Twifo is one of the states established by the Akan when they first settled in the Adansi forest. Later, the Akan kept migrating southward toward the coast, where they took over considerable area. By the beginning of the 16th century, European sources noted the state of Twifo, said to be rich in gold; they described it as near the forest area with a capital known as Hemang . These Akan brought their gold to the coastal area to sell and were known to the Europeans by variant names because they brought the finest gold. The people also became known as Twifo.
42-631: Duarte Pacheco Pereira , the earliest authority writing in 1505 about the Akan, referred to them by the name Quaforo, Cuffrue or Juffer , his attempt in Portuguese to render the sound of Twifo. The European traders noted that the Twifo as skillful traders. These Akan were a minority group. Their ancestors moved out of the Adansi area earlier than most of the Akan groups; they migrated toward the southern part of
84-678: A vast overseas empire. Manuel used the wealth to build a number of royal buildings (in the " Manueline " style) and to attract artists to his court. Commercial treaties and diplomatic alliances were forged with the Ming dynasty of China and the Persian Safavid dynasty . Pope Leo X received a monumental embassy from Portugal during his reign designed to draw attention to Portugal's newly acquired riches to all of Europe. Like Afonso V, Manuel extended his official title to reflect Portugal's expansion. He styled himself King of Portugal and
126-761: Is a map of this type, apparently derived from Pereira's. In their book Foundations of the Portuguese empire, 1415-1580 , historians Bailey Wallys, Boyd Shafer and George Winius, based in the Portuguese historian Duarte Leite and other authors, make the following comment: "What really is important," Duarte Leite says, "is to know whether Pacheco arrived in Brazil before Alvares Cabral (April 22, 1500). In agreement with Luciano Pereira, such modern Portuguese historians as Faustino da Fonseca, Brito Rebelo, Lopes de Mendonça, and Jaime Cortesão say he did. . . as does Vignaud; and I believe he does not lack supporters in Brazil." "However," says Leite, "if Pacheco did discover areas east of
168-579: Is densely populated and extends 28° degrees on the other side of the Equator towards the Antarctic Pole. Such is its greatness and length that on either side its end has not been seen or known, so that it is certain that it goes round the whole globe. Pereira drew a map of the world setting out this concept and referred to in chapter 5 of the Esmeraldo , but it has since been lost. He said: “for
210-514: Is named for the king. Manuel was born in Alcochete on 31 May 1469, the ninth child of Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu and Beatriz of Portugal . His father, Ferdinand, was the son of Edward, King of Portugal and the brother of Afonso V of Portugal , while his mother, Beatriz, was granddaughter of King John I of Portugal . In addition, his sister Eleanor of Viseu was the wife of King John II of Portugal . Manuel grew up amidst strife between
252-519: The Ashantiland Peninsula and settled in the forest area towards the coast. They established themselves socially, economically, militarily and politically. The Twifo kingdom with its ancient capital of Hemang welcomed other Akan groups into their area. They did not seek to consolidate power like many of the Akan states, and gave autonomy to the newcomers. Many settlers from various Akan groupings came later and settled on either side of
294-540: The Cape of Good Hope for the first time. The knowledge he collected from Dias expedition as well as his own explorations granted him the post of official geographer of the Portuguese monarch. In 1494 he signed the Pope-sanctioned Treaty of Tordesillas , which shared the non-Christian world between Portugal and Spain. In 1503 Duarte Pacheco Pereira departed for India as captain of Espírito Santo , one of
336-703: The Indian Ocean ), among numerous others. The income from Portuguese trade monopolies and colonized lands made Manuel the wealthiest monarch in Europe, allowing him to be one of the great patrons of the Portuguese Renaissance , which produced many significant artistic and literary achievements. Manuel patronized numerous Portuguese intellectuals, including playwright Gil Vicente (called the father of Portuguese and Spanish theatre ). The Manueline style , considered Portugal's national architecture,
378-559: The Lisbon massacre of 1506, people murdered thousands of accused Jews. The leaders of the riot were executed by Manuel. In addition, Manuel also ordered the expulsion of Muslims from Portugal, and he is known to have pressured Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to end the toleration of Islam in their own kingdom. Isabella died in childbirth, thus putting a damper on Portuguese ambitions to rule in Spain, which various rulers had harbored since
420-511: The Monastery of Jerónimos . Manuel also endeavoured to promote another crusade against the Turks. At the outset of his reign, Manuel relaxed conditions that had kept Jews in virtual slavery under John II. However, in 1496, while seeking to marry Infanta Isabella of Aragon , he relented to pressure from her parents, Ferdinand and Isabella, and decreed that Jews who refused baptism must leave
462-884: The Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India in 1498, resulting in the creation of the Portuguese India Armadas , which guaranteed Portugal's monopoly on the spice trade . Manuel began the Portuguese colonization of the Americas and Portuguese India , and oversaw the establishment of a vast trade empire across Africa and Asia. Manuel established the Casa da Índia , a royal institution that managed Portugal's monopolies and its imperial expansion. He financed numerous famed Portuguese navigators, including Pedro Álvares Cabral (who discovered Brazil ), Afonso de Albuquerque (who established Portuguese hegemony in
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#1732776168386504-726: The Pra River ; all adopted the name Twifo. In the 21st century, four groupings are called Twifo: Hemang , Mampong , Tufoe and Morkwa . The Morkwa, headed by their leader Nana Amo Kwaw, settled beyond the Pra River; they shared a common boundary with the already-settled Twifo Hemang kingdom. They adopted the name Twifo. The Morkwa territory was settled earlier than many sites beyond the Pra River. The Mampong, headed by their leader Nana Ampontenfi, came later from Asante Nkawie . They settled first at Jukwa and built houses there. After some time, they applied for land at Twifo Hemang through
546-450: The 1960s, Duarte Pacheco was a genius comparable to Leonardo da Vinci . With the anticipation of more than two centuries, the cosmographer was responsible for calculating the value of the degree of the meridian arc with a margin of error of only 4%, when the current error at the time varied between 7 and 15%. It has also been suggested that Duarte Pacheco Pereira may have discovered the coasts of Maranhão , Pará and Marajó island and
588-667: The Algarves, on this side and beyond the Sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and the Lord of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce in Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India . In Manuel's reign, royal absolutism was the method of government. The Portuguese Cortes (the assembly of the kingdom) met only four times during his reign, always in Lisbon , the king's seat. He reformed the courts of justice and
630-591: The Fortunate ( Portuguese : O Venturoso ), was King of Portugal from 1495 to 1521. A member of the House of Aviz , Manuel was Duke of Beja and Viseu prior to succeeding his cousin, John II of Portugal , as monarch. Manuel ruled over a period of intensive expansion of the Portuguese Empire owing to the numerous Portuguese discoveries made during his reign. His sponsorship of Vasco da Gama led to
672-504: The King of Portugal's personal squire. In the year of 1475, having graduated with honors, he was awarded a study fellowship from the monarch himself. Later on, in 1488 he explored the west coast of Africa. His expedition fell ill with fever and lost their ship. Pacheco Pereira was rescued from the island of Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea by Bartolomeu Dias when Dias was returning from rounding
714-507: The Line of Demarcation and did bring back news of this to [King] Manuel [of Portugal], the reason which induced Don Manuel to keep secret. . . such an important discovery escapes me. As soon as Cabral returned in 1501, Manuel announced the discovery of Brazil to Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. Why would he not in 1499, after the return of Vasco da Gama , make a similar announcement if Pacheco had already discovered Brazil? No objection could come on
756-696: The Persian Gulf by Afonso de Albuquerque. The capture of Malacca in modern-day Malaysia in 1511 was the result of a plan by Manuel I to thwart the Muslim trade in the Indian Ocean by capturing Aden , blocking trade through Alexandria , capturing Ormuz to block trade through the Persian Gulf and Beirut , and capturing Malacca to control trade with China . All these events made Portugal wealthy from foreign trade as it formally established
798-503: The Portuguese National Archive (Torre do Tombo), is probably the first European document to acknowledge that chimpanzees built their own rudimentary tools. Between 1505 and 1508 Duarte Pacheco Pereira composed a book, Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis , inspired on Pomponius Mela 's De situ Orbis , which has been described as one of the first major scientific works "reporting on what was observed and experimented in
840-502: The Portuguese noble families and King John II. In 1483, Fernando II, Duke of Braganza , leader of Portugal's most powerful feudal house, was executed for treason. Later, Manuel's older brother, Diogo, Duke of Viseu , was accused of leading a conspiracy against the crown and was stabbed to death in 1484 by the king himself. After the death of his son Prince Afonso and failed attempts to legitimise his illegitimate son, Jorge de Lencastre, Duke of Coimbra , John II named Manuel heir to
882-677: The Zamorin's army of 60,000. Nonetheless, by clever positioning, individual heroics and a lot of luck, Duarte Pacheco successfully resisted attacks for five months, until the humiliated Zamorin finally called off his forces. His son Lisuarte (or Jusarte) took a leading part in the fight. For his exploits in the defense of Cochin, Duarte Pacheco was given a grant of arms by the Trimumpara Raja of Cochin, and greeted with honors by King Manuel I of Portugal and public festivities upon his return to Lisbon in 1505. His diary (1506), preserved in
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#1732776168386924-598: The average daily deviation of the moon from the sun ) and constructing nautical measurements to be used by future Portuguese navigators. In 1508, Duarte Pacheco was commissioned by the Portuguese king to give chase to Mondragon French privateer which operated between the Azores and the Portuguese coast, where they attacked the ships coming from Portuguese India . Duarte Pacheco located and cornered Mondragon off Cape Finisterre in 1509, and defeated and captured him. Later in life, while away governing São Jorge da Mina , he
966-539: The better understanding of our work, we have set here a painted map of the world, with the shape and description of these lands”. The 1519 world map by Lopo Homem set out this concept, showing the OCEANUS MERIDIONALIS and INDICUM MARE (Atlantic and Indian Oceans) enclosed by the continental Earth. The world map compiled in 1513 from Portuguese sources by the Ottoman admiral and cartographer Piri Reis
1008-498: The country. Then, before the deadline for their expulsion he converted all Jews to Christianity by royal decree. That period of time technically ended the presence of Jews in Portugal. Afterwards, all converted Jews and their descendants would be referred to as " New Christians " and were given a grace period of thirty years in which no inquiries into their faith would be allowed, which was later extended to end in 1534. During
1050-932: The first feitoria in Brazil by Fernão de Loronha and of a fort in the allied Kingdom of Cochin in India by Afonso de Albuquerque . 1505 – The construction of forts at Kilwa , Sofala , Angediva , and Cannanore by Francisco de Almeida as the first viceroy of India . 1506 – The capture of Essaouira in Morocco by Diogo de Azambuja. 1507 – The capture of Socotra by Tristão da Cunha and Oman by Afonso de Albuquerque. 1508 – The capture of Safi in Morocco by Diogo de Azambuja . 1510 – The capture of Goa in India by Afonso de Albuquerque . 1511 – The capture of Malacca in Malaysia by Afonso de Albuquerque. 1513 – The capture of Azamor in Morocco by Dom Jaime Duke of Braganza . 1515 – The capture of Ormus in
1092-531: The first individual to receive more than one Golden Rose after Emperor Sigismund von Luxembourg . In December 1521, while Lisbon was dealing with an outbreak of the Black Plague , Manuel and his court remained at Ribeira Palace . On 4 December, Manuel began displaying symptoms of an intense fever which incapacitated him by the 11th. He died on 13 December 1521, at the age of 52, and was succeeded by his son, John III of Portugal . The next day, his body
1134-507: The following brief account: Most fortunate Prince, we have known and seen how in the third year of your reign in the year of Our Lord 1498, in which your Highness ordered us to discover the Western region, a very large landmass with many large islands adjacent, extending 70° North of the Equator, and located beyond the greatness of the Ocean, has been discovered and navigated; this distant land
1176-500: The mediation of Tiboe of Jukwa Dankyira. They became paying guests around 1831 and also adopted the name Twifo after their settlement. They lived and paid fees annually to Twifo Hemang Kingdom for the land they occupied. Duarte Pacheco Pereira Duarte Pacheco Pereira ( Portuguese pronunciation: [duˈaɾtɨ pɐˈʃeku pɨˈɾɐjɾɐ] ; c. 1460 – 1533), called the Portuguese Achilles ( Aquiles Lusitano ) by
1218-732: The mouth of the Amazon River in 1498, preceding the possible landings of the expeditions of Amerigo Vespucci in 1499, of Vicente Yáñez Pinzon in January 1500, and of Diego de Lepe in February 1500; and the Cabral's expedition in April 1500, making him the first known European explorer of present-day Brazil . This claim is based on interpretations of the cipher manuscript Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis , written by Duarte Pacheco Pereira, which gives
1260-509: The municipal charters with the crown, modernizing taxes and the concepts of tributes and rights. During his reign, the laws in force in the kingdom were recodified with the publication of the Manueline Ordinances . Manuel was a very religious man and invested a large amount of Portuguese income to send missionaries to the new colonies, among them Francisco Álvares , and sponsor the construction of religious buildings, such as
1302-512: The name (or nickname) of the ship Duarte Pacheco sailed to India, that it is a corruption of the Spanish word esmerado (meaning "guide"), that in Malayalam , an emerald gemstone is known as pache or pachec , and thus Esmeraldo is a pun on his own name (thus, "Pacheco's De Situ Orbis"). Duarte Pacheco Pereira was probably one of the first early modern Europeans to scientifically study
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1344-476: The newly 'discovered' environment." Never completed, it was not published until 1892, possibly to avoid giving others information about Portugal's valuable Guinea trade. (The meaning of the 'esmeraldo' in the title has been much speculated. Among the proposals, it is a reference to the emerald green of the sea; that it is an anagram combining the names 'Emmanuel' (for King Manuel I of Portugal ) and 'Eduardus' (of Duarte Pacheco), that Esmeralda might have been
1386-800: The part of Spain, given the division made by the Treaty of Tordesillas, as indeed none came in 1501 when Cabral's discovery was announced. I am persuaded that Pacheco neither discovered Brazil in 1498 nor was present two years later at its discovery by Cabral." Duarte Pacheco Pereira's Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis is the first European navigation script book to mention the coast of Brazil. He married Antónia de Albuquerque, daughter of Jorge Garcês and wife Isabel de Albuquerque Galvão, only daughter of Duarte Galvão by first wife Catarina de Sousa e Albuquerque, and had eight children: Manuel I of Portugal Manuel I ( European Portuguese: [mɐnuˈɛl] ; 31 May 1469 – 13 December 1521), known as
1428-493: The poet Camões , was a Portuguese sea captain, soldier, explorer and cartographer . He travelled particularly in the central Atlantic Ocean west of the Cape Verde islands, along the coast of West Africa and to India . His accomplishments in strategic warfare, exploration, mathematics and astronomy were of an exceptional level. Pacheco Pereira was the son of João Pacheco and Isabel Pereira. In his youth he served as
1470-467: The previous king as a squire, and had served King Manuel merely as a high ranking servant. His distance from Lisbon and his success meant he had many enemies abroad, and few friends in the capital to defend him. He lived off a pension from the King until his death. According to one of its most important biographers, the Portuguese historian Joaquim Barradas de Carvalho , who lived in exile in Brazil in
1512-562: The reign of King Ferdinand I (1367–1383). Manuel and Isabella's young son, Miguel da Paz , was named Prince of Asturias , Prince of Portugal , and Prince of Girona , making him heir apparent of Castile, Portugal, and Aragon until his death in 1500, at the age of two years, ended the ambitions of the Catholic Monarchs and Manuel. Manuel's next wife, Maria of Aragon , was his first wife's younger sister. Two of their sons later became kings of Portugal. Maria died in 1517 but
1554-522: The relationship between the tides and the phases of the moon , which played a critical importance in the course of the Battle of Cochin, and carefully took notes on the timing of the tides. Pacheco is said to have been the first to notice their connection to the moon and to establish rules for predicting the progress of tides by reference to lunar observations. He also sifted through his data to correct and improve astronomical observations (notably correcting
1596-409: The three ships in the fleet headed by Afonso de Albuquerque . In 1504, he was placed in charge of the defence of Cochin , a Portuguese protectorate in India, from a series of attacks between March and July 1504 by the ruling Zamorin of Calicut . (see Battle of Cochin (1504) ). Having only 150 Portuguese and a small number of Malabarese auxiliaries at his disposal, Cochin was vastly outnumbered by
1638-659: The throne. Manuel succeeded John as king of Portugal in 1495. Manuel would prove a worthy successor to his cousin John II for his support of Portuguese exploration of the Atlantic Ocean and development of Portuguese commerce. During his reign, the following achievements were realized: 1498 – The discovery of a maritime route to India by Vasco da Gama . 1500 – The discovery of Brazil by Pedro Álvares Cabral . 1501 – The discovery of Labrador by Gaspar and Miguel Corte-Real. 1503 – The construction of
1680-597: The two sisters were survived by two other sisters, Joanna of Castile , who was born in 1479 and had married Archduke Philip ( Maximilian I 's son) and had a son, Charles V who would eventually inherit Spain and the Habsburg possessions, and Catherine of Aragon , first wife of Henry VIII . After Maria's death, Manuel married her niece, Eleanor of Austria . Manuel I was awarded the Golden Rose by Pope Julius II in 1506 and by Pope Leo X in 1514. Manuel I became
1722-484: Was slandered by his enemies at court with accusations of theft and corruption. He was recalled to the capital and briefly imprisoned until he was exonerated by the Crown being proved innocent. But the damage was done as he had lost his governorship. Although he was acquitted his protector, King João II of Portugal had died and been replaced by a king who didn't acknowledge the value of Duarte Pacheco. Duarte Pacheco had served
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1764-566: Was transported to the Belém district of Lisbon, in a black velvet-draped coffin, followed by masses of mourners. He was provisionally buried at Restelo Church, while the royal pantheon of the House of Aviz was furnished inside Jerónimos Monastery . His coffin was buried by four of the most prominent nobles of the kingdom, the Duke of Braganza , the Duke of Coimbra , and the Marquis of Vila Real , in
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