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24-682: The Twenty-Sixth Dynasty , also known as the Saite Dynasty after its seat of power the city of Sais , reigned from 672 to 525 BC, and consisted of six pharaohs. It started with the unification of Egypt under Psamtik I c. 656 BC, itself a direct consequence of the Sack of Thebes by the Assyrians in 663 BC. Canal construction from the Nile to the Red Sea began. Egypt seems to have expanded into

48-591: A satrapy . The Persians came to dominate Egypt, but Egypt remained independent until it was made a Persian province in 485 B.C., after a revolt. The Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt consists of the Persian emperors - including Cambyses, Xerxes I , and Darius the Great - who ruled Egypt as Pharaohs and governed through their satraps, as well as the Egyptian Petubastis III (522–520 BC) (and possibly

72-518: A Nubian commander as governor at Sais. This may be the man named Ammeris . Stephinates may be a descendant of Bakenrenef. He is sometimes referred to as Tefnakht II in the literature. Nechepsos has been identified with a local king named Nekauba (678–672 BC). Manetho's Necho is King Necho I (672–664 BC); Manetho gives his reign as 8 years. Necho was killed during a conflict with the Nubian king Tantamani . Psamtik I fled to Nineveh – capital of

96-490: A brother of the emperor Xerxes I, and Arsames (c.454–c.406 BC). The Twenty-Eighth Dynasty consisted of a single king, Amyrtaeus , prince of Sais , who successfully rebelled against the Persians, inaugurating Egypt's last significant phase of independence under native sovereigns. He left no monuments with his name. This dynasty reigned for six years, from 404 BC–398 BC. The Twenty-Ninth Dynasty ruled from Mendes , for

120-690: A heavy defeat on them. A demotic papyrus from the reign of Ahmose II describes a small expedition into Nubia, the character of which is unclear. There is archaeological evidence of an Egyptian garrison at Dorginarti in lower Nubia during the Saite period. One major contribution from the Late Period of ancient Egypt was the Brooklyn Papyrus . This was a medical papyrus with a collection of medical and magical remedies for victims of snakebites based on snake type or symptoms. Artwork during this time

144-666: Is usually classified as the fifth Dynasty of the Late Period of ancient Egypt . It was founded after the overthrow of Nepherites II in 380 BC by Nectanebo I , and was disestablished upon the invasion of Egypt by the Achaemenid king Artaxerxes III in 343 BC. This is the final native dynasty of ancient Egypt; after the deposition of Nectanebo II , Egypt fell under foreign domination. Nectanebo I had gained control of all of Egypt by November of 380 BC, but spent much of his reign defending his kingdom from Persian reconquest with

168-676: The First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt . Cambyses founded the First Egyptian Satrapy, a territory of the Achaemenid Empire, and was crowned the first pharaoh of the Dynasty XXVII . In May 2020, an Egyptian-Spanish archaeological mission headed by Esther Ponce revealed a unique cemetery, which consists of one room built with glazed limestone dating back to the 26th Dynasty (also known as

192-586: The El-Sawi era) at the site of ancient Oxyrhynchus . Archaeologists also uncovered bronze coins, clay seals, Roman tombstones and small crosses. On October 3, 2020, Egypt unveiled 59 coffins of priests and clerks from the 26th dynasty, dating to nearly 2,500 years ago. The 26th Dynasty may be related to the 24th Dynasty . Manetho begins the dynasty with: When the Nubian King Shabaka defeated Bakenranef, son of Tefnakht , he likely installed

216-609: The Euphrates area in places such as Kimuhu and Quramati . Later they were pushed back by the defeat at Carcemish , although Egyptian intervention in the Near East seems to have continued after this battle. Amasis II followed a new policy and directed his interests toward the Greek world. He annexed Cyprus during his reign. To the south, Psamtik II led a great military expedition that reached deep into upper Nubia and inflicted

240-484: The Near East early in this period. They conquered the city of Ashdod around 655 BC, and a wide range of archaeological finds from throughout the Levant shows an Egyptian occupation and control in the late decades of the 7th century BC. These include various Egyptian objects from several sites, ostraca and documents showing a tribute/tax system, and evidence from the fortress of Mezad Hashavyahu. Egyptian influence reached to

264-444: The Near East. The expedition was beginning to meet with some success and made its way to Phoenicia without particular problems. unfortunately for Teos, his brother Tjahapimu was plotting against him. Tjahapimu convinced his son Nectanebo II to rebel against Teos and to make himself pharaoh. The plan was successful and the betrayed Teos had no alternative but to flee and the expedition disintegrated. The final ruler of this dynasty, and

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288-687: The Neo-Assyrian Empire – and returned to Egypt when Ashurbanipal defeated Tantamani and drove him back south. Scholars now start the 26th Dynasty with the reign of Psamtik I . Sextus Julius Africanus states in his often accurate version of Manetho's Epitome that the dynasty numbered 9 pharaohs, beginning with a "Stephinates" ( Tefnakht II ) and ending with Psamtik III. Africanus also notes that Psamtik I and Necho I ruled for 54 and 8 years respectively. Thirtieth dynasty of Egypt The Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XXX , alternatively 30th Dynasty or Dynasty 30 )

312-405: The court of the king of Persia. Nectanebo II's reign was dominated by the efforts of the Persian rulers to reconquer Egypt, which they considered a satrapy in revolt. For the first ten years, Nectanebo avoided the Persian reconquest because Artaxerxes III was forced to consolidate his control of the realm. Artaxerxes then attempted an unsuccessful invasion of Egypt in the winter of 351/350 BC;

336-592: The disputed Psammetichus IV ), who rebelled in defiance of the Persian authorities. The unsuccessful revolt of Inaros II (460–454), aided by the Athenians as part of the Wars of the Delian League , aspired to the same object. The Persian satraps were Aryandes (525–522 BC; 518–c.496 BC) - whose rule was interrupted by the rebel Pharaoh Petubastis III, Pherendates (c.496–c.486 BC), Achaemenes (c.486–459 BC) -

360-662: The final native ruler of Egypt, was Nectanebo II who was defeated in battle leading to the re-annexation by the Achaemenid Empire . The Second Achaemenid Period saw the re-inclusion of Egypt as a satrapy of the Persian Empire under the rule of the Thirty-First Dynasty, (343–332 BC) which consisted of three Persian emperors who ruled as Pharaoh— Artaxerxes III (343–338 BC), Artaxerxes IV (338–336 BC), and Darius III (336–332 BC)—interrupted by

384-638: The occasional help of Sparta or Athens . In 365 BC, Nectanebo made his son, Teos , co-king and heir, and until his death, in 363 BC father and son reigned together. After his father's death, Teos invaded the Persian territories of modern Syria and Israel and was beginning to meet with some successes when he lost his throne due to the machinations of his own brother Tjahapimu . Tjahepimu took advantage of Teos' unpopularity within Egypt by declaring his son—and Teos' nephew, Nectanebo II —king. The Egyptian army rallied around Nectanebo II which forced Teos to flee to

408-491: The period from 398 to 380 BC. King Hakor of this dynasty was able to defeat a Persian invasion during his reign. The Thirtieth Dynasty took their art style from the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty . A series of three pharaohs ruled from 380 to 343 BC. The first king of the dynasty, Nectanebo I , defeated a Persian invasion in 373 BC. His successor Teos subsequently led an expedition against the Achaemenid Empire in

432-513: The repercussions of his defeat prompted revolts in Cyprus , Phoenicia , and Cilicia . Although Nectanebo gave support to these revolts, Artaxerxes would eventually suppress these rebellions and was once again able to invade Egypt in 343 BC. This second invasion proved successful, and Nectanebo was forced to withdraw from his defenses in the Nile Delta to Memphis , where he saw that his cause

456-570: The revolt of the non-Achaemenid Khababash (338–335 BC). Persian rule in Egypt ended with the defeat of the Achaemenid Empire by Alexander the Great , who accepted the surrender of the Persian satrap of Egypt Mazaces in 332 BC, marking the beginning of Hellenistic rule in Egypt which stabilized after Alexander's death into the Ptolemaic Kingdom . Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt The Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XXVI , alternatively 26th Dynasty or Dynasty 26 )

480-551: The sack of Nineveh in 612 BC and the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, both Psamtik and his successors attempted to reassert Egyptian power in the Near East but were driven back by the Neo-Babylonian Empire under Nebuchadnezzar II . With the help of Greek mercenaries, Pharaoh Apries was able to hold back Babylonian attempts to conquer Egypt. The Persians would eventually invade Egypt in 525 BCE when Emperor Cambyses II captured and later executed Psamtik III in

504-411: Was lost. He thereupon fled south to Nubia , where he is assumed to have found refuge at the court of King Nastasen of Napata . Nectanebo, however, may have managed to maintain some form of independent rule in the south of Egypt for 2 more years since a document from Edfu is dated to his eighteenth year. Although a shadowy figure named Khababash proclaimed himself king and led a rebellion against

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528-628: Was probably a descendant of Bakenranef . However, other sources describe him as of Libyan descent. Following the Neo-Assyrian conquest of Egypt during the reigns of Taharqa and Tantamani , and the subsequent collapse of the Napata -based Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt , Psamtik I was recognized as sole king over all of Egypt. Psamtik formed alliances with King Gyges of Lydia , who sent him mercenaries from Caria and ancient Greece that Psamtik used to unify all of Egypt under his rule. With

552-509: Was representative of animal cults and animal mummies. This image shows the god Pataikos wearing a scarab beetle on his head, supporting two human-headed birds on his shoulders, holding a snake in each hand, and standing atop crocodiles. The First Achaemenid Period (525–404 BC) began with the Battle of Pelusium , which saw Egypt ( Old Persian : 𐎸𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹 Mudrāya ) conquered by the expansive Achaemenid Empire under Cambyses , and Egypt become

576-610: Was the last native dynasty of ancient Egypt before the Persian conquest in 525 BC (although other brief periods of rule by Egyptians followed). The dynasty's reign (664–525 BC) is also called the Saite Period after the city of Sais , where its pharaohs had their capital, and marks the beginning of the Late Period of ancient Egypt . This dynasty traced its origins to the Twenty-fourth Dynasty . Psamtik I

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