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64-447: The Typhonian Order is among the most well-known Thelemic magical orders, primarily due to the publications of Kenneth Grant. In particular, it has influenced Dragon Rouge and was instrumental in the creation of Nema Andahadna 's Maat Magick movement. While the group continues to promote Aleister Crowley 's religion Thelema , it also focuses on exploration of foreign intelligence such as extraterrestrial life and daemons , as well as

128-646: A Left-Hand Path initiatory organisation and a Draconian Tradition Order, led by Karlsson. As a book author, he concentrates on occult, philosophy, and paranormal topics. The Dragon Rouge website cites Carlos Castaneda , Julius Evola , and Kenneth Grant as some of the magical writers whose work is read by the order, as are texts by classical philosophers such as Herakleitos , Plato , and Plotinos , as well as modern philosophers like Friedrich Nietzsche , Martin Heidegger , and Henri Bergson . His personal influences include Sumerian mythology , alchemy , tantra ,

192-531: A Typhonian O.T.O. member. In the early 1970s he established his own Thelemic organisation, the Typhonian O.T.O., which produced its first official announcement in 1973. Although adopting the O.T.O. degree system used by Crowley, Grant removed the rituals of initiation designed to allow a member to enter a higher degree; instead he personally promoted them through the degrees according to what he believed were their own personal spiritual development. Grant's work and

256-572: A core, ancient source, has parallels in the perennial philosophy promoted by the Traditionalist School of esotericists. However, Grant differed from Traditionalists like René Guénon and Ananda Coomaraswamy in his positive assessment of Western occultism. Moreover, Grant's appreciation of Asian spiritual traditions has much in common with Theosophy , although Grant differed from the Theosophical movement with his valorisation of

320-408: A focal point for his followers who strive to rouse him from his slumber. He commands powers entwined with manipulation, darkness, and serpentine subtlety, epitomized by his unique Discipline, Serpentis, dedicated to the mastery of serpents. In the 1992 Nintendo Entertainment System video game Nightshade , the villain's public persona is that of "Sutekh", a criminal underboss who unifies the gangs of

384-465: A golden disk. He has been impregnated with his rival's seed and as a result "gives birth" to the disk. In "Contendings", Thoth takes the disk and places it on his own head; in earlier accounts, it is Thoth who is produced by this anomalous birth. Another important episode concerns mutilations that the combatants inflict upon each other: Horus injures or steals Set's testicles and Set damages or tears out one, or occasionally both, of Horus's eyes. Sometimes

448-516: A manifestation of evil. When Ahmose I overthrew the Hyksos and expelled them, in c.  1522 BCE , Egyptians' attitudes towards Asiatic foreigners became xenophobic , and royal propaganda discredited the period of Hyksos rule. The Set cult at Avaris flourished, nevertheless, and the Egyptian garrison of Ahmose stationed there became part of the priesthood of Set. The founder of

512-556: A new energy was emanating down from Earth from another planet which he identified with Nuit , a goddess who appears in the first chapter of Crowley's Thelemic holy text, The Book of the Law . Germer however deemed it "blasphemy" that Grant had identified a single planet with Nuit; on 20 July 1955, Germer issued a "Note of Expulsion" expelling Grant from O.T.O. In 1969, Grant co-edited The Confessions of Aleister Crowley for publication with Crowley's literary executor John Symonds . Over

576-462: A small secondary shrine called "The House of Seth, Powerful-Is-His-Mighty-Arm", and Ramesses II himself built (or modified) a second land-owning temple for Nephthys, called "The House of Nephthys of Ramesses-Meriamun". The two temples of Seth and Nephthys in Sepermeru were under separate administration, each with its own holdings and prophets. Moreover, another moderately sized temple of Seth

640-535: A term adopted from Sanskrit . He thought that because women have kalas, they have oracular and visionary powers. The magical uses of female genital secretions are a recurring theme in Grant's writings. He believed that the XI° degree O.T.O. ritual, which Crowley argued necessitated anal sex, should instead involve vaginal sex with a menstruating woman. He was critical of Crowley's use of anal sex in rituals, stating his view that

704-403: A thin, forked tail with sprouted fur tufts in an inverted arrow shape; and a slender canine body. Sometimes, Set is depicted as a human with the distinctive head. Some early Egyptologists proposed that it was a stylised representation of the giraffe , owing to the large flat-topped "horns" which correspond to a giraffe's ossicones . The Egyptians themselves, however, used distinct depictions for

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768-493: A unique bridge between the realms of early 20th-century esoteric practices and the cosmic horror genre of fiction. Dragon Rouge Thomas Karlsson (born 1972) is a Swedish occult and esoteric writer, with a PhD in the History of Religions from Stockholm University . In 1989 he founded Dragon Rouge , a Left-Hand Path initiatory organisation. In 1989, Thomas Karlsson and six other magicians founded Dragon Rouge,

832-482: Is a god of deserts , storms, disorder, violence, and foreigners in ancient Egyptian religion . In Ancient Greek , the god's name is given as Sēth ( Σήθ ). Set had a positive role where he accompanies Ra on his barque to repel Apep (Apophis), the serpent of Chaos. Set had a vital role as a reconciled combatant. He was lord of the Red Land (desert), where he was the balance to Horus ' role as lord of

896-457: Is also described as a legal judgment before the Ennead , an assembled group of Egyptian deities, to decide who should inherit the kingship. The judge in this trial may be Geb, who, as the father of Osiris and Set, held the throne before they did, or it may be the creator gods Ra or Atum, the originators of kingship. Other deities also take important roles: Thoth frequently acts as a conciliator in

960-632: Is depicted in part of the Greek Magical Papyri , a body of texts forming a grimoire used in Greco-Roman magic during the fourth century CE. According to Herman te Velde, the demonization of Set took place after Egypt's conquest by several foreign nations in the Third Intermediate and Late Periods . Set, who had traditionally been the god of foreigners, thus also became associated with foreign oppressors, including

1024-504: Is known about the particular theologies of the closely connected Set and Nephthys temples in these districts — for example, the religious tone of temples of Nephthys located in such proximity to those of Seth, especially given the seemingly contrary Osirian loyalties of Seth's consort-goddess. When, by the Twentieth Dynasty , the "demonization" of Seth was ostensibly inaugurated, Seth was either eradicated or increasingly pushed to

1088-453: Is noted for the nearby town of Pi-Wayna. The close association of Seth temples with temples of Nephthys in key outskirt-towns of this milieu is also reflected in the likelihood that there existed another "House of Seth" and another "House of Nephthys" in the town of Su, at the entrance to the Fayyum. Papyrus Bologna preserves a most irritable complaint lodged by one Pra'em-hab, Prophet of

1152-454: Is the Eye of Horus. If so, the episodes of mutilation and sexual abuse would form a single story, in which Set assaults Horus and loses semen to him, Horus retaliates and impregnates Set, and Set comes into possession of Horus's eye, when it appears on Set's head. Because Thoth is a moon deity in addition to his other functions, it would make sense, according to te Velde, for Thoth to emerge in

1216-450: Is therefore equated with the darkening of the moon in the course of its cycle of phases, or during eclipses . Horus may take back his lost Eye, or other deities, including Isis, Thoth, and Hathor, may retrieve or heal it for him. Egyptologist Herman te Velde argues that the tradition about the lost testicles is a late variation on Set's loss of semen to Horus, and that the moon-like disk that emerges from Set's head after his impregnation

1280-509: Is uncertain. If these are ruled out, then the earliest Set animal appears on a ceremonial macehead of Scorpion II , a ruler of the Naqada III phase. The head and the forked tail of the Set animal are clearly present on the mace. An important element of Set's mythology was his conflict with his brother or nephew, Horus , for the throne of Egypt. The contest between them is often violent but

1344-448: Is usually depicted as an enigmatic creature referred to by Egyptologists as the Set animal , a beast not identified with any known animal, although it could be seen as resembling a Saluki , an aardvark , an African wild dog , a donkey , a hyena , a jackal , a pig , an antelope , a giraffe , or a fennec fox . The animal has a downward curving snout ; long ears with squared-off ends;

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1408-554: The 2024 Series 14 two-part finale " The Legend of Ruby Sunday " / " Empire of Death " as the God of Death in the Pantheon. In the role-playing game Vampire: The Masquerade , the ancient Egyptian deity Set is depicted as an antediluvian vampire, believed to be one of the oldest undead beings. Revered as the founder of the enigmatic Followers of Set (now known as The Ministry in the game's fifth edition). Imprisoned in torpor, Set remains

1472-584: The Fayyum area. More specifically, Set was worshipped in the relatively large metropolitan (yet provincial) locale of Sepermeru , especially during the Ramesside Period. There, Seth was honored with an important temple called the "House of Seth, Lord of Sepermeru". One of the epithets of this town was "gateway to the desert", which fits well with Set's role as a deity of the frontier regions of ancient Egypt. At Sepermeru, Set's temple enclosure included

1536-496: The Kushite and Persian empires. It was during this time that Set was particularly vilified, and his defeat by Horus widely celebrated. Set's negative aspects were emphasized during this period. Set was the killer of Osiris, having hacked Osiris' body into pieces and dispersed it so that he could not be resurrected . The Greeks would later associate Set with Typhon and Yahweh , a monstrous and evil force of raging nature (being

1600-585: The Nineteenth Dynasty , Ramesses I came from a military family from Avaris with strong ties to the priesthood of Set. Several of the Ramesside kings were named after the god, most notably Seti I (literally, "man of Set" ) and Setnakht (literally, "Set is strong" ). In addition, one of the garrisons of Ramesses II held Set as its patron deity, and Ramesses II erected the so-called " Year 400 Stela " at Pi-Ramesses , commemorating

1664-604: The Second Intermediate Period (1650–1550 BCE), a group of Near Eastern peoples, known as the Hyksos (literally, " rulers of foreign lands ") gained control of Lower Egypt, and ruled the Nile Delta , from Avaris . They chose Set, originally Upper Egypt's chief god, the god of foreigners and the god they found most similar to their own chief god, Hadad , as their patron . Set then became worshiped as

1728-687: The goetia , and the qlippoth . In an interview dated in 2003, he claims he experienced astral projections as a child, but did not think of them as supernatural experiences until he started formally exploring the occult. In his book Amongst Mystics and Magicians in Stockholm (2012), he describes experiences he had in the years 1989–1991 which are related to the establishment of Dragon Rouge. The book exhibits Karlsson's influences from people such as Aleister Crowley , Grant and Anton LaVey . Set (deity) Set ( / s ɛ t / ; Egyptological : Sutekh - swtẖ ~ stẖ or: Seth / s ɛ θ / )

1792-451: The "House of Seth" in the now-lost town of Punodjem ("The Sweet Place"). In the text of Papyrus Bologna, the harried Pra'em-hab laments undue taxation for his own temple (The House of Seth) and goes on to lament that he is also saddled with responsibility for: "The ship, and I am likewise also responsible for the House of Nephthys, along with the remaining heap of district temples" . Nothing

1856-439: The "Tunnels of Set ." These concepts delve into areas of the occult that are far removed from the original teachings of the O.T.O., hence the rebranding serves not only as a formal but also a symbolic declaration of independence and differentiation. Grant promoted what he termed the Typhonian or Draconian tradition of magic, and wrote that Thelema was only a recent manifestation of this wider tradition. In his books, he portrayed

1920-625: The "sodomitical formula" was "a perversion of magical practice". These views have brought accusations of homophobia from later occultists such as Phil Hine . In Grant's perspective, Lovecraft's narratives and mythos tapped into the same primordial truths and cosmic mysteries that esoteric traditions and magical practices sought to explore. This conceptual synthesis is apparent in the Typhonian Tradition, which integrates Thelemic principles with themes derived from Lovecraft's work, among other influences. The Typhonian Order, thus, stands as

1984-522: The 'left-hand path'. Influenced by Maharshi, Grant adopted the Advaitan world-view that only "the Self", or atman , really exists, with the wider universe being an illusory projection. He believed that by mastering magic, one masters this illusory universe, gaining personal liberation and recognising that only the Self really exists. Doing so, according to Grant, leads to the discovery of one's True Will,

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2048-725: The 400th anniversary of the Set cult in the Nile delta. In ancient Egyptian astronomy , Set was commonly associated with the planet Mercury . Set also became associated with foreign gods during the New Kingdom , particularly in the delta. Set was identified by the Egyptians with the Hittite deity Teshub , who, like Set, was a storm god, and the Canaanite deity Baal , being worshipped together as "Seth-Baal". Additionally, Set

2112-548: The Black Land (fertile land). In the Osiris myth , the most important Egyptian myth , Set is portrayed as the usurper who murdered and mutilated his own brother, Osiris . Osiris's sister-wife, Isis , reassembled his corpse and resurrected her dead brother-husband with the help of the goddess Nephthys . The resurrection lasted long enough to conceive his son and heir, Horus . Horus sought revenge upon Set, and many of

2176-636: The Devil" in the "Out of Egypt" documentary series. In this documentary, the scientist describes the process of demonization of Set and the positioning of the it as absolute evil on the opposite side, in parallel with the transition to monotheism in different regions from Rome to India, where God began to be perceived as the representative of absolute goodness. Set was worshipped at the temples of Ombos (Nubt near Naqada) and Ombos (Nubt near Kom Ombo ), at Oxyrhynchus in Middle Egypt, and also in part of

2240-594: The Hindu goddess Kali and the Thelemic goddess Nuit . Grant's views on sex magic drew heavily on the importance of sexual dimorphism among humans and the subsequent differentiation of gender roles. Grant taught that the true secret of sex magic were bodily secretions, the most important of which was a woman's menstrual blood. In this he differed from Crowley, who viewed semen as the most important genital secretion. Grant referred to female sexual secretions as kalas ,

2304-545: The Typhonian tradition as the world's oldest spiritual tradition, suggesting that it had ancient roots in Africa. In Central Africa during prehistory, he believed there had been a religion devoted to the worship of a goddess known as Ta-Urt or Typhon, from which the Typhonian tradition stems. This was an idea he had adopted from Gerald Massey 's 1881 publication A Book of Beginnings , a work promoting ideas which had never been accepted among scholars. According to Grant, Typhonianism

2368-552: The Typhonians as evil, corrupt, and debauched. The religious studies scholar Gordan Djurdjevic noted that Grant's Typhonian history was "at best highly speculative" and lacked any supporting evidence, however he suggested that Grant may never have intended it to be taken literally. Grant adopted a perennialist interpretation of the history of religion. Grant's wrote that Indian spiritual traditions like Tantra and Yoga correlate to Western esoteric traditions, and that both stem from

2432-505: The ancient Egyptian myths describe their conflicts. Set is the son of Geb , the Earth, and Nut , the Sky; his siblings are Osiris , Isis , and Nephthys . He married Nephthys and fathered Anubis and Wepwawet . In some accounts, he had relationships with the foreign goddesses Anat and Astarte . From these relationships is said to be born a crocodile deity called Maga. The meaning of

2496-460: The central focus of Thelema. Grant further wrote that the realm of the Self was known as "the Mauve Zone", and that it could be reached while in a state of deep sleep, where it has the symbolic appearance of a swamp. He also believed that the reality of consciousness, which he deemed the only true reality, was formless and thus presented as a void, although he also taught that it was symbolised by

2560-431: The chief god once again. The Hyksos King Apophis is recorded as worshiping Set exclusively , as described in the following passage: King Apophis chose for his Lord the god Seth. He did not worship any other deity in the whole land except Seth. Jan Assmann argues that because the ancient Egyptians could never conceive of a "lonely" god lacking personality, Seth the desert god, who was worshiped on his own, represented

2624-506: The coming years he edited – often with Symonds – a range of Crowley writings for republication, resulting in the release of The Magical Record of the Beast 666 (1972), Diary of a Drug Fiend (1972), Moonchild (1972), Magick (1973), Magical and Philosophical Commentaries on The Book of the Law (1974) and The Complete Astrological Writings (1974). The release of these publications has been described as being "instrumental in

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2688-528: The conclusion of their feud. Set was depicted standing on the prow of Ra 's barge defeating the dark serpent Apep . In some Late Period representations, such as in the Persian Period Temple of Hibis at Khargah , Set was represented in this role with a falcon 's head, taking on the guise of Horus . In the Amduat , Set is described as having a key role in overcoming Apep . During

2752-660: The darker aspects of occult existence. While not central to the Typhonian Order one of the most notable, studied and controversial aspects of the tradition surround Kenneth Grant's use of the fictional works of cosmic horror author H.P. Lovecraft to explore occult psychology in that he viewed the entities of the Cthulhu Mythos not merely as fictional creations but as manifestations of archetypal realities, possibly even as symbolic representations of actual spiritual forces or beings. Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.)

2816-461: The dispute or as an assistant to the divine judge, and in "Contendings", Isis uses her cunning and magical power to aid her son. The rivalry of Horus and Set is portrayed in two contrasting ways. Both perspectives appear as early as the Pyramid Texts , the earliest source of the myth. In some spells from these texts, Horus is the son of Osiris and nephew of Set, and the murder of Osiris is

2880-646: The earliest account of this episode, in a fragmentary Middle Kingdom papyrus, the sexual encounter begins when Set asks to have sex with Horus, who agrees on the condition that Set will give Horus some of his strength. The encounter puts Horus in danger, because in Egyptian tradition semen is a potent and dangerous substance, akin to poison. According to some texts, Set's semen enters Horus's body and makes him ill, but in "Contendings", Horus thwarts Set by catching Set's semen in his hands. Isis retaliates by putting Horus's semen on lettuce-leaves that Set eats. Set's defeat becomes apparent when this semen appears on his forehead as

2944-407: The eye is torn into pieces. Set's mutilation signifies a loss of virility and strength. The removal of Horus's eye is even more important, for this stolen eye of Horus represents a wide variety of concepts in Egyptian religion. One of Horus's major roles is as a sky deity, and for this reason his right eye was said to be the sun and his left eye the moon. The theft or destruction of the eye of Horus

3008-534: The fictitious Metro City. In line with the idea of Sutekh, of Egyptian mythology, the Sutekh in the video game reigns supreme over all of the violence in the city. Of particular note, in Egyptian mythology, Sutekh is also the god of foreigners. In the Nightshade video game, its villain is not of Egyptian descent, but instead a man by the name of Waldo P. Schmeer who is a historian obsessed with Egyptian lore. Sutekh

3072-406: The form of hippopotami, to determine a victor. In this account, Horus repeatedly defeats Set and is supported by most of the other deities. Yet the dispute drags on for eighty years, largely because the judge, the creator god, favors Set. In late ritual texts, the conflict is characterized as a great battle involving the two deities' assembled followers. The strife in the divine realm extends beyond

3136-400: The form of the Eye and step in to mediate between the feuding deities. In any case, the restoration of the eye of Horus to wholeness represents the return of the moon to full brightness, the return of the kingship to Horus, and many other aspects of ma'at . Sometimes the restoration of Horus's eye is accompanied by the restoration of Set's testicles, so that both gods are made whole near

3200-680: The giraffe and the Set animal . During the Late Period , Set is usually depicted as a donkey or as a man with the head of a donkey, and in the Book of the Faiyum , Set is depicted with a flamingo head. The earliest representations of what might be the Set animal comes from a tomb dating to the Amratian culture ("Naqada I") of prehistoric Egypt (3790–3500 BCE), although this identification

3264-492: The major impetus for the conflict. The other tradition depicts Horus and Set as brothers. This incongruity persists in many of the subsequent sources, where the two gods may be called brothers or uncle and nephew at different points in the same text. The divine struggle involves many episodes. "Contendings" describes the two gods appealing to various other deities to arbitrate the dispute and competing in different types of contests, such as racing in boats or fighting each other in

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3328-551: The name Set is unknown, but it is thought to have been originally pronounced * sūtiẖ [ˈsuw.tixʲ] based on spellings of his name in Egyptian hieroglyphs as stẖ and swtẖ . The Late Egyptian spelling stš reflects the palatalization of ẖ while the eventual loss of the final consonant is recorded in spellings like swtj. The Coptic form of the name, ⲥⲏⲧ Sēt, is the basis for the English vocalization. In art , Set

3392-401: The organization itself moved increasingly away from the traditional O.T.O. structures and teachings, towards a more distinct identity. The renaming to "The Typhonian Order" signifies this ideological and practical departure, focusing more explicitly on Grant's specific interests in the darker aspects of the occult, extraterrestrial dimensions of consciousness, and the exploration of what he termed

3456-587: The outskirts, Nephthys flourished as part of the usual Osirian pantheon throughout Egypt, even obtaining a Late Period status as tutelary goddess of her own Nome (UU Nome VII, "Hwt-Sekhem"/Diospolis Parva) and as the chief goddess of the Mansion of the Sistrum in that district. Seth's cult persisted even into the latter days of ancient Egyptian religion, in outlying but important places like Kharga, Dakhlah, Deir el-Hagar, Mut, and Kellis. In these places, Seth

3520-477: The paradoxical dualities inherent in venerating Seth and Nephthys, as juxtaposed against Osiris, Isis, and Nephthys. In the television series Doctor Who , Set (using the name Sutekh and portrayed by Gabriel Woolf ) is depicted as an alien entity bent on destroying all life. He first appears in the 1975 serial Pyramids of Mars , where he schemes to escape an Egyptian pyramid he has been imprisoned in millennia ago by Horus. Sutekh returned after nearly 50 years in

3584-514: The revival of interest in Crowley". At this point, Grant began describing himself as O.H.O. (Outer Head of the Order) of O.T.O., claiming that he deserved this title not by direct succession from Crowley but because he displayed the inspiration and innovation that Germer lacked. A document purportedly by Crowley naming Grant as his successor was subsequently exposed as a hoax created by Robert Taylor,

3648-486: The three of them depicted as donkey-like creatures, classifying their worshippers as onolatrists ). Set and Typhon also had in common that both were sons of deities representing the Earth ( Gaia and Geb) who attacked the principal deities (Osiris for Set, Zeus for Typhon). Nevertheless, throughout this period, in some outlying regions of Egypt, Set was still regarded as the heroic chief deity. Ancient Egyptologist Dr. Kara Cooney shot an episode called "The Birth of

3712-580: The two combatants. At one point Isis attempts to harpoon Set as he is locked in combat with her son, but she strikes Horus instead, who then cuts off her head in a fit of rage. Thoth replaces Isis's head with that of a cow; the story gives a mythical origin for the cow-horn headdress that Isis commonly wears. In a key episode in the conflict, Set sexually abuses Horus. Set's violation is partly meant to degrade his rival, but it also involves homosexual desire, in keeping with one of Set's major characteristics, his forceful, potent, and indiscriminate sexuality. In

3776-462: Was Agapé Lodge in California, where Germer moved after he was released from internment in 1941. After Crowley's death, Germer was his unchallenged successor for some time, and recognized and endorsed Grant's status as a IX° (Ninth Degree) adept in 1948. However Grant later claimed that his assumption of the XI° (Eleventh Degree) was confirmed in 1946, presumably by Crowley, the same year that he

3840-519: Was considered "Lord of the Oasis / Town" and Nephthys was likewise venerated as "Mistress of the Oasis" at Seth's side, in his temples (esp. the dedication of a Nephthys-cult statue). Meanwhile, Nephthys was also venerated as "Mistress" in the Osirian temples of these districts as part of the specifically Osirian college. It would appear that the ancient Egyptians in these locales had little problem with

3904-525: Was founded by the wealthy German industrialist Carl Kellner . After Kellner's death in 1905, Theodor Reuss became Outer Head of the Order. In 1920, Reuss suffered a stroke, leading Aleister Crowley to question his competence to continue as Outer Head of the Order. By 1921, Crowley and Reuss were exchanging angry letters, culminating in Reuss' expulsion of Crowley from O.T.O. Crowley then informed Reuss that he

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3968-631: Was initiated into the A∴A∴ , an associated Thelemic magical order created by Crowley in 1907 after leaving the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn . In 1954, Grant began the work of founding the New Isis Lodge, which became operational in 1955 when Grant announced his discovery of a "Sirius/Set current" in a new manifesto upon which the lodge would be based. In this manifesto, Grant wrote that

4032-542: Was proclaiming himself Outer Head of the Order. Reuss died in 1923 without naming a successor, and Crowley was subsequently elected and ratified as Outer Head of the Order in a Conference of Grand Masters in 1925. World War II then intervened, destroying the European branches of O.T.O. and driving its members underground. Karl Germer was incarcerated by the Nazis . By the end of the war, the sole surviving O.T.O. organization

4096-448: Was typified by its worship of female deities and its use of sex as a method of spiritual achievement. He wrote that this tradition spread throughout the world, forming the basis of forms of ancient Egyptian religion as well as Indian Tantra and forms of Western esotericism. He added that for millennia, the Typhonian tradition has been opposed by the "Osirians" or "Solarites", practitioners of patriarchal and solar religions, who have portrayed

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