In zoological nomenclature , a type species ( species typica ) is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen (or specimens). A similar concept is used for suprageneric groups and called a type genus .
32-542: Arenaria interpres Arenaria melanocephala Turnstones are two bird species that constitute the genus Arenaria in the family Scolopacidae . They are closely related to calidrid sandpipers and might be considered members of the tribe Calidriini. The genus Arenaria was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the ruddy turnstone ( Arenaria interpres ) as
64-589: A fossil bone, a distal piece of tarsometatarsus found in the Edson Beds of Sherman County, Kansas . Dating from the mid- Blancan some 4-3 million years ago, it appears to be from a calidriid somewhat similar to a pectoral sandpiper , but has some traits reminiscent of turnstones. Depending on which traits are apomorphic and plesiomorphic , it may be an ancestral representative of either lineage. Arenaria interpres Tringa interpres Linnaeus, 1758 The ruddy turnstone ( Arenaria interpres )
96-474: A type species as the name-bearing type of the name of a genus or subgenus (a " genus-group name "). In the Glossary, type species is defined as The nominal species that is the name-bearing type of a nominal genus or subgenus. The type species permanently attaches a formal name (the generic name) to a genus by providing just one species within that genus to which the genus name is permanently linked (i.e.
128-479: A type species is assigned for each genus. Whether or not currently recognized as valid , every named genus or subgenus in zoology is theoretically associated with a type species. In practice, however, there is a backlog of untypified names defined in older publications when it was not required to specify a type. A type species is both a concept and a practical system that is used in the classification and nomenclature (naming) of animals. The "type species" represents
160-473: A variety of behaviours to locate and capture prey. These behaviours can be placed into six general categories: There is evidence that turnstones vary between these feeding behaviours based on individual preference, sex, and even social status with respect to other turnstones. In one studied population, dominant individuals tended to engage in routing while preventing subordinates from doing the same. When these dominant individuals were temporarily removed, some of
192-582: Is 100,000–500,000 adults. The Canadian Wildlife Service estimates that the worldwide population of ruddy turnstones is 449,000, and that 235,000 are breeding in North America while the rest are breeding throughout the Arctic regions. They are very common and widespread. Their remote breeding range and widespread winter range should help them remain a common species. Type species In botanical nomenclature , these terms have no formal standing under
224-514: Is a fairly small and stocky bird, 22–24 cm (8.7–9.4 in) long with a wingspan of 50–57 cm (20–22 in) and a weight of 85–150 g (3.0–5.3 oz). The dark, wedge-shaped bill is 2–2.5 cm (0.79–0.98 in) long and slightly upturned. The legs are fairly short at 3.5 cm (1.4 in) and are bright orange. In all seasons, the plumage is dominated by a harlequin -like pattern of black and white. Breeding birds have reddish-brown upper parts with black markings. The head
256-447: Is a small cosmopolitan wading bird , one of two species of turnstone in the genus Arenaria . It is now classified in the sandpiper family Scolopacidae but was formerly sometimes placed in the plover family Charadriidae . It is a highly migratory bird, breeding in northern parts of Eurasia and North America and flying south to winter on coastlines almost worldwide. It is the only species of turnstone in much of its range and
288-547: Is about 11 cm (4.3 in) across and 3 cm (1.2 in) deep. It may be built amongst vegetation or on bare stony or rocky ground. Several pairs may nest close together. A single clutch of two to five eggs is laid with four being most common. The eggs measure about 41 mm × 29 mm (1.6 in × 1.1 in) and weigh around 17.9 g (0.63 oz). They are smooth, slightly glossy and oval to pear-shaped. They are variable in colour but are commonly pale green-brown with dark brown markings, densest at
320-524: Is common all the way down to South Africa with good numbers on many offshore islands. In Asia , it is widespread in the south with birds wintering as far north as southern China and Japan (mainly in the Ryukyu Islands ). It occurs south to Tasmania and New Zealand and is present on many Pacific islands . Some non-breeding birds remain year round in many parts of the wintering range, with some of those birds still taking on breeding plumage in
352-402: Is mainly white with black streaks on the crown and a black pattern on the face. The breast is mainly black apart from a white patch on the sides. The rest of the underparts are white. In flight it reveals a white wingbar, white patch near the base of the wing and white lower back, rump and tail with dark bands on the uppertail-coverts and near the tip of the tail. The female is slightly duller than
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#1732801169407384-460: Is often known simply as turnstone . The ruddy turnstone was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Tringa interpres . The species is now placed together with the black turnstone in the genus Arenaria that was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with
416-652: Is stocky, with short, slightly upturned, wedge shaped bills. They have white patches on the back, wings and tail. They are high Arctic breeders, and are migratory . Their strong necks and powerful, slightly upturned bills are adapted to their feeding technique. As the name implies, these species overturn stones, seaweed, and similar items in search of invertebrate prey. They are strictly coastal, prefer stony beaches to sand, and often share beach space with other species of waders such as purple sandpipers . [REDACTED] Breeding plumage [REDACTED] Non-Breeding plumage [REDACTED] There exists
448-462: Is the genus Hygromia . The concept of the type species in zoology was introduced by Pierre André Latreille . The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature states that the original name (binomen) of the type species should always be cited. It gives an example in Article 67.1. Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775 was later designated as the type species of the genus Homarus , thus giving it
480-436: Is the origin of the name "turnstone". It usually forages in flocks. They have also been observed preying on the eggs of other bird species such as gulls , terns , ducks , and even other turnstones, though this behaviour is uncommon. In the majority of observed cases, turnstones typically go after undefended or unattended nests, puncturing the shells with their beaks to get at the contents within. Ruddy turnstones engage in
512-819: The Baltic coast of Germany and has possibly bred in Scotland and the Faroe Islands . In the Americas , the species winters on coastlines from Washington and Massachusetts southwards to the southern tip of South America although it is scarce in southern parts of Chile and Argentina and is only an unconfirmed vagrant in the Falkland Islands . In Europe , it winters in western regions from Iceland , Norway and Denmark southwards. Only small numbers are found on Mediterranean coasts. In Africa , it
544-455: The code of nomenclature , but are sometimes borrowed from zoological nomenclature. In botany, the type of a genus name is a specimen (or, rarely, an illustration) which is also the type of a species name. The species name with that type can also be referred to as the type of the genus name. Names of genus and family ranks, the various subdivisions of those ranks, and some higher-rank names based on genus names, have such types. In bacteriology ,
576-430: The type species . The genus name arenaria is from Latin arenarius , "inhabiting sand", from arena , "sand". The genus contains two species: the ruddy turnstone ( Arenaria interpres ) and the black turnstone ( Arenaria melanocephala ). Both birds are waders . Their length is typically between 20 and 25 cm, with a wingspan between 50 and 60 cm and a body mass between 110 and 130g. For waders their build
608-451: The coast. Small numbers sometimes turn up on inland wetlands, especially during the spring and autumn migrations. In terms of wintering sites, ruddy turnstones are particularly faithful to specific locations. A study published in 2009 examined turnstones wintering along a stretch of coastline in the Firth of Clyde . It found that 95% of birds resident to the area at the end of winter returned
640-657: The crown. The ruddy turnstone has a staccato, rattling call and also a chattering alarm-call which is mainly given during the breeding season. The ruddy turnstone breeds in northern latitudes, usually no more than a few kilometres from the sea. The subspecies A. i. morinella occurs in northern Alaska and in Arctic Canada as far east as Baffin Island . A. i. interpres breeds in western Alaska , Ellesmere Island , Greenland , Norway , Denmark , Sweden , Finland , Estonia and northern Russia . It formerly bred on
672-408: The following autumn. The same study also confirmed ruddy turnstones as one of the longest lived wader species, with annual adult mortality rates of under 15%. Their average lifespan is 9 years with 19 years and 2 months being the longest recorded. It is a monogamous bird and pairs may remain together for more than one breeding season. The nest is a shallow scrape, often with a lining of leaves. It
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#1732801169407704-440: The genus must include that species if it is to bear the name). The species name in turn is fixed, in theory, to a type specimen. For example, the type species for the land snail genus Monacha is Helix cartusiana , the name under which the species was first described, known as Monacha cartusiana when placed in the genus Monacha . That genus is currently placed within the family Hygromiidae . The type genus for that family
736-422: The larger end. Incubation begins when the first egg is laid and lasts for about 22–24 days. The female is mainly responsible for incubating the eggs but the male may help towards the end. The young birds are precocial and are able to leave the nest soon after hatching. They are buff above with dark grey markings and are white below. They are able to feed themselves but are protected by the parents, particularly
768-407: The male and has a browner head with more streaking. Non-breeding adults are duller than breeding birds and have dark grey-brown upperparts with black mottling and a dark head with little white. Juvenile birds have a pale brown head and pale fringes to the upperpart feathers creating a scaly impression. Birds of the subspecies morinella are smaller with darker upperparts and less streaking on
800-534: The male. They fledge after 19–21 days. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the ruddy turnstone population is currently very stable. Environment Canada surveys suggest that they have in fact decreased in abundance relative to the 1970s (up to 50% by one estimate) and face a variety of threats during migration and winter. They estimate that the Canadian population
832-470: The model is painted to have the plumage pattern of a neighbouring turnstone. Ruddy turnstones can survive in a wide range of habitats and climatic conditions from Arctic to tropical. The typical breeding habitat is open tundra with water nearby. Outside the breeding season, it is found along coasts, particularly on rocky or stony shores. It is often found on man-made structures such as breakwaters and jetties . It may venture onto open grassy areas near
864-483: The name Homarus marinus (Fabricius, 1775) . However, the type species of Homarus should always be cited using its original name, i.e. Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775 , even though that is a junior synonym of Cancer grammarius Linnaeus, 1758 . Although the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants does not contain the same explicit statement, examples make it clear that
896-459: The reference species and thus "definition" for a particular genus name. Whenever a taxon containing multiple species must be divided into more than one genus, the type species automatically assigns the name of the original taxon to one of the resulting new taxa, the one that includes the type species. The term "type species" is regulated in zoological nomenclature by article 42.3 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , which defines
928-434: The ruddy turnstone as the type species . The genus name arenaria is from Latin arenarius , "inhabiting sand", from arena , "sand". The specific interpres means "messenger"; when visiting Gotland in 1741, Linnaeus thought that the Swedish word Tolk , meaning "interpreter" applied to this species, but in the local dialect the word means "legs" and is used for the redshank . Two subspecies are recognised: It
960-416: The spring and summer. The ruddy turnstone has a varied diet including carrion , eggs, fish and plant material but it feeds mainly on invertebrates . Insects and their larvae are particularly important in the breeding season. At other times it also takes crustaceans , spiders , molluscs , and worms . It often flips over stones and other objects to get at prey items hiding underneath; this behaviour
992-404: The subordinates started to rout, while others enacted no change in foraging strategy. When foraging, turnstones adopt different postures indicative of their level of dominance. A lowered tail and a hunched stance is associated with chasing and aggression, and thus a dominant individual. Dominance in aggression is age-related, with juveniles assuming the subordinate role a disproportionate amount of
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1024-428: The time. The plumage patterns of ruddy turnstones exhibit an unusual amount of variation in comparison with other shorebirds. Turnstones use these unique plumage patterns to recognize individuals and discriminate intruders in their territory from neighbours occupying an adjacent territory. When a fake fiberglass turnstone model is placed in a turnstone's territory, the occupant is less likely to respond aggressively if
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