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63-667: Tweed Heads is a coastal city at the mouth of the Tweed River in the Northern Rivers region of the state of New South Wales , Australia. Tweed Heads is the northernmost town in New South Wales, and is located in the Tweed Shire local government area. It is situated 830 km (520 mi) north of Sydney and 103 km (64 mi) south of Brisbane . The town is next to the border with Queensland and

126-589: A Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.946, the tenth-highest in the world as of the 2024 report. New Zealand is also well developed, with a nominal GDP per capita of US$ 48,072 and an HDI of 0.939, putting it at number 16 in the world in 2024. The least developed nations in the Southern Hemisphere cluster in Africa and Oceania, with Mozambique and Burundi at the lowest ends of the HDI, at 0.461 (number 183 in

189-808: A low sandy Point off which brakers seem to extend about ¾ of a mile. Soundings between the Island and the Main and found the deepest water 6 fms in mid channel rather including to the Mainland. Observed the River from the Mast head take a SW direction running through a moderately elevated country towards the Base of Mt. Warning. John Uniack made the following relevant observations. Monday 27 October 1823: The wind being fair, we immediately got under way, and continued our course to

252-416: A shoal channel with a small lagoon at the back of the beach, I gave up the search; still without satisfying myself of the non-existence of an inlet, which, if there be one, probably communicates with the sea nearer to Point Danger. Lieut Oxley has since (1823) discovered this to be the case, for he found a stream empting itself into the sea, by a bar harbour close to Point Danger. Lieutenant Oxley called it

315-714: Is a local government area of New South Wales. Each year the river hosts a number of major aquatic events. The lower reaches of the Tweed River are a good recreational fishing site. Waterskiing, pleasure boating and rowing are other popular activities on the lower reaches of the river. The traditional custodians of the land surrounding the Tweed River are the Aboriginal people of the Minyungbul, Tulgi-gin, Cudgenburra, and Mooburra dialects,. Yugembah (also known as Yugumbir, Jugambel, Jugambeir, Jugumbir, Jukam, Jukamba)

378-608: Is a small river about 10 miles NW by W from the *north bluff of Point Danger inaccessible for boats. The Tweed was named after the River Tweed in Scotland. The first training walls were built in 1891. Between 1898 and 1904, training walls were constructed from Chinderah to the entrance. In 1962, these walls were extended in order to maintain a deep channel. The order failed to stop the channel from shoaling and instead necessitated regular dredging and completely inhibited

441-582: Is adjacent to its "twin town" of Coolangatta , which is a suburb of the Gold Coast in Queensland. In 1823 John Oxley was the first European to see the Tweed Valley , and he wrote of it: "A deep rich valley clothed with magnificent trees, the beautiful uniformity of which was only interrupted by the turns and windings of the river, which here and there appeared like small lakes. The background

504-702: Is located in the Southern Hemisphere, and it is deemed by the International Hydrographic Organization as being wholly within the South Pacific Ocean, rather than the North Pacific. More than 850 million people live in the Southern Hemisphere, representing around 10–12% of the total global human population. Of those 850 million people, more than 203 million live in Brazil , the largest country by land area in

567-483: Is mostly concentrated on/around the islands of Bali , Mauritius , and Fiji . The oldest continuously inhabited city in the Southern Hemisphere is Bogor , in western Java , which was founded in 669 . Ancient texts from the Hindu kingdoms prevalent in the area definitively record 669 CE as the year when Bogor was founded. However, some evidence shows that Zanzibar , an ancient port with around 200,000 inhabitants off

630-647: Is now also planted in Southern Africa and Latin America for pulp production, and increasingly, biofuel uses. One of the most notable animals to be found almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere is the penguin . A species is found around Isabela Island on the Galápagos archipelago in the Pacific Ocean , which straddles the equator. However, most of Isabela and the rest of the archipelago

693-605: Is one of the Australian Aboriginal languages in areas that include the Tweed River Valley, Gold Coast, Logan, Scenic Rim, Albert River , Beaudesert , Beenleigh , Coolangatta , Coomera , Logan River , Pimpama and Tamborine , within the local government boundaries of the City of Gold Coast , City of Logan , Scenic Rim Regional Council and the Tweed River Valley. The first European explorer to see

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756-641: Is situated about a mile and a half to the north of a small island off Point Danger, which lies in latitude 28° 8' Captain Henry Rous further examined the Tweed River in 1828, and incorrectly identified the present-day Point Danger, as the Point Danger of James Cook and recorded the name 'Cook's Island' rather than 'Turtle Island' of Oxley [Rous named Oxley's Tweed the Clarance River]: The River Clarance, or more properly

819-771: The Age of Discovery , the Southern Hemisphere was largely cut off from the cultural constructs of the Western and Eastern worlds . Some view both the West and the East as being Northern Hemisphere-centric concepts. The most widespread religions in the modern Southern Hemisphere are Christianity , prevalent in South America, Africa, Oceania, and East Timor , followed by Islam in East Africa and Indonesia , and Hinduism , which

882-624: The Gold Coast Seaway . The level of sand on southern Gold Coast beaches soon returned to pre-1960s levels. Even though parts of the river are a few kilometres within the New South Wales side of the border, the expression "North of the Tweed" is used to refer to the people and places of Queensland ; likewise, "South of the Tweed" is a term used by Queenslanders regarding the southern states of Australia. The term probably originates from southern Australians' summer vacation trips driving along

945-739: The Group 18 Rugby League competition in 1996 and were granted entry into the Queensland Cup in 2003. Australian rules football was brought to the area in 1962 when the Coolangatta Tweed Heads Australian Football Club . It was intended to represent the twin towns of Coolangatta and Tweed Heads and competed in the Gold Coast Australian Football League competition. In 1984 the Northern Rivers region established

1008-481: The Norte Chico civilization and Casma–Sechin culture from the northern coast of Peru. These civilizations built cities, pyramids, and plazas in the coastal river valleys of northern Peru with some ruins dating back to 3600 BCE . Easter Island , located about 3,500 kilometres from Chile and French Polynesia , is considered to be the most remote place on Earth to have been permanently inhabited by humans before

1071-636: The Northern Hemisphere , except in the Antarctic which is colder than the Arctic . This is because the Southern Hemisphere has significantly more ocean and much less land; water heats up and cools down more slowly than land. The differences are also attributed to oceanic heat transfer and differing extents of greenhouse trapping. In the Southern Hemisphere, the Sun passes from east to west through

1134-583: The Oxley and Rous rivers before reaching its mouth at its confluence with the Coral Sea of the South Pacific Ocean , south of Point Danger ; descending 173 metres (568 ft) over its 78-kilometre (48 mi) course. On its journey, it passes through the major urban centres of Murwillumbah and Tweed Heads . The river's drainage basin consists mostly of the erosion caldera of

1197-538: The Pacific Highway through the scenic New South Wales North Coast. The highway crosses many rivers along its route, with the Tweed being the last one before reaching the holiday destinations of the Gold Coast , just on the other side of the Queensland border. The river begins northwest of the village called Lillian Rock. The upper reaches pass through the small villages of Kunghur, Terragon and Uki . South of Mount Warning, Doon Doon Creek and Perch Creek enter

1260-691: The Summerland Australian Football League that later included the Tweed Coast Football Club . The league was amalgamated into Queensland Australian Football League as its own division in 2012. The following is a list of notable people who were born, resided, or died in Tweed Heads: Tweed River (New South Wales) The Tweed River is a river situated in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales , Australia . From

1323-486: The Tweed Volcano , a huge extinct volcano of which Mount Warning is the volcanic plug . The Tweed River area has a fine subtropical climate, high rainfall and fertile volcanic soils. It was originally covered by rainforest, much of which has been cleared. Some remains in several national parks and reserves. The lowlands along the river are used for farming sugar cane and other crops. The surrounding Tweed Shire

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1386-723: The anticlockwise direction. During solar eclipses viewed from a point to the south of the Tropic of Capricorn, the Moon moves from left to right on the disc of the Sun (see, for example, photos with timings of the solar eclipse of November 13, 2012 ), while viewed from a point to the north of the Tropic of Cancer (i.e., in the Northern Hemisphere), the Moon moves from right to left during solar eclipses. The Coriolis effect causes cyclones and tropical storms to spin clockwise in

1449-416: The longshore transport of sand northwards. The southern Gold Coast beaches were soon faced with intense erosion during storms which was not replenished. By 1998 the river entrance was dredged clear of sand for navigable purposes. Three million cubic metres of sand had been removed from the river mouth. In 2001, an artificial sand bypass system was implemented, in part based on the successful operation of

1512-843: The Age of Discovery. It was settled by a Polynesian group known as the Rapa Nui . Areas of the Southern Hemisphere that had no contact with humans before the Age of Discovery include Christmas Island and Mauritius (in the Indian Ocean ), the Galápagos Islands , Juan Fernández Islands and Lord Howe Island (in the South Pacific), the Falkland Islands and Tristan da Cunha (in the South Atlantic ) and

1575-730: The Giants' NSWRL licence and rebranded the team to become the Gold Coast Seagulls , despite remaining based in Tweed Heads. The team pulled off its biggest coup in 1990 when it signed future Rugby League Immortal Wally Lewis . After years of poor on field results and low attendances, the Seagulls sold their NSWRL licence to businessman Jeff Muller who moved the team to Carrara on the Gold Coast. The Seagulls returned to

1638-542: The Giant’s Causeway in the north of Ireland. John Uniack also noted: "The little island under which we lay received the name of Turtle Island, in gratitude for the abundant supply of that fish which we procured from it. We also gave the name of 'Tweed' to the river. The latitude of our anchorage is 28° 8' S. and its longitude 153° 31'" Captain Phillip Parker King had previously surveyed that portion of

1701-516: The Island we shoaled our "water to 2 ½ fms but almost instantly deepened to 5 fms. Anchored under the lee of the Island in 7 fms sandy Bottom being tolerably sheltered from the SSE round by the w to NE - the distance between the Island and the Main is about 50 chains, the point of the Main as well as the Island composed of regular Basaltic Pillars. To the South extends a Sandy Beach of about 3 ½ miles ending in

1764-466: The South of Point Danger. At 5[PM] passed close to a Bold Headland [present-day Point Danger] about 3 Miles North of Pt. D. [Cook's Point Danger - Fingal Head] On the South Side of this headland we had the satisfaction to discover a considerable river with an apparent clear entrance. Hove on for the purpose of anchoring between the Island and the Main land [Fingal Head]. At ½ past 5 passing too close to

1827-408: The Southern Hemisphere include Bali , Buenos Aires , Cape Town , Easter Island , Lima , Rio de Janeiro , Sydney and Tahiti . According to a 2017 report, the most popular Southern Hemisphere " bucket list " destinations among Australians were Antarctica , New Zealand , the Galápagos Islands , South Africa and Peru . Quito, Ecuador is the closest major city to the equatorial line on

1890-792: The Southern Hemisphere include São Paulo , where the B3 (stock exchange) is headquartered, along with Sydney, home to the Australian Securities Exchange , Jakarta, the seat of the Indonesia Stock Exchange , Johannesburg , home to the Johannesburg Stock Exchange , and Buenos Aires, headquarters of the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange , the oldest stock market in the Southern Hemisphere. Common tourist destinations in

1953-483: The Southern Hemisphere with brighter and more numerous stars. Forests in the Southern Hemisphere have special features which set them apart from those in the Northern Hemisphere. Both Chile and Australia share, for example, unique beech species or Nothofagus , and New Zealand has members of the closely related genera Lophozonia and Fuscospora . The eucalyptus is native to Australia but

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2016-1075: The Southern Hemisphere). Portuguese is the most spoken language in the Southern Hemisphere, with over 230 million speakers in six countries – mostly in Brazil, but also in Angola , Mozambique , East Timor , and small parts of Equatorial Guinea and São Tomé and Príncipe that lie south of the Equator . Among the largest metropolitan areas in the Southern Hemisphere are Jakarta (34 million people), São Paulo (22 million), Kinshasa-Brazzaville (19 million), Buenos Aires (16 million), Rio de Janeiro (12 million), Johannesburg , Lima (11 million each), Surabaya (10 million), Bandung (9 million), Luanda (8 million), Dar es Salaam , Santiago (7 million each), Belo Horizonte , Semarang (6 million each), Sydney , Melbourne and Cape Town (5 million each). Important financial and commercial centres in

2079-401: The Southern Hemisphere, as opposed to anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. The southern temperate zone , a subsection of the Southern Hemisphere, is nearly all oceanic. The Sagittarius constellation that includes the galactic centre is a southern constellation as well as both Magellanic Clouds . This, combined with clearer skies, makes for excellent viewing of the night sky from

2142-516: The Southern Hemisphere, while more than 150 million live in Java , the most populous island in the world. The most populous country in the Southern Hemisphere is Indonesia , with 275 million people (roughly 30 million of whom live north of the Equator on the northern portions of the islands of Sumatra , Borneo , and Sulawesi , as well as most of North Maluku , while the rest of the population lives in

2205-642: The Tweed Heads urban area Population by Statistical Local Area: Banora Point Uniting Church is at 63 Darlington Drive ( 28°12′54″S 153°32′30″E  /  28.2151°S 153.5418°E  / -28.2151; 153.5418  ( Banora Point Uniting Church ) ). Below are a list of retirement villages and retirement living facilities in the Tweed Region: Due to its close proximity, Tweed Heads sports teams often compete in Gold Coast/Queensland-based competitions, and

2268-542: The Tweed from its southern banks, and Byrill Creek joins on the northern side near Terragon. Downstream, Korumbyn Creek and then the Oxley River enters the river at Byangum, before it flows through Murwillumbah. At Tumbulgum , the Rous River joins the Tweed. The Terranora and Cobaki creeks enter the Tweed about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) upstream from the mouth. South of Banora Point , the Pacific Highway crosses

2331-435: The Tweed, discovered by Mr. Oxley, but not explored, is in lat. 28° 9', long. 153° 34' bearing N.W.½ W. from Turtle Island distant 2 ½ miles – it is situated to the southward of a Bluff Head, connected with the Main by a flat sandy Isthmus, 250 yards wide from high water mark forming a boundary to the river on one side, and to capacious bay to the northward – affording good anchorage and shelter from East Southerly to North….There

2394-517: The Tweed. In the Appendix to the second volume of that work, containing a description of the ports, islands and coast between Port Jackson and Breakesea Spit, the following description of the Tweed River confirms that Captain King clearly considered Point Danger to be the southernmost of the two points: The Tweed is a river communicating with the sea by a bar, on which there is twelve feet of water, it

2457-1058: The area acts as a feeder zone for both the Gold Coast Titans in the National Rugby League and the Gold Coast Suns in the Australian Football League . Tweed United is a soccer Club based in the area that competes in the Football Gold Coast competition plus the Coolangatta Tweed Barbarians who compete in the Gold Coast and District Rugby Union . Other sports facilities in the area include Northern Rivers Baseball Club, Tweed Heads Motorcycle Enthusiasts Club, Tweed Banora Colts Cricket Club, Tweed Hockey Club, Tweed Netball Association, Tweed Heads Bowls Club, Tweed River Jockey Club, Tweed Valley Equestrian Group, Tweed River Water Ski Club, Tweed Valley Triathletes-Triathlon Club, Tweed Heads Tennis Club, Tweed Heads Croquet Club, Tweed Coolangatta Dart Club, Tweed Coolangatta Fishing Club, Coolangatta Tweed Pinball Club, Coolangatta & Tweed Heads Golf Club , Dbah Boardriders , Tweed Heads & Coolangatta Rowing Club, Tweed Valley Sailing Club and Tweed Heads & Coolangatta Surf Life Saving Club. Tweed Heads

2520-447: The auction illustrates the location of the estate in proximity to Terranora Creek, Coolangatta and the Pacific Ocean and describes the allotments as perfectly flat, large areas with splendid frontages. The Tweed Shire, inclusive Murwillumbah was declared in 1947. Tweed Heads was the location of fictional town Porpoise Spit in the 1994 movie Muriel's Wedding . In April 2020, checkpoint barriers were established in Tweed streets near

2583-421: The auction shows that the estate was located next to the Tweed River. Tweed Heads was once connected to the Queensland Railways system, with the South Coast line providing a direct connection to Brisbane . The railway opened on 10 August 1903 It had been hoped that the New South Wales government would extend their railway line from Murwillumbah to Tweed Heads , but this did not occur due to cost of resuming

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2646-426: The bottom, which was usually filled with round stones. One of these holes, in particular, had a communication underneath with the sea, and at every returning surf threw up considerable quantities of water with a loud noise. The superincumbent rocks were basaltic, and those of a small rock to the N.W. of the island, as well as those of a bluff headland, immediately opposite on the main, were inferior only in extent to

2709-416: The coast in the proximity of Point Danger, although adverse weather conditions prevented his examining that portion too closely. His observations, as recorded on 22 and 23 May 1819, are as follows: 22. The next evening, Mount Warning was seen from the deck, although we were at least seventy-eight miles from it. 23 on the 23d at noon, our latitude was 28°9' when the Mount bore S 58° W (Magnetic). At sunset

2772-406: The coast of Tanzania , may be older than Bogor. A Greco-Roman text written between 1 and 100 CE , the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea , mentioned the island of Menuthias ( Ancient Greek : Μενουθιάς) as a trading port on the east African coast, which is probably the small Tanzanian island of Unguja on which Zanzibar is located. The oldest monumental civilizations in the Southern Hemisphere are

2835-402: The highest level recorded in 30 years. In late March 2017 rainfall from Ex-Tropical Cyclone Debbie caused major flooding in the Tweed Valley, the Murwillumbah gauge recording a peak of 6.2 metres. There is a sand bypassing system operating at the mouth of the Tweed River. A jetty on the northern end of Letitia Spit that collects sand and then pumps it under the Tweed River to beaches in

2898-412: The land and the expenses associated with the tunnel and bridge that would be required. The Tweed Heads railway station was located on the western side of Enid Street between Bay Street and Frances Street ( 28°10′19″S 153°32′27″E  /  28.17193°S 153.54073°E  / -28.17193; 153.54073  ( Tweed Heads railway station ) ). The railway line to Brisbane closed in 1961;

2961-458: The largest shield volcanoes in the Southern Hemisphere , and the nearby Nightcap, Border Ranges, Springbrook and Lamington National Parks , which abound with sub-tropical fauna and flora. In the 2021 census , The Tweed Heads urban centre had 63,721 people. In the same year, the Tweed Heads suburb recorded a population of 8,176 people made up of 52.9 percent female and 47.1 percent male. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 3.0% of

3024-465: The master was dispatched in the whale-boat to ascertain the possibility of taking the vessel into it. Shortly afterwards, Mr. Stirling and I landed on the island with our guns. The rocks which formed the base was evidently of volcanic origin: it was of dark colour, full of small holes and extremely hard, while on the western side many regular circular cavities, some of which were about four or five yards in diameter at top, and tapered down gradually towards

3087-465: The middle reaches of its course , the state boundary between New South Wales and Queensland is located approximately 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north. The river rises on the eastern slopes of the Great Dividing Range ; with its watershed bordered by the McPherson , Burringbar, Condong and Tweed ranges and containing a catchment area of 1,055 km (407 sq mi). The river flows generally north east, joined by eight tributaries including

3150-460: The neighbouring state of Queensland. Outlets for the Tweed River Entrance Sand Bypassing System include Duranbah Beach, Snapper Rocks East, Snapper Rocks West, Greenmount and Kirra . Dredging of the navigation entrance is also undertaken regularly as part of the overall sand bypassing program. The width of the Tweed River mouth is about 150 metres (490 ft). The Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin reaches its southern extent of its distribution at

3213-406: The north, although north of the Tropic of Capricorn the mean Sun can be directly overhead or due south at midday. The Sun follows a right-to-left trajectory through the northern sky unlike the left-to-right motion of the Sun when seen from the Northern Hemisphere as it passes through the southern sky. Sun-cast shadows turn anticlockwise throughout the day and sundials have the hours increasing in

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3276-410: The northward till Friday afternoon, when it shifted, and came on to blow so hard, that we determined to run in shore and look out for anchorage; this we found under the lee of a small island off Point Danger (so named by Captain Cook), about a mile from the land. While running down for this place, we perceived the mouth of a large river about a mile and a half to the northward; and next morning at daylight

3339-424: The planet, and Ushuaia, Argentina claims the title of world's southernmost city. Cape Town, Christchurch , Hobart , Punta Arenas and Ushuaia are officially acknowledged as the five international Antarctic gateway cities that serve as primary entry points for travel to the Antarctic region. Among the most developed nations in the Southern Hemisphere is Australia, with a nominal GDP per capita of US$ 63,487 and

3402-532: The population. The median age of the population was 55 years, 17 years above the Australian median. This has made the Tweed Heads region a prime location for retirement living, with 14 separate retirement villages. 70.9% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 5.0%, New Zealand 3.7%, Brazil 2.3% and the Philippines 1.0%. 83.8% of people spoke only English at home. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 37.9%, Catholic 22.1% and Anglican 15.3%. Composition of

3465-489: The river mouth. Southern Hemisphere Owing to the tilt of Earth's rotation relative to the Sun and the ecliptic plane , summer is from December to February (inclusive) and winter is from June to August (inclusive). September 22 or 23 is the vernal equinox and March 20 or 21 is the autumnal equinox. The South Pole is in the centre of the southern hemispherical region. Southern Hemisphere climates tend to be slightly milder than those at similar latitudes in

3528-428: The river was John Oxley , in 1823. As Surveyor General, Oxley made a close examination of the Tweed River and Port Curtis , and sources connected that investigation, principally the manuscript journal kept by Oxley, and the published Narrative of John Uniaeke, who accompanied Oxley. The following is an extract from Oxley's notebook entry for 31 October 1823: Fri.31 October At 3[PM] made sail intending to anchor to

3591-492: The river. The river's tidal influence reaches beyond Murwillumbah to Bray Park Weir. The estuary of the Tweed River is an important shorebird habitat. Grey mangroves are the predominant mangrove species along the Tweed River. During Cyclone Oswald , the Tweed River was subject to major flooding, brought about due to the storm's residual effects and associated monsoon trough that passed over parts of Queensland and New South Wales. The river peaked at 3.3 metres (11 ft),

3654-515: The site of the station has been converted to parklands and commercial development. The Tweed Heads and Coolangatta Surf Life Saving Club opened on 13 September 1911. In April 1916, 69 allotments of "Charles' Tweed Heads subdivision were advertised to be auctioned by P. Smith & Son. A map advertising the auction shows the location of the estate in proximity to Terranora Creek. In November 1917, 46 subdivided allotments of "Marks Estate" were advertised for auction by S. A. Thornton. A map advertising

3717-515: The state border to restrict travel into Queensland during the COVID-19 pandemic . The urban boundaries of Tweed Heads extend south along the coastline to Hastings Point , and westward along the Terranora Creek encompassing Bilambil Heights and Terranora . This area includes the suburbs and localities of: Given its proximity to the Gold Coast , Tweed Heads has a shared economy with Coolangatta based heavily on tourism. Tweed Heads' most popular tourist destinations include Mount Warning , one of

3780-445: The wind died away; and, from the land in the vicinity of the mountain indicating every appearance of the existence of either a large sheet of water or an opening of consequence, I was induced to remain two days to examine the beach more narrowly; but, after beating about with a strong south-easterly current which prevented my tracing the beach to the northward of the Mount, and having only seen an inconsiderable opening that communicates by

3843-529: The world) and 0.420 (number 187 in the world), respectively. The nominal GDPs per capita of these two countries do not go above US$ 650, a tiny fraction of the incomes enjoyed by Australians and New Zealanders. The Southern Hemisphere has long been secondary in the global distribution of demographic, economic and political power, as it has less land than the Northern Hemisphere. In recent times, however, countries such as Australia have made greater efforts to economically engage with those from their hemisphere. Before

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3906-508: Was Mt. Warning . The view was altogether beautiful beyond description. The scenery here exceeded anything I have previously seen in Australia." Timber cutters originally moved to the Tweed Valley in 1844. After the timber had been cleared, farmers moved in with bananas, cane and dairy farming dominating the area, while a fishing industry developed. The first school opened in 1871. In May 1888, 119 subdivided lots of "Boyd Estate" were advertised to be auctioned by W. H. Brett. A map advertising

3969-413: Was once home to several iterations of professional rugby league clubs in the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL) competition between 1988 and 1995. The Gold Coast-Tweed Giants were established in 1988 and based out of the Tweed Heads Seagulls premises in west Tweed Heads. The Seagulls ran a very successful social club that turned large profits due to poker machines and by 1990 the club had acquired

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