponds to the written form. According to the Russian scholar Elena P. Lebedeva, the Sibe people originated as a southern, Tungusic -speaking offshoot of the ancient Shiwei people . They lived in small town-like settlements, a portion of them nomadic , in the Songyuan and Qiqihar areas of what is now Jilin. When the Buyeo kingdom was conquered by

1054-695: The same family, since it was believed that while the father was alive no son could break the family clan by leaving the house. The Sibe in Northeast China speak Mandarin Chinese as their first language . In Xinjiang, descendants of the Qing dynasty military garrison speak the Xibe language , a Southern Tungusic language that underwent morphophonological changes and the adoption of loanwords from languages spoken in Xinjiang including Mandarin Chinese , Russian , Uyghur , and Kazakh . The different ethnicities of Northern Xinjiang have shared musical culture and adopted elements from each other's music. According to

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1088-592: Was by the Dutch traveler Isaac Massa in 1612. He passed along information from Russian reports after his stay in Moscow. "Tungusic" (Manchu-Tungus) peoples are divided into two main branches: northern and southern. The southern branch is dominated by the Manchu (historically Jurchen ). Qing emperors were Manchu, and the Manchu group has largely been sinicized (the Manchu language being moribund, with 20 native speakers reported as of 2007). The Sibe were possibly

1122-413: Was common and women had low social status, including no right to inherit property. Nowadays almost all the Sibe wear modern clothing and the traditional clothing is worn by elders during festivals. Traditionally, the Sibe were divided into many hala , male-led clans consisting of people who shared the same surname . Until modern times, the dwellings of the Sibe housed up to three different generations from

1156-775: Was horses, dogs and cats. Typhus so raged that from 50 to 100 men died daily. During the Republic of China (1912–49) period, many northeastern Sibe joined anti-Japanese volunteer armies , while northwestern Sibe fought against the Kuomintang during the Ili Rebellion . After the Chinese Communist Revolution in 1949 established the People's Republic of China (PRC), large-scale educational and hygiene campaigns increased Sibe literacy and resulted in

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