Christianity • Protestantism
50-668: The Twenty-five Articles of Religion are an official doctrinal statement of Methodism —particularly American Methodism and its offshoots. John Wesley abridged the Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of England , removing the Calvinistic parts among others, reflecting Wesley's Arminian theology. The resulting Twenty-five Articles were adopted at the Christmas Conference of 1784, and are found in
100-873: A catechetical manual drafted by Archbishop Pecham 's provincial Council of Lambeth in 1281. It called for the memorisation of the Apostles' Creed, the Ten Commandments , and the two-fold injunction to "love the Lord thy God with all thy heart... and thy neighbour as thyself." . It also emphasised the Seven Virtues , the Seven Deadly Sins , the Seven Sacraments , and the Seven Works of Mercy . A 1357 translation into English
150-587: A doctorate is a terminal academic degree that legally confers said authority within its respective field. For more information, see Doctor (title) . Catechisms A catechism ( / ˈ k æ t ə ˌ k ɪ z əm / ; from Ancient Greek : κατηχέω , "to teach orally") is a summary or exposition of doctrine and serves as a learning introduction to the Sacraments traditionally used in catechesis , or Christian religious teaching of children and adult converts. Catechisms are doctrinal manuals – often in
200-539: A bestseller, contained a number of problematic formulations. These were reviewed by a commission of cardinals, who detailed several significant shortcomings in the new catechism's presentation of Catholic doctrine. They were able, nonetheless, to "leave untouched by far the greatest part of the New Catechism," while offering their support for "the laudable purpose of the authors of the Catechism, namely, to present
250-466: A branch of law contains various doctrines, which in turn contain various rules or tests . The test of non-occurrence of crucial event is part of the doctrine of frustration which is part of contract law . Doctrines can grow into a branch of law ; restitution is now considered a branch of law separate to contract and tort . The title of Doctor in fact means "one with the authority to establish doctrine in his or her respective field of study";
300-529: A child. The Westminster Shorter Catechism (1647) is an example: Q. What is the chief end of man? A. To glorify God and enjoy Him forever! Q. What rule hath God given to direct us how we may glorify and enjoy Him? A. The word of God which is contained in the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments is the only rule to direct us how we may glorify and enjoy him . There are thousands of catechisms in
350-562: A deacon or priest at the church. There is emphasis on being taught by simply being in church, and listening to the services. Most Orthodox would refer back to the original writings of the Church Fathers , including the Catechetical Lectures of St. Cyril of Jerusalem and The Ladder of Divine Ascent . New catechumens would generally be encouraged to read "The Orthodox Church" by Kallistos Ware to get an overview of
400-530: Is tactical doctrine in which a standard set of maneuvers, kinds of troops and weapons are employed as a default approach to a kind of attack. Examples of military doctrines include: The Cold War saw the enunciation of several strategic doctrines designed to contain Soviet expansion. Carter Doctrine was announced in 1980 by American President Jimmy Carter after the Soviet invasion and occupation of Afghanistan. It declared that any Soviet aggression towards
450-524: Is a compendium of all basic texts of Catholic dogma and morality since the apostles . Commissioned by Pope Pius IX , it has been in use since 1854, and has been updated periodically. It is a compendium of faith, like a catechism. By including all relevant teachings throughout history, it is at the same time, more than a catechism. It is a search instrument for theologians, historians and anybody interested in Christian religion. The latest updates of
500-416: Is a body of interrelated rules (usually of common law and built over a long period of time) associated with a legal concept or principle. For example, the doctrine of frustration of purpose now has many tests and rules applicable with regards to each other and can be contained within a "bubble" of frustration . In a court session a defendant may refer to the doctrine of justification. It can be seen that
550-724: Is asked by a student and the teacher answers him. Weißenburger Katechismus Written at the end of 8th century, intended for priests in Old High German . Created in Weissenburg Abbey in Alsace. The book contains: Lord's Prayer , form of confession , seven deadly sins , Apostles' Creed , Athanasian Creed and Gloria in excelsis Deo hymn. This catechism was created in the wake of canons prescribed by Admonitio generalis . Elucidarium Encyclopedic work about medieval Christian theology, originally written in
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#1732765456122600-457: Is often called the Lay-Folk's Catechism . The catechetical instructions of Saint Thomas Aquinas were used generally throughout the 13th and 14th centuries as manuals and textbooks for priests and teachers of religion. "The Explanations of St. Thomas," wrote Spirago, "are remarkable for their conciseness and their simplicity of language; they are especially noteworthy because the main parts of
650-542: The Anglican Communion . The Episcopal Church 's 1928 prayer book included a catechism with offices of instruction, based upon the catechism of the Church of England's 1662 prayer book. The Episcopal Church's 1979 prayer book includes a catechism newly written for the prayer book, intended as "an outline of instruction" and "a brief summary of the Church's teaching". "To Be A Christian: An Anglican Catechism"
700-487: The Augsburg Confession placed on the importance of knowledge and understanding of the articles of the Christian faith. Primarily intended as instruction to teachers, especially to parents, the catechism consists of a series of exhortations on the importance of each topic of the catechism. It is meant for those who have the capacity to understand, and is meant to be memorized and then repeatedly reviewed so that
750-810: The Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines and approved by the Holy See . The draft was produced by the Conference's "Episcopal Commission on Catechesis and Catholic Education," and is an update of the late 16th century Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Espanola Y Tagala , which was a Hispano - Tagalog version of the earlier Hispano-Chinese Doctrina that was the First book of the Spanish Philippines|first book printed in
800-813: The Enchiridion extend to the teachings of Pope John Paul II . The Archbishop of Baltimore Cardinal James Gibbons is quoted in earlier versions of the Enchiridion, that every theologian should have always two books at hand, the Holy Bible and this Enchiridion . The Tradivox Catholic Catechism Index is a twenty-volume book series developed by Tradivox and published by Sophia Institute Press , consisting of reprints of more than thirty historical Catholic catechisms . When complete, it will consist of twenty cross-indexed hardcover volumes. The project has received several endorsements from prominent members of
850-1034: The Methodist Protestant Church , and Of the Duty of Christians to the Civil Authority were added by this Conference. 1. Of Faith in the Holy Trinity. 2. Of the Word, or Son of God, Who Was Made Very Man. 3. Of the Resurrection of Christ. 4. Of the Holy Ghost. 5. Of the Sufficiency of the Holy Scriptures for Salvation. 6. Of the Old Testament. 7. Of Original or Birth Sin. 8. Of Free Will. 9. Of
900-445: The 2008 United Nations peacekeeping operations' "Capstone Doctrine" which speaks to integrated civilian and military operations. By definition, political doctrine is "[a] policy, position or principle advocated, taught or put into effect concerning the acquisition and exercise of the power to govern or administrate in society." The term political doctrine is sometimes wrongly identified with political ideology. However, doctrine lacks
950-821: The Books of Discipline of Methodist Churches, such as Chapter I of the Doctrines and Discipline of the African Methodist Episcopal Church and paragraph 103 of the United Methodist Church Book of Discipline . They have remained relatively unchanged since 1808, save for a few additional articles added in later years in both the United Methodist tradition and Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection , among other Methodist connexions . The Thirty-nine Articles of
1000-613: The Catholic clergy & public, including Cardinal Burke , Cardinal Müller , Cardinal Pell , Bishop Strickland , Bishop Schneider , and theologian Peter Kwasniewski . As the episcopal advisor of the project, Bishop Schneider has written a foreword for each of the hardcover volumes in the series. Unlike the Catholic Church, there is no teaching Magisterium in the Orthodox world. Most catechumens are instructed orally by
1050-644: The Catholic tradition, with texts already appearing in print for the instruction of lay people by the early medieval period. Only two "universal" catechisms have been promulgated by the popes of the Catholic Church: The Catechism of the Council of Trent (1566), written chiefly for priests, and the Catechism of the Catholic Church (1992), written chiefly for bishops . These remain among the most widespread among Catholics today, although
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#17327654561221100-699: The Christian faith from an Orthodox perspective before being given more advanced readings. In recent times, perhaps under influence from the West, a number of catechisms have emerged in the Eastern Orthodox Church such as the Philaret Catechism, which is entitled, "The Longer Catechism of The Orthodox, Catholic, Eastern Church," "A new-style catechism on the Eastern Orthodox faith for adults" by Rev. George Mastrantonis, and
1150-543: The Christian faith, such as the Catechetical Lectures of St. Cyril of Jerusalem , "The Morals" of St. Basil of Caesarea , and the Enchiridion on Faith, Hope and Love by St. Augustine of Hippo . The earliest known catechism is the Didache , which was written between 60 and 85 AD. The word "catechism" for a manual for this instruction appeared in the Late Middle Ages . The use of a question and answer format
1200-779: The Church of England were intended to establish, in basic terms, the faith and practice of the Church of England. While not designed to be a creed or complete statement of the Christian faith, the articles explain the doctrinal position of the Church of England in relation to Catholicism , Calvinism , and Anabaptism . Wesley revised the Articles in 1784 for the Methodist work in America. His twenty-four Articles reflect both his theological commitments and his desire for doctrinal clarity, shortening some articles and deleting others if they could be easily misread. Of Sanctification , taken from
1250-975: The Justification of Man. 10. Of Good Works. 11. Of Works of Supererogation. 12. Of Sin After Justification. 13. Of the Church. 14. Of Purgatory. 15. Of Speaking in the Congregation in Such a Tongue as the People Understand. 16. Of the Sacraments. 17. Of Baptism. 18. Of the Lord's Supper. 19. Of Both Kinds. 20. Of the One Oblation of Christ, Finished upon the Cross. 21. Of the Marriage of Ministers. 22. Of
1300-550: The Magisterium are both necessary for attaining to the fullest understanding of all of God's revelation. The term catechist is most frequently used in Catholicism , often to describe a lay catechist , a layperson with catechetical training who engages in such teaching and evangelization. This can be in both parish church and mission contexts. The Master Catechism is a digital search engine developed by Tradivox under
1350-823: The Persian Gulf would be considered a danger to the essential interests of the United States. This led to the creation of significant American military installations in the area and the formation of the Rapid Deployment Force . The proclamation reinforced the previous Truman Doctrine and Eisenhower Doctrine and to some extent it rejected the Nixon Doctrine . See also Reagan Doctrine . In modern peacekeeping operations , which involve both civilian and military operations, more comprehensive (not just military) doctrines are now emerging such as
1400-740: The Philippines using moveable type . The Doctrina Cristiana was written in Tagalog (both in a hispanised Latin script and the then-common indigenous Baybayin script), as well as Spanish . Amongst the contents of the Doctrina are the Spanish alphabet and phonics , basic prayers shown in both languages – in the case of the Tagalog, using archaic words and both scripts – and a brief catechism in question-and-answer format. The Enchiridion symbolorum, definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum , also known as Enchiridion or Denzinger ,
1450-547: The Rites and Ceremonies of Churches. 23. Of the Rulers of the United States of America. 24. Of Christian Men's Goods. 25. Of a Christian Man's Oath. Of Sanctification. Of the Duty of Christians to the Civil Authority. Doctrinal Doctrine (from Latin : doctrina , meaning "teaching, instruction") is a codification of beliefs or a body of teachings or instructions, taught principles or positions, as
1500-415: The actional aspect of ideology. It is mainly a theoretical discourse, which "refers to a coherent sum of assertions regarding what a particular topic should be" (Bernard Crick). Political doctrine is based on a rationally elaborated set of values, which may precede the formation of a political identity per se . It is concerned with philosophical orientations on a meta-theoretical level. A legal doctrine
1550-507: The bishop for confirmation : the baptised first professes his baptism, and then rehearses the principal elements of the faith into which he has been baptised: the Apostles' Creed , Ten Commandments , the Lord's Prayer , and the sacraments . Catechist: What is your Name? Answer: N. or M. Catechist: Who gave you this Name? Answer: My Godfathers and Godmothers in my Baptism; wherein I
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1600-418: The catechetical course of instruction are brought into connection with one another so that they appear as one harmonious whole." The influence of these works is especially prominent in the "Roman Catechism" which the Council of Trent ordered written for parish priests and for all teachers of religion. Many of the explanatory passages in both works are almost identical. A question-and-answer format catechism that
1650-850: The catechetical work or instruction. In the Catholic Church , catechumens are those who are preparing to receive the Sacrament of Baptism . Traditionally, they would be placed separately during Holy Mass from those who had been baptized , and would be dismissed from the liturgical assembly before the Profession of Faith ( Nicene Creed ) and General Intercessions (Prayers of the Faithful). Catechisms are characteristic of Western Christianity but are also present in Eastern Christianity . In 1973, The Common Catechism ,
1700-466: The direction of Bishop Athanasius Schneider , which uses AI technology to answer catechism questions by drawing upon dozens of Catholic catechisms from across the last millennium. According to the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia, Laurence Vaux's Catechism was the first Reformation era Catholic Catechism in English when it was published in 1567. Reprints followed in 1574, 1583, 1599 and 1605. The catechism,
1750-485: The essence of teachings in a given branch of knowledge or in a belief system . The etymological Greek analogue is " catechism ". Often the word doctrine specifically suggests a body of religious principles as promulgated by a church. Doctrine may also refer to a principle of law, in the common-law traditions, established through a history of past decisions. Examples of religious doctrines include: Roman Catholic and Orthodox doctrine generally comes from
1800-412: The eternal good tidings of Christ in a way adapted to the understanding and the thinking of the present day man." Fidei depositum is an Apostolic Constitution which states that the catechism of the Catholic Church is for the laity in its address to all the people of God. Disputatio Puerorum Per Interrogationes Et Responsiones Catechism by Alcuin contains questions and answers. The question
1850-403: The family as a "little church", and placed strong responsibility on every father to teach his children, to prevent them from coming to baptism or the Lord's table ignorant of the doctrine under which they are expected to live as Christians. The Anglican Book of Common Prayer includes a catechism. In older editions it is a brief manual for the instruction of those preparing to be brought before
1900-516: The first joint catechism of Catholics and Protestants, was published by theologians of the major Western Christian traditions, as a result of extensive ecumenical dialogue. Before the Protestant Reformation , Christian catechesis took the form of instruction in and memorization of the Apostles' Creed and Lord's Prayer , and basic knowledge of the sacraments . However, there were also more comprehensive documents that outlined
1950-458: The form of questions followed by answers to be memorised – a format that has been used in non-religious or secular contexts as well. According to Norman DeWitt, the early Christians appropriated this practice from the Epicureans , a school whose founder Epicurus had instructed to keep summaries of the teachings for easy learning. The term catechumen refers to the designated recipient of
2000-484: The key components of religiosity . He divides doctrine into four categories: content, frequency (degree to which it may occupy the person's mind), intensity and centrality. Each of these may vary from one religion to the next, within that religious tradition. In this sense, doctrine is similar to Charles Glock 's "belief" dimension of religiosity. The term also applies to the concept of an established procedure to execute an operation in warfare . The typical example
2050-499: The late 11th century by Honorius Augustodunensis . It was intended as a handbook for the lower and less educated clergy. De quinque septenis seu septenariis by Hugh of Saint Victor Work about seven deadly sins , seven petitions of the Lord's Prayer , seven gifts of the Holy Ghost, seven virtues , and Beatitudes . Ignorantia Sacerdotum are the first words and the better-known title of De Informatione Simplicium ,
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2100-618: The latter has been met with some controversy since its first appearance. For Catholics, all the canonical books of the Bible (including the Deuterocanonical books ), the tradition of the Church and the interpretation of these by the living Magisterium (which may be accomplished in a catechism or other mode of teaching) constitute the entire means whereby God's revelation to mankind may be accessed. Catholics believe that sacred scripture and sacred tradition preserved and interpreted by
2150-455: The lives and sayings of the early desert monks, which was recorded in "The paradise of the holy fathers," Volume 1 and Volume 2 . Recently the Coptic church has used Fr. Tadros Malaty's books, along with Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria 's many books, to help lay people better understand their Coptic faith. However, like the Eastern Orthodox church, the faith is mostly expounded in the lives of
2200-432: The more modern "The Orthodox Faith" by Protopresbyter Thomas Hopko . However, presently such catechisms are not widely used. The Oriental Orthodox Churches rely heavily on the Didascalia Apostolorum . The Ethiopic version is known as the "Ethiopic Didascalia." It is included in the Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon , and is read from on Sundays. The faith of the Coptic Orthodox Church has historically been evidenced in
2250-499: The saints and the material recited during the services. The catechism's question-and-answer format, with a view toward the instruction of children, was a form adopted by the various Protestant confessions almost from the beginning of the Reformation . Among the first projects of the Reformation was the production of catechisms self-consciously modelled after the older traditions of Cyril of Jerusalem and Augustine . These catechisms showed special admiration for Chrysostom 's view of
2300-428: The writings of the Church Fathers , which has been clarified in various Ecumenical councils . Short versions can be found in brief statements of Christian doctrine , in prayer books. Longer versions take the form of catechisms . Protestants generally reject Christian tradition and instead derive their doctrine solely from the Bible . According to sociologist Mervin Verbit , doctrine may be understood as one of
2350-416: Was made a member of Christ, the child of God, and an inheritor of the kingdom of heaven. The "N. or M." stands for the Latin, "nomen vel nomina", meaning "name or names". It is an accident of typography that "nomina" (nn.) came to be represented by "m". The catechism was published in 1604 as a stand-alone document. It was later bound up with the 1662 Book of Common Prayer. This edition holds authority across
2400-407: Was popularized by Martin Luther in his 1529 Small Catechism . He wanted the catechumen to understand what he was learning, so the Decalogue, Lord's Prayer, and Apostles' Creed were broken up into small sections, with the question "What does this mean?" following each portion. The format calls upon two parties to participate, a master and a student (traditionally termed a "scholar"), or a parent and
2450-405: Was published in 2020 by Anglican House Media Ministries, the publishing house of the Anglican Church in North America (ACNA). Keach's Catechism is utilized in many Particular Baptist congregations. Nondenominational Reformed Baptist preacher John Piper wrote a commentary on this catechism, publishing it in 1986. Luther's Large Catechism (1529) typifies the emphasis which the churches of
2500-419: Was the standard catechetical text in Great Britain in the earlier part of the 20th century. Popularly called the Penny Catechism , as the original version only cost one penny . Various editions of the Penny Catechism were issued through the century and changes were made to the text. The Catechism for Filipino Catholics (CFC) is a contextualised and inculturated Filipino Catholic catechism prepared by
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