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64-464: Turgutreis is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Bodrum , Muğla Province , Turkey . Its population is 6,041 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation , it was a town ( belde ). It is the second largest town on the Bodrum peninsula . The town is a popular holiday destination with 5 kilometres of sandy beaches, waterfront restaurants and bars, and is considered a resort town . The town

128-517: A marina which provides access to the nearby Greek island of Kos via ferry . Bodrum The town was founded by Dorian Greeks . It later fell under Persian rule and became the capital of the satrapy of Caria . Mausolus ruled Caria from here, and after his death in 353 BC, his wife Artemisia built a tomb, called the Mausoleum, for him. Macedonian forces laid siege to the city and captured it in 334 BC. After Alexander 's death,

192-493: A ban on sponge diving eventually ended this lucrative industry. Over the years, tourism became a major activity and income source for local communities. The abundance of visitors has also enlivened Bodrum's retail and service industries. Leather goods, particularly for traditional woven sandals, are well-known products. Other traditional goods, such as tangerine-flavored Turkish delight , nazar amulets , and handicrafts are popular souvenirs. Apart from small shopping facilities,

256-419: A building permit one has to agree to paint the walls of the new building white. Use of any paint other than white on the exterior walls of a building was officially banned by Muğla Governor Temel Koçaklar in 2006. This was implemented to protect the historical fabric and cultural identity of the city. Bodrum International Ballet Festival has been held in Bodrum every summer since 2002. Bodrum has also hosted

320-596: A change of language. Estimates for the introduction of the Proto-Greek language into prehistoric Greece have changed over the course of the 20th century. Since the decipherment of Linear B , searches were made "for earlier breaks in the continuity of the material record that might represent the 'coming of the Greeks ' ". The majority of scholars date the coming of Proto-Greek to the transition from Early Helladic II to Early Helladic III (c. 2400−2200/2100 BC), with

384-466: A relation between Minoan, Eteocretan, Lemnian ( Pelasgian ), and Tyrsenian, inventing the name "Aegeo-Asianic" for the proposed language family. However, many Minoan loanwords found in Mycenaean Greek (e.g., words for architecture, metals and metallurgy, music, use of domestic species, social institutions, weapons, weaving) may be the result of socio-cultural and economic interactions between

448-496: A simple vowel system , with either three or five monophthongs. This system consisted of either /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/, or most likely just /a/, /i/, /u/, in which /a/ varied between /a/~/e/~/o/ as a result of palatalization for /e/ and labialization for /o/. Additionally, it had at least one diphthong (/au/), and it may also have had /ou/, although this is also often explained as the sequence -arʷ- adapted in Greek as -ουρ-, since /ou/

512-400: A strong indication of a common early phase of Indo-European – possibly Anatolian – influence in the area, some pre-Greek loanwords still remain incompatible with Indo-European phonology while showing certain recurrent patterns that set them apart from other languages. This likely indicates that "one language, or a group of closely related dialects or languages" was

576-647: A well-preserved example of late Crusader architecture in the eastern Mediterranean. The Knights Hospitaller ( Knights of St. John ) were given permission to build it by the Ottoman sultan Mehmed I after Tamerlane destroyed their previous fortress in İzmir 's inner bay. In 1522, Suleiman the Magnificent conquered the base of the Crusader knights on the island of Rhodes , who then relocated first briefly to Sicily and later permanently to Malta , leaving

640-448: Is also home to the endangered and internationally protected Mediterranean monk seal . Bodrum is twinned with: Pre-Greek substrate The pre-Greek substrate (or substratum ) consists of the unknown pre-Greek language or languages (either Pre-Indo-European or other Indo-European languages) spoken in prehistoric Greece prior to the emergence of the Proto-Greek language in the region c.  3200–2200 BC , during

704-530: Is around 15 °C (59 °F) in winter and 34 °C (93 °F) in summer, with many sunny spells. Summers are very hot and mostly sunny, and winters are mild and humid. As of 2019 the record high was 46.8°C (116.2°F) in July 2017. The Castle of St. Peter , also known as Bodrum Castle, is one of the main attractions of the peninsula. The castle was built by the Knights Hospitaller during

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768-527: Is associated with the bug and scorpion repellent properties of lime, which is found in white paint. It is also traditionally applied in most hot regions for heat-reflecting properties of white color. Blue is also believed by locals to protect against the malicious effects of envy (similar to the Anatolian belief Nazar , originated in Mesopotamia ). According to Muğla Municipality, in order to acquire

832-512: Is composed of the mayor, four deputy mayors, and 18 directorates. Bodrum Municipality served as the sole district municipality in the Bodrum region for many years. With the increase in the population of the peninsula, a town municipality called Karatoprak ( Turgutreis ) was established in 1967. The increase in the population also led to the establishment of the Mumcular (1972), Yalıkavak (1989), and Gündoğan Municipalities (1992). Following

896-459: Is generally considered a rare feature characteristic of pre-Greek. It is, however, unlikely that voicing or consonantal aspiration were distinctive features, as pre-Greek loanwords in Greek vary freely between plain, voiced and aspirated stops (e.g. ἀσφάραγος/ἀσπάραγος, aspháragos/aspáragos , 'asparagus'). The observation of such variants for a particular word is often a strong indication of substrate-derived etymology. Furthermore, while

960-517: Is named after the Ottoman admiral Turgut Reis who was born there in 1485. Also known as Dragut , Turgut Reis was famous for his expeditions on the coasts of Spain , France , Italy , and North Africa , and for his participation in the Ottoman siege of Malta , in which he was killed. There is a memorial to Turgut Reis a few kilometres from the town centre located in Sabanci Park. The town

1024-641: Is non-stop. The port has ferries to other nearby Turkish and Greek ports and islands. Bodrum has three large marinas and cruise berths. The first marina, Milta, is located in the center of Bodrum. The second marina is located in Turgutreis, and the third, Palmarina, in Yalikavak. Luxury marina Yalikavak Marina near Bodrum was long in the hands of Mübariz Mansimov , a Turkish-Azerbaijani oligarch and shipping magnate until Erdogan handed management over to Mehmet Ağar , his former interior minister. After 2022,

1088-455: Is often seen with an /r/. The phonology of pre-Greek likely featured a series of both labialized and palatalized consonants, as indicated by Mycenaean inscriptions in Linear B . These features were found not only in stops , but in resonants as well (presumably including even the rare modified approximants /jʷ/ and / wʲ /), which was different from Indo-European languages at the time and

1152-768: Is one of 957 in Turkey. It is in Muğla Province , which is part of the Aydin Subregion , which, in turn, is part of the Aegean Region . Bodrum became a sub-district of the Ottoman Empire in 1871 and a district of Muğla Province in 1872. Bodrum Municipality operates with its 18 directorates and subsidiary units in the entire Bodrum Peninsula, which covers an area of 689 km and a coastline of 215 km. The organizational structure of Bodrum Municipality

1216-783: Is very common in pre-Greek and characteristic when it shows up as an s -mobile. Certain characteristic consonant clusters associated with pre-Greek phonology as reflected in words inherited into Greek, as listed by Beekes according to their frequency in the PIE language: Not possible in PIE Rare in PIE Possible in PIE Various categories of words have been suggested to be pre-Greek (or "Aegean") loanwords: Possible Anatolian or "Parnassian" loanwords include: There are other substrate proposals. Some fringe theories ranging from

1280-579: The Bodrum International Biennial since 2014. Bodrum Baroque Music Festival is another, annual, music event held in the city. There are no civilian airports located in the district's borders and Milas–Bodrum Airport and Kos Island International Airport are the main airports that serve the city. Milas–Bodrum Airport is located 36 kilometres (22 mi) northeast of Bodrum, with both domestic and international flights. Kos Island International Airport, 70 kilometres (43 mi) to

1344-540: The Early Helladic period. About 1,000 words of Greek vocabulary cannot be adequately explained as derivatives from Proto-Greek or Proto-Indo-European , leading to the substratum hypothesis. Based upon toponymic and lexical evidence, it is generally assumed that one or several languages were once spoken in both the Greek peninsula and western Asia Minor before Mycenaean Greek and the attested Anatolian languages ( Hittite and Luwian ) became predominant in

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1408-469: The ancient Greek architects Satyros , Pythis , and the sculptors Bryaxis , Scopas , Leochares , and Timotheus to build a monument and a tomb for him. The word " mausoleum " derives from the structure of this tomb. It was a temple-like structure decorated with reliefs and statuary on a massive base. Today only the foundations and a few pieces of sculpture remain. Alexander the Great laid siege to

1472-538: The conquest of Rhodes by Suleiman the Magnificent in 1522, the town fell under Ottoman control as the Knights Hospitaller relocated to Europe. By the 20th century, the town's economy was mainly based on fishing and sponge diving , but tourism has become the main industry in Bodrum since the late 20th century. The abundance of visitors has also contributed to Bodrum's retail and service industry. Milas–Bodrum Airport and Kos International Airport are

1536-574: The 15th century, and the walls of the fortification contain pieces of the ruins of the Mausoleum, which was used as a source of construction materials. The Castle of Bodrum retains its original design and character of the Knights' period and reflects Gothic architecture . It also contains the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology , a museum established by the Turkish government in 1962 to host

1600-518: The 1950s around the writer Cevat Şakir Kabaağaçlı , who first came here in exile two decades previously and was charmed by the town to the point of adopting the pen name Halikarnas Balıkçısı ('The Fisherman of Halicarnassus'). Bodrum has a hot summer Mediterranean climate ( Csa in the Köppen climate classification and Cshl in the Trewartha climate classification ). The average temperature

1664-464: The Aegean region can be traced back at least 3,000 years, modern sponge diving became prevalent in Bodrum after Koan and Cretan immigrants settled in the city in the early 1920s, after the population exchange between Greece and Turkey . During its golden age between 1945 and 1965, about 150 boats engaged in sponge diving activities in Bodrum. However, sponge diseases, artificial sponge production, and

1728-616: The Bodrum Peninsula to 11. After Muğla Province received metropolitan municipality status, these town municipalities were abolished, and all towns across the province were integrated into the city of Bodrum. Since March 30, 2014, the peninsula has been governed as a sole municipality. There are 56 neighbourhoods in Bodrum District: During the 20th century, the city's economy was mainly based on fishing and sponge diving. Even though naked sponge diving in

1792-710: The Castle of Saint Peter and Bodrum to the Ottoman Empire . Bodrum was a quiet town of fishermen and sponge divers until the early 20th century. From 1867 until 1922, it was part of the Aidin Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire . In the 1923 population exchange , the Greeks of Bodrum settled in Nea Alikarnassos , Crete in exchange for Muslims of Crete . In her book Bodrum , Fatma Mansur points out that

1856-702: The Minoans and Mycenaeans during the Bronze Age, and may therefore be part of a linguistic adstrate in Greek rather than a substrate. A Tyrsenian /Etruscan substratum was proposed on the basis of the Lemnos funerary stele : four pottery sherds inscribed in Etruscan that were found in 1885 at Ephestia in Lemnos . However, the Lemnos funerary stele was written in a form of ancient Etruscan , which suggested that

1920-585: The SW, located in Andimachia , Greece , accessible by boats from Bodrum across a 20 kilometres (12 mi) stretch of the Aegean Sea . Aside from year-round flights to Greek destinations, Kos airport's traffic is seasonal. Built in 1987, Bodrum-Imsik Airport once served the city before its closure to commercial flights in the late 1990s. Due to financial and legal problems caused by a landownership dispute,

1984-507: The Triopian Apollo . In the early 5th century, Halicarnassus was under the sway of Artemisia I of Caria (also known as Artemesia of Halicarnassus ), who made herself famous as a naval commander at the battle of Salamis . Little is known of Pisindalis, her son and successor; but Lygdamis , the tyrant of Halicarnassus, who next attained power, is notorious for having the poet Panyasis put to death and forcing Herodotus , possibly

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2048-464: The airport was sold to Presidency of Defense Industries in 1997. It is currently being operated as an air base . The main bus station of Bodrum district used to be located in the city center, but this has changed in 2021 when it was moved to a newly-built facility in Torba , around 6 km away from the town to ease traffic jams in the city center during the high season. The old bus station still has

2112-618: The author had emigrated from Etruria in Italy , rather than the Greek sphere, and the Homeric tradition makes no mention of a Tyrrhenian presence on Lemnos. If Etruscan was spoken in Greece, it must have been effectively a language isolate , with no significant relationship to or interaction with speakers of pre-Greek or ancient Greek, since, in the words of Carlo De Simone , there are no Etruscan words that can be "etymologically traced back to

2176-513: The city after his arrival in the Carian lands and, together with his ally, Queen Ada of Caria , captured it after fighting in 334 BC. After Alexander's death, the rule of the city passed to Antigonus I (311 BC), Lysimachus (after 301 BC), and the Ptolemies (281–197 BC) and was briefly an independent kingdom until 129 BC, when it came under Roman rule. A series of earthquakes destroyed much of

2240-648: The city hosts a few shopping malls, such as Midtown and Oasis. There are also marinas for yachts and small ships, such as Milta Bodrum Marina, D-Marin Turgutreis, and the award-winning Yalıkavak Marina. The Carian Trail , which passes by Bodrum and the surrounding Kızılağaç and Pedasa ruins, attracts hikers from both inside and outside Turkey. Traditional Bodrum houses are characterized by their prismatic shapes, simple designs and locally sourced building materials like stone, wood, clay and cane. They also tend to have white dominated exterior walls with some blue parts (doors, windows). The tradition of white-washed walls

2304-470: The city passed to successive Hellenistic rulers and was briefly an independent kingdom until 129 BC, when it came under Roman rule . A series of natural disasters and repeated pirate attacks wreaked havoc on the area, and the city lost its importance by the time of the Byzantine era . The Knights Hospitaller arrived in 1402 and used the remains of the Mausoleum as a quarry to build Bodrum Castle . After

2368-402: The city's ancient name was probably borrowed from Carian , a Luwic language native to pre-Greek Western Anatolia . The Carian name for Halicarnassus has been tentatively identified with 𐊠𐊣𐊫𐊰 𐊴𐊠𐊥𐊵𐊫𐊰 ( alos k̂arnos) in inscriptions. Halicarnassus ( Ancient Greek : Ἁλικαρνᾱσσός , romanized :  Halikarnassós , or Ἀλικαρνασσός Alikarnassós ; Turkish : Halikarnas ),

2432-517: The city, as well as the great Mausoleum, while repeated pirate attacks from the Mediterranean wreaked further havoc on the area. By the time of the early Christian Byzantine era, when Halicarnassus was an important bishopric, there was little left of the shining city of Mausoluos. Crusader Knights arrived in 1402 and used the remains of the Mausoleum as a quarry to build the still impressively standing Bodrum Castle ( Castle of Saint Peter ),

2496-489: The district's history. 95% of forest fires in Turkey are believed to be caused by human activities and there are concerns that forests are deliberately being set on fire to enlarge the city. The ruling party AKP has been criticized in the media for giving building permits to construct new hotels on burnt and deforested areas. Wild boars and foxes are prevalent in the area, as are other animals such as pygmy cormorants , Dalmatian pelicans and lesser kestrels . The region

2560-407: The diversification into a southern and a northern group beginning by approximately 1700 BC. This has been criticized by John E. Coleman, who argues that this estimate is based on stratigraphic discontinuities at Lerna that other archaeological excavations in Greece suggested were the product of chronological gaps or separate deposit-sequencing instead of cultural changes. Coleman estimates that

2624-638: The entry of Proto-Greek speakers into the Greek peninsula occurred during the late 4th millennium BC (c. 3200 BC) with pre-Greek spoken by the inhabitants of the Late Neolithic II period. Although no written texts exist or have been identified as pre-Greek, the phonology and lexicon have been partially reconstructed from the many words borrowed into Greek; such words often show a type of variation not found in inherited Indo-European Greek terms, and certain recurrent patterns that can be used to identify pre-Greek elements. The pre-Greek language had

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2688-430: The existence of word-initial approximants /w/ and /j/ can be safely inferred from common motifs in inherited words (e.g. the ἰα‑ from *ja- in ἴαμβος, Ἰάσων) or even retained in early and dialectal forms (e.g. *wa- in the cases of ἄναξ-ϝάναξ, Ὀαξός-ϝαξός, ὑάκινθος-ϝάκινθος), word-initial aspiration probably did not exist, with /h/ considered by Beekes a non-native phoneme in pre-Greek. The initial consonant σ- /s/ or /z/

2752-566: The interdistrict buses, but intercity bus services to other locations in Turkey were redirected to the new station. The new station is powered by solar power , and contains 6 electric car charging units , which was described to be a first for a bus terminal in Turkey by the Muğla Mayor Osman Gürün . Most of the public transportation in the city is based on local shared taxis called " dolmuş ". Each of these privately owned minibuses displays their particular route on signboards behind

2816-481: The main airports that serve the town. The port has ferries to other nearby Turkish and Greek ports and islands, Kos being the most important. Most of the public transportation in the town is based on local share taxis and buses. The modern name Bodrum derives from the town's medieval name Petronium , which has its roots in the Hospitaller Castle of St. Peter . In classical antiquity , Bodrum

2880-435: The marina became a safe haven for fleeing Russian oligarchs, like Roman Abramovich . Maquis shrubland biome , which is the typical vegetation of the Mediterranean climate, is widespread in Bodrum, especially near the coast. Forests cover 61.3% of the district. Conifers such as pines, larches, stone pines, cedars and junipers are the dominant trees in the region. Forested areas are prone to wildfires , which are common in

2944-440: The mild (e.g., Egyptian ) to the extreme (e.g., Proto-Turkic ) have been proposed but have not been adopted by the broader academic community. The English archaeologist Arthur Evans proposed a Minoan ( Eteocretan ) substratum, based on an assumption of widespread Minoan colonisation of the Aegean, policed by a Minoan thalassocracy . Raymond A. Brown, after listing a number of words of pre-Greek origin from Crete , suggests

3008-462: The most well-known Halicarnassian, to leave his native city ( c.  457 BC ). The city later fell under Persian rule. Under the Persians, it was the capital city of the satrapy of Caria , the region that long afterward constituted its hinterland and of which it was the principal port. Its strategic location ensured that the city enjoyed considerable autonomy. Archaeological evidence from

3072-460: The name of the mount Parnassos in Greece has been interpreted as the Luwian parna- ('house') attached to the possessive suffix -ssa- . Both Hittite and Luwian texts also attest a place-name Parnassa , which could be related. Philologist Martin L. West has proposed to name this unattested Anatolian language "Parnassian", and has argued for "a parallel movement down from Thrace by a branch of

3136-407: The new municipality law of 1999, many villages in Bodrum were turned into towns: Ortakent-Yahşi with the integration of Ortakent and Yahşi villages, Göltürkbükü with the integration of Gölköy, and Türkbükü and Yalı with the integration of Yalı and Kızılağaç villages. The same year, the municipalities of Gümüşlük , Konacık , and Bitez were also founded, raising the number of municipalities in

3200-440: The period, such as the recently discovered Salmakis ( Kaplankalesi ) Inscription, now in Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology , attests to the particular pride its inhabitants had developed. Mausolus ruled Caria from here, nominally on behalf of the Persians but practically independently, for much of his reign from 377 to 353 BC. When he died in 353 BC, Artemisia II of Caria , who was both his sister and his widow, employed

3264-479: The presence of a large community of bilingual Cretan Turks , coupled with the conditions of free trade and access to the southern Dodecanese islands until 1935, made the town less provincial. The fact that traditional agriculture was not a very rewarding activity in the rather dry peninsula also prevented the formation of a class of large landowners. Bodrum has no notable history of political or religious extremism. A first nucleus of intellectuals started to form after

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3328-522: The region. Various explanations for this phenomenon have been given by scholars. One substrate language, whose influence is observable on Ancient Greek and Anatolian languages, is taken by a number of scholars to be an Indo-European language related to the Anatolian Luwian language, and to be responsible for the widespread place-names ending in -ssa and -nda in western Asia Minor, and -ssos and -nthos in mainland Greece. For instance,

3392-592: The ruins into an open-air museum . Besides the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology, other museums are also located on the peninsula. Zeki Müren Art Museum is dedicated to Turkish classical musician Zeki Müren . After his death, the house in Bodrum where he lived during the later years of his life was transformed into the Zeki Müren Art Museum by order of the Ministry of Culture and

3456-901: The same people as entered Anatolia, the people who were to appear 1,500 years later as the Luwians ". From the distribution of the names, it appears that this language was spoken during the Early Helladic II period, which began around 2800 BC. However, since many clusters of sounds are possible in both pre-Greek and Indo-European, it is difficult in most cases to distinguish between possible "Parnassian" loanwords and shared pre-Indo-European substrate words. For instance, terms like τολύπη ( tolúpē ; 'clew, ball of wool ready for spinning') show typical pre-Greek features while being related to Anatolian words (in this case Luwian and Hittite taluppa/i- 'lump, clod') with no other attested Indo-European cognate, suggesting that they were borrowed from

3520-410: The same probably non-Indo-European source. Some scholars have thus proposed that at least part of the pre-Greek substrate was brought to Greece by pre-Indo-European settlers from Asia Minor, and that we should distinguish between different layers of loanwords coming successively or concurrently from different families of languages. While the correlations between Anatolian and Greek placenames may be

3584-427: The source of another, possibly earlier, layer of pre-Indo-European loanwords in the region. Of the few words of secure Anatolian origin, most are cultural items or commodities which are likely the result of commercial exchange, not of a substratum. Some of the relevant vocabulary can also be explained as linguistic exchange between Greek and Anatolian languages across the Aegean Sea without necessarily originating from

3648-573: The title Antheadae . The Carian name for Halicarnassus has been tentatively identified with Alosδkarnosδ in inscriptions. In an early period, Halicarnassus was a member of the Doric Hexapolis , which included Kos , Cnidus , Lindos , Kameiros , and Ialysus ; but it was expelled from the league when one of its citizens, Agasicles, took home the prize tripod that he had won in the Triopian games instead of dedicating it according to custom to

3712-533: The underwater discoveries of ancient shipwrecks in the Aegean Sea . In 2016, the castle was included in the Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey . The castle has been under renovation since 2017, and only some parts of it are accessible to visitors. Built in the fourth century BC, the ruins of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus are also among the main sights in Bodrum. The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

3776-472: The windscreens. The word derives from the Turkish for "full" or "stuffed", as these shared taxis depart from the terminal only when a sufficient number of passengers have boarded. Apart from these minibuses Muğla Municipality also has a scheduled bus service program between towns on the Bodrum peninsula. Public transportation between major towns such as Gümbet , Bitez , Turgutreis and the main bus station

3840-604: Was a tomb designed by Greek architects and built for Mausolus , a satrap of the Persian Empire , and his sister-wife Artemisia II of Caria . The structure was considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World ,. By the 12th century CE, the structure had largely been destroyed. Today, the ruins of the tomb continue to attract both domestic and international tourists. It is planned to turn

3904-483: Was an ancient Greek city at the site of modern Bodrum in Turkey . Halicarnassus was founded by Dorian Greeks, and the figures on its coins, such as the head of Medusa , Athena , Poseidon , and the trident , support the statement that the mother cities were Troezen and Argos . The inhabitants appear to have accepted Anthes , a son of Poseidon, as their legendary founder, as mentioned by Strabo , and were proud of

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3968-459: Was formerly named Karatoprak before being renamed in Turgut Reis's honour in 1972. The coastline consists of several inlets, with steep mountains running parallel to the coast. There are 14 Turkish islets around Turgutreis including Küçük Kiremit, Büyük, Fener, Çatal, Yassı, Tüllüce, Kargı, Köçek, Kadıkalesi, and Sarıat, as well as the bigger Greek islands of Kos and Kalimnos . The town has

4032-460: Was known as Halicarnassus ( Ancient Greek : Ἁλικαρνασσός , Turkish : Halikarnas ), a major city in ancient Caria . The suffix - ασσός ( -assos ) of Greek Ἁλικαρνᾱσσός is indicative of a substrate toponym, meaning that an original non-Greek name influenced or established the place's name. It has been proposed that the -καρνασσός ( -karnassos ) part is cognate with Luwian word " ha+ra/i-na-sà ", which means fortress. If so,

4096-418: Was opened to the public on June 8, 2000. Bodrum Maritime Museum is another museum dedicated to the classification, exhibition, restoration, conservation, storage, and safekeeping of historical documents, works, and objects that are important to the city's maritime history. Bodrum City Museum is a minor museum in the city center that presents the general history of the Bodrum peninsula. The district of Bodrum

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