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65-478: Tyumen is the largest city and capital of Tyumen Oblast, and the first Russian settlement east of the Ural Mountains . Tyumen Oblast is the largest producer of oil and natural gas in the country, and has experienced an oil boom since the early 2000s. The rapid growth of the fuel industry has made the oblast by far the richest federal subject of Russia, with an average GDP per capita several times

130-521: A fortress on the site of the former Siberian Tatar town of Chingi-Tura ("city of Chingis "), also known as Tyumen , from the Turkic and Mongol word for "ten thousand" – tumen . Tyumen stood on the "Tyumen Portage", part of the historical trade route between Central Asia and the Volga region. Various South Siberian nomads had continuously contested control of the portage in the preceding centuries. As

195-625: A major industrial center of the Soviet Union . By the onset of World War II , the city had several well-established industries, including shipbuilding, furniture manufacture, and the manufacture of fur and leather goods. World War II saw rapid growth and development in the city. In the winter of 1941, twenty-two major industrial enterprises evacuated to Tyumen from the European part of the Soviet Union. These enterprises went into operation

260-428: A million. After the growth of the 1960s, a period of population stability lasted until 1988, when economic depression hit the Soviet Union. The city's population in 1989 was 476,869, according to the census of that year. However, within five or six years Tyumen was again a major economic center with a rising population. By 2002, Tyumen's population had risen to 510,719. Further population growth (mainly due to migration and

325-475: A permit to handle all types of helicopters. The airstrip is capable of handling large freight aircraft such as the An-22 Antaeus . The city has a regular service to a large number of Russian towns, including, Moscow (9 flights a day), St. Petersburg , and Samara . There are also weekly or biweekly flights to the following international locations: Baku , Erevan , Khujand , and Tashkent . Tyumen

390-452: A result, Siberian Tatar and Kalmyk raiders often attacked early Russian settlers. The military situation meant that streltsy and Cossack garrisons stationed in the town predominated in the population of Tyumen until the mid-17th century. As the area became less restive, the town began to take on a less military character. By the beginning of the 18th century, Tyumen had developed into an important center of trade between Siberia and China in

455-456: A strongly humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) with warm, somewhat humid summers and long, very cold (though average by Siberian standards) winters. The weather in the region is very changeable, and the temperature in town is always higher than in the surrounding area by a few degrees. The town area also attracts more precipitation. The average temperature in January

520-525: Is atheist , and 3.7% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question. A minor planet 2120 Tyumenia discovered in 1967 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova is named after the Tyumen Oblast. Tyumen Tyumen ( / t j uː ˈ m ɛ n / tyoo- MEN ; Russian: Тюмень , IPA: [tʲʉˈmʲenʲ] ) is the administrative center and largest city of Tyumen Oblast , Russia. It

585-562: Is a major hub for intercity bus service, centered on the bus terminal, which was constructed in 1972, and greatly expanded between 2006 and 2008. Tyumen is served by the international Roschino Airport located 13 kilometres (8 miles) west of the city. In addition Plekhanovo Airport is in the area. The Roschino airport has permits to handle the following types of aircraft: Tu-154 , Tu-134 , An-12 , An-24 , An-26 , Yak-40 , Yak-42 , IL-18 , L-410 , B-737 , B-767 , B-757 , IL-86 , IL-76 , ATR-42 , ATR-72 , HS-125 . The airport also has

650-463: Is a member of other (non-Russian) Eastern Orthodox Churches , 4% are unaffiliated generic Christians , 1% are members of Protestant churches . 6% of the population is composed of Muslims , 2% are adherents of the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), and 0.4% to forms of Hinduism ( Vedism , Krishnaism or Tantrism ). In addition, 34% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 11%

715-585: Is a service center for gas and oil industries: the Oblast has the highest level of oil and gas production of any region in Russia. Gazprom , LUKoil and Gazpromneft , TNK-BP , Shell , Salym Petroleum Development N.V. have representative offices in Tyumen. It has been suggested that the importance of these industries has caused the high levels of economic inequality observed in the region. The largest companies in

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780-449: Is also a cargo center and a link between rail, road and air transport. Roshchino International Airport is undergoing construction as of 2017, with development of a new terminal. Population: 3,395,755 ( 2010 Census ) ; 3,264,841 ( 2002 Census ) ; 3,080,621 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Ethnic groups: There were thirty-six recognized ethnic groups of more than two thousand persons each in Tyumen Oblast, making this one of

845-457: Is an eclectic mix of buildings of different styles and eras. Tyumen's nickname is the Capital of Villages because the most of its territory is built up by lumber houses. Many of the wooden buildings located in the historical part of the city are considered culturally valuable. Tyumen has many cinemas and clubs. Regional parliaments of Russia The regional parliaments of Russia are

910-466: Is characterized with the prevalence of small rivers as well as the significant bogginess of their catchment areas and numerous lakes. It borders Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug in the north, Omsk Oblast and Tomsk Oblast in the East, Kazakhstan ( North Kazakhstan Region ), Kurgan Oblast and Sverdlovsk Oblast in the west. Extreme climatic conditions characterise most parts of the territory, especially

975-657: Is concentrated in the Middle Ob. Gas is produced mainly in the northern areas. Large oil fields are located in the Khanty-Ugra: Samotlor Field , Ob, Fyodorovskoye Field , Mamontovskoye, Krasnoleninskoye; gas - in the Yamalo-Nenets District: Urengoy Field , Bear, Yamburg Field . The depth from 700 m to 4 km. Produced peat , sapropel , quartz sand , limestone . Explored about 400 deposits of raw materials for

1040-620: Is divided by the Tura River , the Tyumneka River, and the Trans-Siberian Railroad , creating several isolated zones. Ten bridges, one footbridge, seven flyovers, and five foot crossings connect these zones. In addition, the road network was planned before the fall of the Soviet Union, and in its current state, it can operate normally only in the scheme which includes public transportation only. Compact planning of

1105-515: Is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the City of Tyumen—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the City of Tyumen is incorporated as Tyumen Urban Okrug. Tyumen is divided into four administrative okrugs: Kalininsky , Leninsky , Tsentralny , and Vostochny . The legislative authority of Tyumen

1170-590: Is situated just east of the Ural Mountains , along the Tura River . Fueled by the Russian oil and gas industry, Tyumen has experienced rapid population growth in recent years, rising to a population of 847,488 at the 2021 Census. Tyumen is among the largest cities of the Ural region and the Ural Federal District . Tyumen is often regarded as the first Siberian city, from the western direction. Tyumen

1235-651: Is the City Duma . In addition to legislative activities, the City Duma appoints the Head of the Tyumen City Administration, who is the chief executive officer of the city. Since Tyumen is the administrative center of the oblast, all the governing bodies of the oblast are located in the city. They include the elected Legislative Assembly (Duma) of Tyumen Oblast, which also confirms the appointment of

1300-597: Is −16.7 °C (1.9 °F), with a record low of −50 °C (−58 °F) measured in February 1951. The average temperature in July is +18.6 °C (65.5 °F), with a record high of +38 °C (100 °F). The average annual precipitation is 457 millimeters (18.0 in). The wettest year on record was 1943, with 581 millimeters (22.9 in), and the driest was 1917, with only 231 millimeters (9.1 in). The Cossack ataman Yermak Timofeyevich conquered

1365-487: The 20th century. Tyumen again experienced rapid population growth with the coming of World War II. The evacuation of workers from factories in central Russia in 1941 more than doubled Tyumen's population to 150,000. In the 1960s, the discovery of the rich oil and gas fields in Western Siberia caused the city's population, which had not been forecast to exceed 250,000 inhabitants that decade, to swell to almost half

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1430-591: The Governor of Tyumen Oblast, who is nominated by the President of Russia . Tyumen's population grew steadily from the 16th century through the 19th century. However, when the Trans-Siberian Railway arrived at the end of the 19th century, the town's rate of population growth was greatly boosted. Tyumen rapidly became the largest town in the region, with about 30,000 inhabitants by the beginning of

1495-447: The Soviet Union between 1963 and 1985, the rapid growth of the city also brought a host of problems. Its social infrastructure was limited and the lack of city planning has resulted in uneven development, with which Tyumen has continued to struggle. Tyumen is the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions , it also serves as the administrative center of Tyumensky District , even though it

1560-692: The Tyumen area, originally part of the Siberia Khanate , to the Tsardom of Russia in 1585. Both capitals of the Siberia Khanate , Sibir/ Qashliq and Tyumen/ Chimgi-Tura (the capital in the 15th century), were completely destroyed. Sibir was never rebuilt, though it gave its name to all concurrent and future lands in North Asia annexed by Russia, but Tyumen was later founded again. On July 29, 1586, Tsar Feodor I ordered two regional commanders, Vasily Borisov-Sukin and Ivan Myasnoy, to construct

1625-488: The Tyumen region are about ten hot (37-50 °C) geothermal sources, having balneological properties. Sources are popular not only among residents of Tyumen, but in neighboring regions as well: the Sverdlovsk , Kurgan , and Chelyabinsk regions. The region has large peat reserves. Large deposits of vivianite (ferric phosphate) (approximately 20% of world reserves) have been discovered in particular peat deposits,

1690-792: The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Beloyarsky and Berezovsky areas of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug Yugra within the Far North and other areas and urban districts of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Uvat area equated to them. The climate is arctic , subarctic and humid continental in the north, center and south, respectively. The average January temperature ranges from −17 °C or 1.4 °F in Tyumen Oblast to −27 °C or −16.6 °F in

1755-475: The borders between North Korea, Russia, and China. Tyumen is located in Western Siberia , 1,700 km (1,100 mi) east of Moscow , 300 km (190 mi) east of Yekaterinburg , and 1,100 km (680 mi) west of Siberia's largest city, Novosibirsk . The city covers an area of 235 square kilometers (91 sq mi). Its primary geographical feature is the Tura River , which crosses

1820-404: The churches were completely destroyed, but the rest remained. As of 2008 , most of them are accessible and operating. Some operational churches are also under restoration. Tyumen Religious School was reopened in 1997. Despite the predominance of Orthodoxy , Catholic churches as well as mosques and synagogues were also built. However, only one Catholic church remains preserved. The Tyumen Mosque

1885-405: The city center prevents expansion of main roads; congestion coming from the city periphery moves slower and slower as it approaches the town center. To date, the road network serves about 200% above planned capacity, which leads to numerous traffic jams and high accident rates. Since 2002, city and regional authorities have undertaken numerous initiatives to improve Tyumen's road network, but due to

1950-450: The city from northwest to southeast. The river is navigable downstream of the city. The left bank of the Tura is a floodplain surrounded by gently rolling hills. The Tura is a shallow river with extensive marshlands. The river floods during the snow melting season in the spring. The spring flood usually peaks in the second half of May, when the river becomes 8–10 times wider than during

2015-411: The city territory include: Tyumen North, Tyumen yard, Voynovka yard. Public transportation in Tyumen is dominated by both municipal bus services and by numerous private operators ( marshrutkas ), which account for nearly a third of all transport capacity. The city's bus fleet is in process of modernization and expansion, with newly acquired Russian buses replacing the severely aged Soviet models. Tyumen

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2080-478: The city's history. Today, Tyumen is an important business center. It is the transport hub and industrial center of Tyumen Oblast – an oil-rich region bordering Kazakhstan – as well as the home of many companies active in Russia's oil and gas industry . In Turkic and Mongolic languages, "Tümen/Түмэн" means a myriad, or ten thousand. Etymologically connected to the Tumen River that delineates sections of

2145-496: The city. The area is remote, badly planned, and has very poor social infrastructure. In 2022, the Ministry of Construction published an updated rating of the new urban digitalization index. Tyumen entered the top three cities with a population of 250 thousand to a million people. Tyumen is not characterized by any particular architectural style. The town was built without planning for decades and because of that its architecture

2210-406: The city. However, today this area is actually in the town centre. While there are almost no variety in the area's architecture, this area has the most greenery in the city and the best social infrastructure. The New dormitories area features clusters of standard tall buildings constructed after 1980 at the south and south-east edges of Tyumen. This area is considered to be the worst place to live in

2275-554: The construction, in 1885, of the Trans-Siberian Railway . For some years, Tyumen was Russia's easternmost railhead, and the site of transhipment of cargoes between the railway and the cargo boats plying the Tura , Tobol , Irtysh , and Ob Rivers . By the end of the 19th century, Tyumen's population exceeded 30,000, surpassing that of its northern rival Tobolsk , and beginning a process whereby Tyumen gradually eclipsed

2340-419: The continued growth of private automobile ownership rates, these efforts have only had short term positive effects. To date, a complex transport infrastructure reconstruction project is being directed by Regional Administration. In January 2015, a paid parking program and prohibition of vehicle access for non-residents began. Historically, Tyumen occupied a small area on the high bank of the Tura River around

2405-519: The east and Central Russia in the west. Tyumen had also become an important industrial center, known for leatherworkers, blacksmiths, and other craftsmen. In 1763, 7,000 people were recorded as living in the town. In the 19th century, the town's development continued. In 1836, the first steam boat in Siberia was built in Tyumen. In 1862, the telegraph came to the town, and in 1864 the first water mains were laid. Further prosperity came to Tyumen after

2470-431: The east of the historical town centre built between 1948 and 1978 and is mostly 4 and 5-storey buildings. Earlier buildings in this area have individual designs, but the later buildings have a rectangular style. This area contains most of the political and business activities of the town. The Old Dormitories area features standard 5-storey blocks of flats constructed in the 1960s and 1970s at the west and east extremities of

2535-592: The executive bodies of the subdivisions such as districts, and is responsible for the daily administration. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the head of the oblast and acts as guarantor of the observance of the Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia . The autonomous regions are concentrated the bulk of the country's oil and gas. The total volume of exploration drilling has exceeded 45 million meters. Oil production

2600-652: The extreme north; the genetic make-up of this Polar bear sub-population is genetically distinct from other circumpolar regions. During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Tyumen CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all

2665-572: The following spring. Additionally, war-time Tyumen became a "hospital city", where thousands of wounded soldiers were treated. When it seemed that Moscow might fall to German forces during Operation Barbarossa , in 1941 Vladimir Lenin 's body was secretly moved from his mausoleum in Moscow to a hidden tomb in what is now the Tyumen State Agriculture Academy. Between 1941 and 1945, more than 20,000 Tyumen natives fought at

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2730-543: The former regional capital. The growth of Tyumen culminated on August 14, 1944 when the city finally became the administrative center of the extensive Tyumen Oblast . At the outbreak of the Russian Civil War in 1917, forces loyal to Admiral Alexander Kolchak and his Siberian White Army controlled Tyumen. However, the city fell to the Red Army on January 5, 1918. During the 1930s, Tyumen became

2795-550: The foundation site of the city. The city consisted of one and two-storey wooden buildings, surrounded by a number of villages. With time, the territory of the city was developed and extended by including the surrounding villages. When viewed from above, present-day Tyumen appears to be a collection of low-rise towns with occasional clusters of tall buildings. Two areas of the city, Yamskaya Sloboda and Republic Street are noted for their historic character. These areas are dominated by old brick and wooden merchant houses and buildings, with

2860-462: The front, and some 6,000 were killed. Rich oil- and gas -fields were discovered in the Tyumen Oblast in the 1960s. While most of these lay hundreds of kilometers away, near the towns of Surgut and Nizhnevartovsk , Tyumen was the nearest railway junction and so the city became their supply base while the railway was extended northwards. As the result of this economic and population boom, with tens of thousands of skilled workers arriving from across

2925-479: The incorporation of surrounding settlements) meant that by 2021 Tyumen's population increased to 847,488 inhabitants. While the population of Tyumen includes people from over a hundred different ethnicities, most belong to one of the following ethnicities: As of 2009 , there are over ten operational Orthodox temples (both newly built and historical), two mosques (both newly built), one synagogue, and one Roman Catholic church in Tyumen ( St. Joseph's Church ). While

2990-615: The land reserves in the south of the region are covered with forests. 43 million hectares are covered by forests. The forest resources area is the third largest in the Russian Federation after the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Irkutsk Region. The main forest forming species are pine, birch, spruce, fir, aspen and larch. The total timber reserves are estimated at 5.4 billion cubic meters. In the south of

3055-421: The late-summer low water season. The city is protected from flooding by a dike which can withstand floods up to 8 meters (26 ft) high. The highest ever flood water level in Tyumen was 9.15 meters (30.0 ft), recorded in 1979. More recently, in 2007, a water level of 7.76 was recorded. In spring 2005, a flood higher than the critical 8 meters (26 ft) mark was expected, but did not appear. Tyumen has

3120-541: The most multicultural oblasts in Russia. The national composition at the time of the 2010 Census was: Vital statistics for 2022: Total fertility rate (2022): 1.72 children per woman Life expectancy (2021): Total — 70.14 years (male — 65.43, female — 74.88) According to a 2012 official survey 28.9% of the population of Tyumen Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church , 9% is an Orthodox Christian believer without belonging to any church or

3185-666: The motor, rail, water and air ways and its moderate climate Tyumen was an ideal base town for servicing the oil and gas industry of the West Siberia. As a result, today Tyumen is a center of industry, science, culture, education and medicine. Many large oil and gas companies such as Gazprom , LUKoil , Gazpromneft and Shell have their representative offices in Tyumen. There are numerous factories, engineering companies, oil industry service companies ( KCA DEUTAG and Schlumberger ), design institutes, shipyard and other oil servicing companies located in Tyumen. Tyumen railway station

3250-573: The national average since 2006. The territory covers 160,100 km. The Tyumen Oblast was founded on August 14, 1944. It includes two autonomous okrugs of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (which is the okrug that border the region) and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Yamalia). The territory is located in the basin of the river. The biggest rivers are the Tura , Tobol , Pyshma , Iset , Tavda , Ishim , Agan , Irtysh , Tanama , and Noska . The hydro-geographical system

3315-475: The north and central parts are widespread thermokarst lakes and predominately marsh in the south. The Red Book of Tyumen Oblast listed 711 rare and endangered species. In the list of specially protected areas of the south region there are 99 sites, including one international and three federal. Tyumen Oblast is in the Ekaterinburg time zone. Displacement concerning UTC makes +5:00. Concerning Moscow time

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3380-451: The north. The duration of the period affected by frost ranges from 130 days per year in Tyumen to 210 or more in the tundra region. The region contains more than 70,000 watercourses with a length of more than 10 km for a total length of 584,400 km. The largest navigable rivers are the Ob (185 cu km / yr) and Irtysh (36.5 cu km / yr). In the region there are about 70 thousand lakes. In

3445-547: The occasional intrusion of mid-century Soviet low-rise buildings. Bukharskaya Sloboda is a historic residential area on the low bank of the Tura river. This area is mostly made up of very old one and two-storey wooden buildings. The area is part of the Historical Centre on the city and has a mostly Muslim population. Low bank Dormitories is a cluster of standard 9-storey buildings was built on reclaimed land east of Bukharskaya Sloboda – Zareka and Vatutina. The area to

3510-601: The power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament . The politics in the oblast is governed by the Charter of Tyumen Oblast. The laws within the authority of the oblast are passed by the Legislative Assembly of Tymen Oblast which is the legislative (representative) body. The highest executive body is the Tyumen Oblast Administration. It also includes

3575-639: The production of building materials [source not specified 252 days]. Ore minerals and precious stones discovered on the eastern slope of the Subpolar and Polar Urals (in particular, the deposits of Lead , copper , chromite ). The area is rich in fresh water resources, which are represented by large rivers - the Ob, Irtysh, Tobol, lakes (650 ths.) - Black (224 km), Big Uvat (179 km), etc., groundwater, that contain more than half of Russian stocks. iodine (30 mlg / l) and bromine (40-50 mlg / l) Over 44% of

3640-470: The region include Sibur (revenues of $ 6.41 billion in 2017), the Antipinsky Refinery ($ 3.19 billion) and the local branch of Schlumberger ($ 365.08 million). The Tyumen region produces milk, meat, eggs, potatoes and vegetables. Transport is presented by the motor, railway, aviation and river communication system. The railway takes the leading position in freight traffic. The river port

3705-547: The regional legislatures in the federal subjects of Russia ( republics , krais , oblasts , autonomous oblasts and federal cities ), which have different names but are often collectively referred to as regional parliaments. The federal structure of Russia includes 85 regional parliaments. The largest regional parliament is the State Assembly of the Republic of Bashkortostan , which consists of 110 deputies, while

3770-460: The smallest one is the Duma of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug , which consists of 15 deputies. Currently, deputies in the regional parliaments are elected for five-year terms. Data is current as of December 2022. United Russia holds an absolute majority in 79 of the 85 parliaments. The Table is not yet updated to the 2023 Russian regional elections . a. Not recognized internationally as

3835-651: The state religion of the Russian Empire was Orthodoxy , this religion historically prevailed in Tyumen. In 1616, Trinity Monastery was established in Tyumen by Nifont of Kazan. In 1709–1711, this monastery was rebuilt in stone by the order of Filofey Leshchinsky, the first Metropolitan of Siberia. In 1761, the Tyumen Religious School was established. Overall, from 1708 to 1885, twelve stone Orthodox churches of different size, and two monasteries were constructed in Tyumen. During Soviet times, two of

3900-433: The time zone has a constant displacement of +2 hours and is designated in Russia correspondingly as MSK + 2. Ekaterinburg time for most of the Tyumen region is different from the lap time by one hour, to a lesser (western) part, including the city of Tyumen, - for two hours. There are variety of fauna and flora in this oblast. In the northern part can be found ptarmigan , walrus and Arctic fox . Polar bears also occur in

3965-597: The usage of which may meet the phosphate fertilizers demand of the agriculture. There are deposits of quartz sands, brick and expanded clays, sapropels and limestone. The region has large fresh and mineral water reserves. There are great prospects for oil field development . As of 2016, the Nominal GDP in Tyumen Oblast(including Khanty–Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous regions) reached ₽5,9 trillion $ 104 billion ($ 28,000 per capita). Tyumen

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4030-572: Was built in 1885. Currently the station administratively belongs to the Tyumen Division of Sverdlovskaya Rail Road. The station is located in the center of the city. At the regional level, the station services three directions to Yekaterinburg , Omsk , and Tobolsk . The railroad to Yekaterinburg has been electrified since 1980. At the international level, the station services passage to ( Trans-Siberian Railway ): Poland , Germany, China, Mongolia , and Azerbaijan . Additional stations within

4095-458: Was built with special permission of Peter the Great . At the time, the construction of stone buildings outside Saint Petersburg was prohibited. The Church of Savior Uncreated was visited by Crown prince Alexandr (later Alexander II ) during his Siberian tour. Tyumen is an important service center for the gas and oil industries in Russia. Due to its advantageous location at the crossing of

4160-436: Was completely destroyed, but its reconstruction on the same site caused controversy. The Tyumen synagogue collapsed in 2000, but was reconstructed on the same site. At the start of the 20th century, there was a strong Old Believers community in Tyumen. All of the aforementioned religions operate cultural centers in Tyumen. There are also several other religious bodies with a few adherents in Tyumen. Tyumen Trinity Monastery

4225-549: Was the first Russian settlement in Siberia . Founded in 1586 to support Russia's eastward expansion, the city has remained one of the most important industrial and economic centers east of the Ural Mountains . Located at the junction of several important trade routes and with easy access to navigable waterways, Tyumen rapidly developed from a small military settlement to a large commercial and industrial city. The central part of Old Tyumen retains many historic buildings from throughout

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