The Turodi were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia , living in the north of modern Portugal , in the province of Trás-os-Montes and border areas in Galicia (Spain) .
115-453: This article about Portuguese history is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about an ethnic group in Europe is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to Galicia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . History of Portugal The history of Portugal can be traced from circa 400,000 years ago, when
230-756: A nobility , which played a large social and political role during the Middle Ages . It was under the Visigoths that the Church began to play an important part within the state. Since the Visigoths did not learn Latin from the local people, they had to rely on Catholic bishops to continue the Roman system of governance. The laws established during the Visigothic monarchy were thus made by councils of bishops, and
345-564: A 60-year dynastic union with Spain between 1580 and the beginning of the Portuguese Restoration War led by John IV in 1640. Spain's disastrous defeat in its attempt to conquer England in 1588 by means of the Invincible Armada was also a factor, as Portugal had to contribute ships for the invasion. Further setbacks included the destruction of much of its capital city in an earthquake in 1755 , occupation during
460-462: A Pre-Indo-European root *kal / *cala (see calanque and maybe Galici-a < Callaeci or Calaeci ). Another theory claims it derives from the word Caladunum , in fact an unattested compound *Caladunum , that may explain the toponym Calezun in Gascony . A further explanation proposes Gatelo as having been the origin of present-day Braga , Santiago de Compostela , and consequently
575-527: A civil war that raged between León and Castile and distracted his enemies. Henry's son Afonso Henriques took control of the county upon his death. The city of Braga, the unofficial Catholic centre of the Iberian Peninsula, faced new competition from other regions. Lords of the cities of Coimbra and Porto fought with Braga 's clergy and demanded the independence of the reconstituted county. Portugal traces its national origin to 24 June 1128,
690-679: A coordinated trade policy. As a result, its member states have jointly concluded free trade agreements with the EU and a number of other countries. To participate in the EU's single market, Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway are parties to the Agreement on a European Economic Area (EEA), with compliances regulated by the EFTA Surveillance Authority and the EFTA Court . Switzerland has a set of multilateral agreements with
805-802: A mountain region in modern northwestern Spain adjacent to the Bay of Biscay . He planned to use the Cantabrian Mountain range as a place of refuge and protection from the invaders and as a springboard to reconquer lands from the Moors. After defeating the Moors in the Battle of Covadonga in 722 AD, Pelagius was proclaimed king to found the Christian Kingdom of Asturias and start the war of reconquest known in Portuguese (and Spanish ) as
920-404: A seven-year campaign. The Visigothic resistance to this invasion was ineffective, though sieges were required to sack a couple of cities. This is in part because the ruling Visigoth population is estimated at a mere 1 to 2% of the total population. On one hand this isolation is said to have been 'a reasonably strong and effective instrument of government'; on the other, it was highly 'centralised to
1035-501: A shepherd from Serra da Estrela who was expert in guerrilla tactics , waged relentless war against the Romans, defeating several successive Roman generals, until he was assassinated in 140 BC by traitors bought by the Romans. Viriatus has long been hailed as the first truly heroic figure in proto-Portuguese history. Nonetheless, he was responsible for raids into the more settled Romanized parts of Southern Portugal and Lusitania that involved
1150-832: Is a founding member of NATO , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries . It entered the European Economic Community (now the European Union ) in 1986. The word Portugal derives from the combined Roman - Celtic place name Portus Cale ; a settlement where present-day's conurbation of Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia (or simply, Gaia) stand, along
1265-604: Is a regional trade organization and free trade area consisting of four European states : Iceland , Liechtenstein , Norway and Switzerland . The organization operates in parallel with the European Union (EU), and all four member states participate in the European single market and are part of the Schengen Area . They are not, however, party to the European Union Customs Union . EFTA
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#17327987796901380-797: Is affiliated to the EFTA Secretariat in Brussels. EFTA also originated the Hallmarking Convention and the Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention , both of which are open to non-EFTA states. EFTA has 29 free trade agreements with non-EU countries as well as declarations on cooperation and joint workgroups to improve trade. Currently, the EFTA States have established preferential trade relations with 40 states and territories, in addition to
1495-803: Is not an EEA member, it does not participate in these institutions. The EFTA Surveillance Authority performs a role for EFTA members that is equivalent to that of the European Commission for the EU, as "guardian of the treaties" and the EFTA Court performs the European Court of Justice -equivalent role. The original plan for the EEA lacked the EFTA Court: the European Court of Justice was to exercise those roles. However, during
1610-703: Is now Portugal. Vulgar Latin (the basis of the Portuguese language) became the dominant language of the region, and Christianity spread throughout Lusitania from the third century. In 409, with the decline of the Roman Empire , the Iberian Peninsula was occupied by Germanic tribes that the Romans referred to as barbarians . In 411, with a federation contract with Emperor Honorius , many of these people settled in Hispania . An important group
1725-454: Is that Theodemund (Teodemundo) most likely ruled the Suebians. The dark period ended with the reign of Karriarico (550–559) who reinstalled Catholic Christianity in 550. He was succeeded by Theodemar (559–570) during whose reign the 1st Council of Braga (561) was held. After the death of Theodemar, Miro (570–583) was his successor. During his reign, the 2nd Council of Braga (572)
1840-845: The Aftenposten newspaper: "It's not certain that it would be a good idea to let a big country into this organization. It would shift the balance, which is not necessarily in Norway's interests." In late 2016, the Scottish First Minister said that her priority was to keep the whole of the UK in the European single market but that taking Scotland alone into the EEA was an option being "looked at". However, other EFTA states have stated that only sovereign states are eligible for membership, so it could only join if it became independent from
1955-680: The Reconquista . Currently, historians and archaeologists generally agree that northern Portugal between the Minho and the Douro rivers kept a significant share of its population, a social and political Christian area that until the late 9th century had no acting state powers. However, in the late 9th century, the region became part of a complex of powers, the Galician - Asturian , Leonese and Portuguese power structures. The coastal regions in
2070-487: The Algarve region by Phoenicians – Carthaginians . Numerous pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula inhabited the territory when a Roman invasion occurred in the 3rd century BC. The Romanization of Hispania took several centuries. The Roman provinces that covered present-day Portugal were Lusitania in the south and Gallaecia in the north. Numerous Roman sites are scattered around present-day Portugal. Some of
2185-558: The Callaeci peoples, along with the Lebor Gabála Érenn narrations and the interpretation of the archaeological remains throughout the northern half of Portugal and Galicia, it is possible to infer that there was a matriarchal society, with a military and religious aristocracy probably of the feudal type. The figures of maximum authority were the chieftain (chefe tribal), of military type and with authority in his Castro or clan, and
2300-541: The Carnation Revolution and the consequential restoration of democracy and the decolonization of the country's overseas possessions. This followed a period of economic sanctions by most of the international community, which left Portugal economically underdeveloped compared to the rest of the western Europe . When Portugal left EFTA in 1985 in order to join the EEC, the remaining EFTA members decided to continue
2415-670: The Celtici of Alentejo , and the Cynetes or Conii of the Algarve . Among the tribes or sub-divisions were the Bracari , Coelerni , Equaesi , Grovii , Interamici , Leuni , Luanqui , Limici , Narbasi , Nemetati , Paesuri , Quaquerni , Seurbi , Tamagani , Tapoli , Turduli , Turduli Veteres , Turduli Oppidani , Turodi , and Zoelae . A few small, semi-permanent, commercial coastal settlements (such as Tavira ) were also founded in
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#17327987796902530-606: The Cornish name for the country, Portyngal . The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in southwestern Europe. The name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale . The region was settled by Pre- Celts and Celts, giving origin to peoples like the Gallaeci , Lusitanians , Celtici and Cynetes (also known as Conii ). Some coastal areas were visited by Phoenicians - Carthaginians and Ancient Greeks . It
2645-487: The European Union (EU). EFTA nationals and EU citizens are not only visa-exempt but are legally entitled to enter and reside in each other's countries. The Citizens' Rights Directive (also sometimes called the "Free Movement Directive") defines the right of free movement for citizens of the European Economic Area (EEA), which includes the three EFTA members Iceland , Norway and Liechtenstein plus
2760-681: The Faroe Islands from 1968. In mid-2005, representatives of the Faroe Islands raised the possibility of their territory re-joining the EFTA. Because Article 56 of the EFTA Convention only allows sovereign states to become members of the EFTA, the Faroes considered the possibility that the "Kingdom of Denmark in respect of the Faroes" could join the EFTA on their behalf. The Danish Government has stated that this mechanism would not allow
2875-696: The Isle of Man , Turkey , Israel , Morocco , and other European Neighbourhood Policy partners were discussed. In November 2012, after the Council of the European Union had called for an evaluation of the EU's relations with Andorra, Monaco, and San Marino , which they described as "fragmented", the European Commission published a report outlining the options for their further integration into
2990-685: The Kingdom of Galicia . Its territories, consisting largely of mountains, moorland and forests, were bounded on the north by the Minho River, and on the south by the Mondego River . At the end of the 11th century, the Burgundian knight Henry became count of Portugal and defended its independence by merging the County of Portugal and the County of Coimbra . His efforts were assisted by
3105-562: The Kingdom of León . Suebi-Visigothic arts and architecture, in particular sculpture, had shown a natural continuity with the Roman period. With the Reconquista, new artistic trends took hold, with Galician-Asturian influences more visible than the Leonese. The Portuguese group was characterized by a general return to classicism. The county courts of Viseu and Coimbra played a very important role in this process. Mozarabic architecture
3220-857: The Kingdom of the Suebi centred in Braga and the Visigothic Kingdom in the south. The 711–716 invasion by the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate conquered the Visigoth Kingdom and founded the Islamic State of Al-Andalus , gradually advancing through Iberia. In 1095, Portugal broke away from the Kingdom of Galicia . Afonso Henriques , son of the count Henry of Burgundy , proclaimed himself king of Portugal in 1139. The Algarve (the southernmost province of Portugal)
3335-713: The Napoleonic Wars , and the loss of its largest colony, Brazil , in 1822. From the middle of the 19th century to the late 1950s, nearly two million Portuguese left Portugal to live in Brazil and the United States due to harsh volcanic conditions. In 1910, a revolution deposed the monarchy. A military coup in 1926 installed a dictatorship that remained until another coup in 1974. The new government instituted sweeping democratic reforms and granted independence to all of Portugal's African colonies in 1975. Portugal
3450-517: The Tartessian language , once spoken in parts of SW Spain and SW Portugal, is at least proto-Celtic in structure. The Celtic presence in Portugal is traceable, in broad outline, through archaeological and linguistic evidence. They dominated much of northern and central Portugal; but in the south, they were unable to establish their stronghold, which retained its non-Indo-European character until
3565-479: The clergy started to emerge as a high-ranking class. Under the Visigoths, Gallaecia was a well-defined space governed by a doge of its own. Doges at this time were related to the monarchy and acted as princes in all matters. Both 'governors' Wamba and Wittiza (Vitiza) acted as doge (they would later become kings in Toledo). These two became known as the 'vitizians', who headquartered in the northwest and called on
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3680-618: The " Outer Seven ", as opposed to the Inner Six of the then European Economic Community (EEC). Finland became an associate member in 1961 and a full member in 1986, and Iceland joined in 1970. The United Kingdom and Denmark joined the EEC in 1973 and hence ceased to be EFTA members. Portugal also left EFTA for the European Community in 1986. Liechtenstein joined the EFTA in 1991 (previously its interests had been represented by Switzerland). Austria, Sweden, and Finland joined
3795-549: The 'barbaric' and 'decadent' Visigoth royalty. The Visigothic territories included what is today Spain, Portugal, Andorra, Gibraltar, and the southwestern part of France known in ancient times as Septimania . The invading Moors wanted to conquer and convert all of Europe to Islam, so they crossed the Pyrenees to use Visigothic Septimania as a base of operations. Muslims called their conquests in Iberia ' al-Andalus ' and in what
3910-675: The 2004 enlargement of the European Economic Area (EEA), which brought together the EU, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway in the Internal Market. In the period from 2004 to 2009, €1.3 billion of project funding was made available for project funding in the 15 beneficiary states in Central and Southern Europe. The EEA and Norway Grants are administered by the Financial Mechanism Office, which
4025-477: The 27 member states of the European Union . EFTA's interactive Free Trade Map gives an overview of the partners worldwide. Signed: Concluded: Negotiations: Negotiations currently on hold Declarations on cooperation The following agreements are no longer active: EFTA member states' citizens enjoy freedom of movement in each other's territories in accordance with the EFTA convention. EFTA & EEA nationals also enjoy freedom of movement in
4140-439: The 9th century, Portugale was used extensively to refer to the region between the rivers Douro and Minho , the Minho flowing along what would become the northern Portugal–Spain border . By the 11th and 12th centuries, Portugale , Portugallia , Portvgallo or Portvgalliae was already referred to as Portugal . The 14th-century Middle French name for the country, Portingal , which added an intrusive /n/ sound through
4255-422: The Arab invaders from the South to be their allies in the struggle for power in 711. King Roderic (Rodrigo) was killed while opposing this invasion, thus becoming the last Visigothic king of Iberia. From the various Germanic groups who settled in western Iberia, the Suebi left the strongest lasting cultural legacy in what is today Portugal, Galicia and western fringes of Asturias. According to Dan Stanislawski,
4370-447: The Buri). During the caliphate of the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I , commander Tariq ibn-Ziyad led a small force that landed at Gibraltar on 30 April 711, ostensibly to intervene in a Visigothic civil war. After a decisive victory over King Roderic at the Battle of Guadalete on 19 July 711, Tariq ibn-Ziyad, joined by the Arab governor Musa ibn Nusayr of Ifriqiya , brought most of the Visigothic kingdom under Muslim occupation in
4485-437: The Celtic branches all share the same origin, and placenames such as Cale, Gal, Gaia, Calais , Galatia, Galicia, Gaelic , Gael, Gaul ( Latin : Gallia ), Wales , Cornwall, Wallonia and others all stem from one linguistic root. Cala is sometimes considered not Celtic, but from Late Latin calatum > calad > cala , compare Italian cala , French cale , itself from Occitan cala "cove, small harbour" from
4600-424: The Christian Visigothic kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula , were a mix of Berbers from North Africa and Arabs from the Middle East . By 714 Évora , Santarém and Coimbra had been conquered, and two years later Lisbon was in Muslim control. By 718 most of today's Portuguese territory was under Umayyad rule. The Umayyads eventually stopped in Poitiers but Muslim rule in Iberia would last until 1492 with
4715-400: The EFTA countries (but for voting and working in sensitive fields, such as government / police / military, citizenship is often required, and non-citizens may not have the same rights to welfare and unemployment benefits as citizens). The Portugal Fund came into operation in February 1977 when Portugal was still a member of EFTA. It was to provide funding for the development of Portugal after
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4830-456: The EFTA, was signed on 4 January 1960 in the Swedish capital by seven countries (known as the " Outer Seven ": Austria , Denmark , Norway , Portugal , Sweden , Switzerland and the United Kingdom ). A revised Convention, the Vaduz Convention, was signed on 21 June 2001 and entered into force on 1 June 2002. After 1995 only two founding members remained, namely Norway and Switzerland. The other five, Austria, Denmark, Portugal, Sweden and
4945-418: The EU (popularly referred to as " Brexit "), resulting in a 51.9% vote in favour of withdrawing. A 2013 research paper presented to the Parliament of the United Kingdom proposed a number of alternatives to EU membership which would continue to allow it access to the EU's internal market , including continuing EEA membership as an EFTA member state, or the Swiss model of a number of bilateral treaties covering
5060-424: The EU . They adopt almost all EU legislation related to the single market, except laws on agriculture and fisheries. However, they also contribute to and influence the formation of new EEA relevant policies and legislation at an early stage as part of a formal decision-shaping process . One EFTA member, Switzerland, has not joined the EEA but has a series of bilateral agreements, including a free trade agreement , with
5175-399: The EU and its member states instead. On 12 January 1960, the Convention establishing the European Free Trade Association was initiated in the Golden Hall of the Stockholm City Hall . This established the progressive elimination of customs duties on industrial products, but did not affect agricultural or fisheries products. The main difference between the early EEC and the EFTA was that
5290-519: The EU in 1995 and thus ceased to be EFTA members. Twice, in 1972 and in 1994 , the Norwegian government had tried to join the EU (still the EEC, in 1973) and by doing so, leave the EFTA. However, both the times, the membership of the EU was rejected in national referendums, keeping Norway in the EFTA. Iceland applied for EU membership in 2009 due to the 2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis , but has since dropped its bid. Between 1994 and 2011, EFTA memberships for Andorra , San Marino , Monaco ,
5405-439: The EU. The following table summarises the various components of EU laws applied in the EFTA countries and their sovereign territories. Some territories of EU member states also have a special status in regard to EU laws applied as is the case with some European microstates . A Joint Committee consisting of the EEA-EFTA States plus the European Commission (representing the EU) has the function of extending relevant EU law to
5520-418: The EU. Unlike Liechtenstein, which is a member of the EEA via the EFTA and the Schengen Agreement , relations with these three states are based on a collection of agreements covering specific issues. The report examined four alternatives to the current situation: However, the Commission argued that the sectoral approach did not address the major issues and was still needlessly complicated, while EU membership
5635-495: The EU. The last two governments of Norway have not advanced the question, as they have both been coalition governments consisting of proponents and opponents of EU membership. Since Switzerland rejected the EEA membership in a referendum in 1992 , more referendums on EU membership have been initiated, the last time being in 2001 . These were all rejected. Switzerland has been in a customs union with fellow EFTA member state and neighbour Liechtenstein since 1924. On 16 July 2009,
5750-452: The Elder among others, about the social organization, and describing the inhabitants of these territories, the Gallaeci of Northern Portugal as: "A group of barbarians who spend the day fighting and the night eating, drinking and dancing under the moon." There were other similar tribes, and chief among them were the Lusitanians ; the core area of these people lay in inland central Portugal, while numerous other related tribes existed such as
5865-412: The European Union (EU), including Croatia which the agreement is provisionally applied to, pending its ratification by all contracting parties. It was established on 1 January 1994 following an agreement with the European Economic Community (which had become the European Community two months earlier). It allows the EFTA-EEA states to participate in the EU's Internal Market without being members of
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#17327987796905980-404: The Faroes to become a member of the EEA because Denmark was already a party to the EEA Agreement. The Faroes already have an extensive bilateral free trade agreement with Iceland, known as the Hoyvík Agreement . The United Kingdom was a co-founder of EFTA in 1960, but ceased to be a member upon joining the European Economic Community. The country held a referendum in 2016 on withdrawing from
6095-424: The Iberian Peninsula in Portugal and Galicia. Orosius , at that time resident in Hispania, shows a rather pacific initial settlement, the newcomers working their lands or serving as bodyguards of the locals. Another Germanic group that accompanied the Suebi and settled in Gallaecia were the Buri . They settled in the region between the rivers Cávado and Homem , in the area known as Terras de Bouro (Lands of
6210-407: The North were also attacked by Norman and Viking raiders mainly from 844. The last great invasion, through the Minho (river) , ended with the defeat of Olaf II Haraldsson in 1014 against the Galician nobility who also stopped further advances into the County of Portugal. At the end of the 9th century, a small minor county based in the area of Portus Cale was established by Vímara Peres on
6325-618: The Portuguese title and fought the Battle of Pedroso on 18 February 1071 with Garcia II of Galicia , who gained the Galician title, which included Portugal, after the 1065 partition of the Leonese realms. The battle resulted in Nuno Mendes' death and the declaration of Garcia as King of Portugal , the first person to claim this title. Garcia styled himself as "King of Portugal and Galicia" ( Garcia Rex Portugallie et Galleciae ). Garcia's brothers, Sancho II of Castile and Alfonso VI of Leon , united and annexed Garcia's kingdom in 1071 as well. They agreed to split it among themselves; however, Sancho
6440-405: The Portuguese way of living in regions North of the Tagus is mostly inherited from the Suebi, in which small farms prevail, distinct from the large properties of Southern Portugal. Bracara Augusta, the modern city of Braga and former capital of Gallaecia , became the capital of the Suebi. Apart from cultural and some linguistic traces, the Suebians left the highest Germanic genetic contribution of
6555-415: The Portuguese), the Portuguese counts started using the title of duke, indicating even larger importance and territory. The region became known simultaneously as Portucale , Portugale , and Portugalia – the County of Portugal . The Kingdom of Asturias was later divided as a result of dynastic disputes; the northern region of Portugal became part of the Kingdom of Galicia and later part of
6670-464: The Roman conquest. In southern Portugal, some small, semi-permanent commercial coastal settlements were also founded by Phoenician-Carthaginians. Modern archaeology and research shows a Portuguese root to the Celts in Portugal and elsewhere. During that period and until the Roman invasions, the Castro culture (a variation of the Urnfield culture also known as Urnenfelderkultur ) was prolific in Portugal and modern Galicia. This culture, together with
6785-422: The UK, unless the solution scouted for the Faroes in 2005 were to be adopted (see above). In early 2018, British MPs Antoinette Sandbach , Stephen Kinnock and Stephen Hammond called for the UK to rejoin EFTA. In 1992, the EU, its member states, and the EFTA member states signed the Agreement on the European Economic Area in Porto , Portugal. However, the proposal that Switzerland ratify its participation
6900-482: The United Kingdom, had joined the EU at some point in the intervening years. The initial Stockholm Convention was superseded by the Vaduz Convention, which aimed to provide a successful framework for continuing the expansion and liberalization of trade , both among the organization's member states and with the rest of the world. While the EFTA is not a customs union and member states have full rights to enter into bilateral third-country trade arrangements, it does have
7015-427: The Visigoth influence. From 470, conflict between the Suebi and Visigoths increased. By 500, the Visigothic Kingdom had been installed in Iberia, it was based in Toledo and advancing westwards. They became a threat to the Suebian rule. After the death of Remismund in 469 a dark period set in, where virtually all written texts and accounts disappear. This period lasted until 550. The only thing known about this period
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#17327987796907130-399: The Visigoths moved south to expel the Alans and Vandals and founded a kingdom with its capital in Toledo . In 448 Rechila died, leaving the state in expansion to Rechiar . Subsequently, this new king started to print coins under his own name, becoming the first of the Germanic kings to do so, and then was baptised to Nicene Christianity , probably by the Bishop Balconius , also becoming
7245-443: The arrival of the Roman army in the Iberian Peninsula in 218 BC during the Second Punic War against Carthage . The Romans sought to conquer Lusitania , a territory that included all of modern Portugal south of the Douro river and Spanish Extremadura , with its capital at Emerita Augusta (now Mérida ). Mining was the primary factor that made the Romans interested in conquering the region: one of Rome's strategic objectives
7360-424: The banks of river Douro in the north of what is now Portugal. Porto stems from the Latin word for port or harbour, portus , with the second element Cale ' s meaning and precise origin being less clear. The mainstream explanation points to an ethnonym derived from the Callaeci also known as the Gallaeci peoples, who occupied the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula. The names Cale and Callaici are
7475-421: The coastal belt of the Algarve , Póvoa de Varzim , Matosinhos , Troia and the coast of Lisbon, for the manufacture of garum that was exported by Roman trade routes to the entire empire. Business transactions were facilitated by coinage and the construction of an extensive road network, bridges and aqueducts, such as Trajan's bridge in Aquae Flaviae (now Chaves ). Roman rule brought geographical mobility to
7590-423: The date of the Battle of São Mamede . Afonso proclaimed himself Prince of Portugal after this battle and in 1139, he assumed the title King of Portugal . In 1143, the Kingdom of León recognised him as King of Portugal by the Treaty of Zamora . In 1179, the papal bull Manifestis Probatum of Pope Alexander III officially recognised Afonso I as king. After the Battle of São Mamede , the first capital of Portugal
7705-460: The druid, mainly referring to medical and religious functions that could be common to several castros. The Celtic cosmogony remained homogeneous due to the ability of the druids to meet in councils with the druids of other areas, which ensured the transmission of knowledge and the most significant events. The first documentary references to Castro society are provided by chroniclers of Roman military campaigns such as Strabo , Herodotus and Pliny
7820-415: The empire and, at the end of the century, the emperor Diocletian founded the province of Gallaecia , which included modern-day northern Portugal , with its capital at Bracara Augusta (now Braga ). As well as mining, the Romans also developed agriculture, on some of the best agricultural land in the empire. In what is now Alentejo , vines and cereals were cultivated, and fishing was intensively pursued in
7935-440: The end of 2013 detailing the implications of the two viable alternatives and recommendations on how to proceed. As EEA membership is currently only open to EFTA or EU member states, the consent of existing EFTA member states is required for the microstates to join the EEA without becoming members of the EU. In 2011, Jonas Gahr Støre , then Foreign Minister of Norway which is an EFTA member state, said that EFTA/EEA membership for
8050-444: The extent that the defeat of the royal army left the entire land open to the invaders. The resulting power vacuum , which may have indeed caught Tariq completely by surprise, would have aided the Muslim conquest immensely. Indeed, it may have been equally welcome to the Hispano-Roman peasants who – as D.W. Lomax claims – were disillusioned by the prominent legal, linguistic and social divide between them and
8165-480: The fall of the Kingdom of Granada . For the next several centuries, much of the Iberian Peninsula remained under Umayyad rule. Much of the populace was allowed to remain Christian, and many of the lesser feudal rulers worked out deals where they would submit to Umayyad rule in order to remain in power. They would pay a jizya tax, kill or turn over rebels, and in return receive support from the central government. But some regions, including Lisbon, Gharb Al-Andalus , and
8280-511: The first of the Germanic kings to do so, even before Clovis , king of the Franks . This bellicose king, almost conquered the whole of Hispania , taking many prisoners and several important cities, but failed to consolidate his conquest over the territory and didn't even come near Tarragona . After the assassination of the patrician Flavius Aëtius , Rechiar attempted, yet again, to conquer
8395-511: The government of Iceland formally applied for EU membership, but the negotiation process was suspended in mid-2013, and in 2015 the foreign ministers wrote to withdraw its application. Denmark was a founding member of EFTA in 1960, but its membership ended in 1973, when it joined the European Communities . The autonomous territories of the Kingdom of Denmark were covered by Denmark's EFTA membership: Greenland from 1961 and
8510-460: The inhabitants of Portugal and increased their interaction with the rest of the world as well as internally. Soldiers often served in different regions and eventually settled far from their birthplace, while the development of mining attracted migration into the mining areas. The Romans founded numerous cities, such as Olisipo (Lisbon), Bracara Augusta (Braga), Aeminium (Coimbra) and Pax Julia (Beja), and left important cultural legacies in what
8625-468: The latter did not operate common external customs tariffs unlike the former: each EFTA member was free to establish its individual customs duties against, or its individual free trade agreements with, non-EFTA countries. The founding members of the EFTA were: Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. During the 1960s, these countries were often referred to as
8740-460: The member states of the EU . Switzerland , which is a member of EFTA but not of the EEA, is not bound by the Directive but rather has a separate multilateral agreement on free movement with the EU and its member states. As a result, a citizen of an EFTA country can live and work in all the other EFTA countries and in all the EU countries, and a citizen of an EU country can live and work in all
8855-471: The microstates provided their joining did not impede the functioning of the organization. However, he suggested that the option of direct membership in the EEA for the microstates, outside of both the EFTA and the EU, should be considered. On 18 November 2013, the EU Commission concluded that "the participation of the small-sized countries in the EEA is not judged to be a viable option at present due to
8970-437: The microstates was not the appropriate mechanism for their integration into the internal market due to their different requirements from those of larger countries such as Norway, and suggested that a simplified association would be better suited for them. Espen Barth Eide , Støre's successor, responded to the commission's report in late 2012 by questioning whether the microstates have sufficient administrative capabilities to meet
9085-530: The negotiations for the EEA agreement, the European Court of Justice ruled by the Opinion 1/91 that it would be a violation of the treaties to give to the EU institutions these powers with respect to non-EU member states. Therefore, the current arrangement was developed instead. The EEA and Norway Grants are the financial contributions of Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway to reduce social and economic disparities in Europe. They were established in conjunction with
9200-441: The non-EU members. An EEA Council meets twice yearly to govern the overall relationship between the EEA members. Rather than setting up pan-EEA institutions, the activities of the EEA are regulated by the EFTA Surveillance Authority and the EFTA Court . The EFTA Surveillance Authority and the EFTA Court regulate the activities of the EFTA members in respect of their obligations in the European Economic Area (EEA). Since Switzerland
9315-511: The northern Iberian peninsula and a tooth has been found at Nova da Columbeira cave in Estremadura . Homo sapiens sapiens arrived in Portugal around 35,000 years ago, spreading and roaming the border-less region of the northern Iberian peninsula. These were subsistence societies and although they did not establish prosperous settlements, they did form organized societies. Neolithic Portugal experimented with domestication of herding animals,
9430-550: The obligations of EEA membership. However, he stated that Norway would be open to the possibility of EFTA membership for the microstates if they decided to submit an application, and that the country had not made a final decision on the matter. Pascal Schafhauser, the Counsellor of the Liechtenstein Mission to the EU, said that Liechtenstein, another EFTA member state, was willing to discuss EEA membership for
9545-459: The once rich and fertile kingdom of the Suebi into the sixth province of the Visigothic kingdom . Leovigild was crowned King of Gallaecia, Hispania and Gallia Narbonensis . For the next 300 years and by the year 700, the entire Iberian Peninsula was ruled by the Visigoths . With the Visigoths settled in the newly formed kingdom, a new class emerged that had been unknown in Roman times:
9660-464: The orders of King Alfonso III of León, Galicia and Asturias. After annexing the County of Portugal into one of the several counties that made up its realms, King Alfonso III named Vímara Peres as its first count. Since the rule of Count Diogo Fernandes , the county increased in size and importance and, from the 10th century onward, with Count Gonçalo Mendes as Magnus Dux Portucalensium (Grand Duke of
9775-561: The origin of today's Gaia and Galicia . Another theory proposes that Cale or Calle is a derivation of the Celtic word for 'port', like the Irish caladh or Scottish Gaelic cala . These explanations, would require the pre-Roman language of the area to have been a branch of Q-Celtic, which is not generally accepted because the region's pre-Roman language was Gallaecian . However, scholars like Jean Markale and Tranoy propose
9890-432: The political and institutional reasons", and that Association Agreements were a more feasible mechanism to integrate the microstates into the internal market. The Norwegian electorate had rejected treaties of accession to the EU in two referendums. At the time of the first referendum in 1972, their neighbour, Denmark joined. Since the second referendum in 1994, two other Nordic neighbours , Sweden and Finland, have joined
10005-705: The process of excrescence , spread to Middle English . Middle English variant spellings included Portingall , Portingale , Portyngale and Portingaill . The spelling Portyngale is found in Chaucer's Epilogue to the Nun's Priest's Tale . These variants survive in the Torrent of Portyngale , a Middle English romance composed around 1400, and " Old Robin of Portingale ", an English Child ballad. Portingal and variants were also used in Scots and survive in
10120-515: The process they conquered Cale, renaming it Portus Cale ('Port of Cale') and incorporating it in the province of Gaellicia with its capital in Bracara Augusta (modern day Braga , Portugal). During the Middle Ages , the region around Portus Cale became known by the Suebi and Visigoths as Portucale . The name Portucale changed into Portugale during the 7th and 8th centuries. By
10235-627: The provisions of the single market. In the first meeting since the Brexit vote, EFTA reacted by saying both that they were open to a UK return, and that Britain has many issues to work through. The president of Switzerland Johann Schneider-Ammann stated that its return would strengthen the association. However, in August 2016 the Norwegian Government expressed reservations. Norway's European affairs minister, Elisabeth Vik Aspaker , told
10350-634: The raising of some cereal crops and fluvial or marine fishing. Pre-Celtic tribes inhabited Portugal leaving a cultural footprint. The Cynetes developed a written language, leaving many stelae , which are mainly found in the south of Portugal. Early in the first millennium BC, waves of Celts invaded Portugal from Central Europe and inter-married with the local populations, forming different tribes . Another theory suggests that Celts inhabited western Iberia / Portugal well before any large Celtic migrations from Central Europe . A number of linguists expert in ancient Celtic have presented compelling evidence that
10465-401: The region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Homo heidelbergensis . The Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula , which lasted almost two centuries, led to the establishment of the provinces of Lusitania in the south and Gallaecia in the north of what is now Portugal. Following the fall of Rome, Germanic tribes controlled the territory between the 5th and 8th centuries, including
10580-506: The rest of the country's history. The border with Spain has remained almost unchanged since the 13th century. The Treaty of Windsor (1386) created an alliance between Portugal and England that remains in effect to this day. Since early times, fishing and overseas commerce have been the main economic activities. European Free Trade Association in Europe (green & dark grey) The European Free Trade Association ( EFTA )
10695-558: The rest of what would become Portugal, rebelled, succeeded in freeing themselves by the early 10th century In 718 AD, a Visigothic noble named Pelagius was elected leader by the ousted Visigoth nobles. Pelagius called for the remnant of the Christian Visigothic armies to rebel against the Moors and re-group in the unconquered northern Asturian highlands, better known today as the Cantabrian Mountains ,
10810-561: The return from this failed campaign Miro died, thereby ending the prominence of the Suebi in Hispanic politics, and in two years the kingdom would be conquered by the Visigoths. In the Suebian Kingdom many internal struggles continued to take place. Eborico (Eurico, 583–584) was dethroned by Andeca (Audeca 584–585), who failed to prevent the Visigothic invasion led by Liuvigild . The Visigothic invasion, completed in 585, turned
10925-475: The status of a world power during Europe's " Age of Discovery " as it built up a vast empire . Signs of military decline began with the Battle of Alcácer Quibir in Morocco in 1578; this defeat led to the death of King Sebastian and the imprisonment of much of the high nobility, which had to be ransomed at great cost. This eventually led to a small interruption in Portugal's 800-year-old independence by way of
11040-590: The surviving elements of the Atlantic megalithic culture and the contributions that come from the more Western Mediterranean cultures, ended up in what has been called the Cultura Castreja or Castro Culture . This designation refers to the characteristic Celtic populations called 'dùn', 'dùin' or 'don' in Gaelic and that the Romans called castrae in their chronicles. Based on the Roman chronicles about
11155-442: The urban remains are quite large, such as Conímbriga and Miróbriga . Several works of engineering, such as baths, temples, bridges, roads, circuses, theatres, and layman's homes are preserved throughout the country. Coins, sarcophagi, and ceramics are also numerous. Following the fall of Rome, the Kingdom of the Suebi and the Visigothic Kingdom controlled the territory between the 5th and 8th centuries. Romanization began with
11270-627: The victimization of the inhabitants. The conquest of the Iberian Peninsula was complete two centuries after the Roman arrival, when they defeated the remaining Cantabri, Astures and Gallaeci in the Cantabrian Wars in the time of Emperor Augustus (19 BC). In 74 AD, Vespasian granted Latin Rights to most municipalities of Lusitania. In 212 AD, the Constitutio Antoniniana gave Roman citizenship to all free subjects of
11385-587: The whole of the peninsula, however his ambitions were derailed by the invading Visigoths under their king and Roman foederatus Theodoric II acting on the orders of the emperor Avitus . This led to a resounding defeat of the Suebian kingdom, with Rechiar fleeing wounded from Braga, only to be captured at Oporto and executed in December of 456 (d.C.). The realm was then divided, with Frantan and Aguiulfo ruling simultaneously. Both reigned from 456 to 457,
11500-724: The wider regions of Northern Portugal and Galicia. A different theory has it that Cala was the name of a Celtic goddess (drawing a comparison with the Gaelic Cailleach , a supernatural hag). Some French scholars believe the name may have come from Portus Gallus , the port of the Gauls or Celts. Around 200 BC, the Romans took the Iberian Peninsula from the Carthaginians during the Second Punic War . In
11615-428: The year in which Maldras (457–459) reunified the kingdom. He was assassinated after a failed Roman-Visigothic conspiracy. Although the conspiracy did not achieve its true purposes, the Suebian Kingdom was again divided between two kings: Frumar (Frumario 459–463) and Remismund (Remismundo, son of Maldras ) (459–469) who would re-reunify his father's kingdom in 463. He would be forced to adopt Arianism in 465 due to
11730-465: Was Guimarães , from which the first king ruled. Later, when Portugal was already officially independent, he ruled from Coimbra. The Algarve , the southernmost region of Portugal, was finally conquered from the Moors in 1249, and in 1255 the capital shifted to Lisbon . Spain finally completed its Reconquista until 1492 , almost 250 years later. Portugal's land boundaries have been notably stable for
11845-552: Was a decline in urban life during the Dark Ages . Roman institutions declined in the wake of the Germanic invasions with the exception of ecclesiastical organizations, which were fostered by the Suebi in the fifth century and adopted by the Visigoths afterwards. Although the Suebi and Visigoths were initially followers of Arianism and Priscillianism , they adopted Catholicism from the local inhabitants. St. Martin of Braga
11960-622: Was a particularly influential evangelist at this time. The Kingdom of the Suebi was the Germanic post-Roman kingdom, established in the former Roman provinces of Gallaecia - Lusitania . 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlements were found in Alenquer (from old Germanic Alan kerk , temple of the Alans ), Coimbra and Lisbon. King Hermeric made a peace treaty with the Gallaecians before passing his domains to Rechila , his son. In 429,
12075-542: Was conquered from the Moors in 1249, and in 1255 Lisbon became the capital. Portugal's land boundaries have remained almost unchanged since then. During the reign of King John I , the Portuguese defeated the Castilians in a war over the throne (1385) and established a political alliance with England (by the Treaty of Windsor in 1386). From the late Middle Ages , in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal ascended to
12190-466: Was dismissed in the near future because "the EU institutions are currently not adapted to the accession of such small-sized countries". The remaining options, EEA membership and a FAA with the states, were found to be viable and were recommended by the commission. In response, the Council requested that negotiations with the three microstates on further integration continue, and that a report be prepared by
12305-672: Was found in the south, in Lisbon and beyond, while in the Christian realms Galician-Portuguese and Asturian architecture prevailed. As a vassal of the Kingdom of León, Portugal grew in power and territory and occasionally gained de facto independence during weak Leonese reigns; Count Mendo Gonçalves even became regent of the Kingdom of Leon between 999 and 1008. In 1070, the Portuguese Count Nuno Mendes desired
12420-496: Was held. The councils represented an advance in the organization of the territory (paroeciam suevorum (Suebian parish) and the Christianization of the pagan population ( De correctione rusticorum ) under the auspices of Saint Martin of Braga (São Martinho de Braga). The Visigothic civil war began in 577, in which Miro intervened. Later, in 583, he also organized an unsuccessful expedition to reconquer Seville. During
12535-432: Was historically one of the two dominant western European trade blocs , but is now much smaller and closely associated with its historical competitor, the European Union . It was established on 3 May 1960 to serve as an alternative trade bloc for those European states that were unable or unwilling to join the then European Economic Community (EEC), the main predecessor of the EU. The Stockholm Convention (1960), to establish
12650-548: Was incorporated in the Roman Republic dominions as Lusitania and part of Gallaecia , after 45 BC until 298 AD. The region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by humans since circa 400,000 years ago, when Homo heidelbergensis entered the area. The oldest human fossil found in Portugal is the 400,000-year-old Aroeira 3 H. Heidelbergensis skull discovered in the Cave of Aroeira in 2014. Later Neanderthals roamed
12765-491: Was killed by a noble the next year. Alfonso took Castile for himself and Garcia recovered his kingdom of Portugal and Galicia. In 1073, Alfonso VI gathered all power, and beginning in 1077, styled himself Imperator totius Hispaniæ (Emperor of All Hispania). When the emperor died, the Crown was left to his daughter Urraca , while his illegitimate daughter Teresa inherited the County of Portugal ; in 1095, Portugal broke away from
12880-570: Was made up of the Suebi and Vandals in Gallaecia , who founded the Kingdom of the Suebi with its capital in Braga . They came to dominate Aeminium ( Coimbra ) as well, and there were Visigoths to the south. The Suebi and the Visigoths were the Germanic tribes who had the most lasting presence in the territories corresponding to modern Portugal. As elsewhere in Western Europe, there
12995-647: Was rejected by referendum. (Nevertheless, Switzerland has multiple bilateral treaties with the EU that allow it to participate in the European Single Market , the Schengen Agreement and other programmes). Thus, except for Switzerland, the EFTA members are also members of the European Economic Area (EEA). The EEA comprises three member states of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and 27 member states of
13110-501: Was to become Portugal, they mainly consisted of the old Roman province of Lusitania (the central and southern regions of the country), while Gallaecia (the northern regions) remained unsubdued. Until the Berber revolt in the 730s, al-Andalus was treated as a dependency of Umayyad North Africa. Subsequently, links were strained until the caliphate was overthrown in the late 740s. The Medieval Muslim Moors , who conquered and destroyed
13225-708: Was to cut off Carthaginian access to the Iberian copper, tin, gold, and silver mines. The Romans intensely exploited the Aljustrel (Vipasca) and Santo Domingo mines in the Iberian Pyrite Belt which extends to Seville . While the south of what is now Portugal was relatively easily occupied by the Romans, the conquest of the north was achieved only with difficulty due to resistance from Serra da Estrela by Celts and Lusitanians led by Viriatus , who managed to resist Roman expansion for years. Viriatus,
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