81-477: Týr ( / t ɪər / ; Old Norse : Týr , pronounced [tyːr] ) is a god in Germanic mythology and member of the Æsir . In Norse mythology , which provides most of the surviving narratives about gods among the Germanic peoples , Týr sacrifices his right hand to the monstrous wolf Fenrir , who bites it off when he realizes the gods have bound him. Týr is foretold of being consumed by
162-578: A calque of Latin Martis dies ('Day of Mars '; cf. modern Italian martedì , French mardi , Spanish martes ). This attests to an early Germanic identification of * Tīwaz with Mars. Germanic weekday names for Tuesday that do not transparently extend from the above lineage may also ultimately refer to the deity, including Middle Dutch Dinxendach and Dingsdag , Middle Low German Dingesdach , and Old High German Dingesdag (modern Dienstag ). These forms may refer to
243-452: A suffix in the deities Runkoteivas [ fi ] and Rukotiivo . The Romano-Germanic deity Alateivia may also be related, although its origin remains unclear. Due to linguistic evidence and early native comparisons between * Tīwaz and the Roman god Mars , especially under the name Mars Thingsus , a number of scholars have interpreted * Tīwaz as
324-456: A 'god' ( cf. Sanskrit : devá 'heavenly, divine', Old Lithuanian : deivas , Latin : deus 'a god, deity'), itself a derivation from * dyēus , meaning 'diurnal sky', hence 'daylight-sky god' (cf. Sanskrit : Dyáuṣ , Ancient Greek : Zeus , Latin : Jove ). The Germanic noun * tīwaz is further attested in the Finnic loanword teivas , found as
405-653: A Proto-Germanic sky-, war- and thing -god. Other scholars reject however his identification as a 'sky-god', since * tīwaz was likely not his original name but rather an epithet that came to be associated with him and eventually replaced it. The modern English weekday name Tuesday comes from the Old English tīwesdæg , meaning 'day of Tīw'. It is cognate with Old Norse Týsdagr , Old Frisian Tīesdi , and Old High German Ziostag ( Middle High German Zīstac ). All of them stem from Late Proto-Germanic * Tiwasdag ('Day of * Tīwaz '),
486-727: A change known as Holtzmann's law . An epenthetic vowel became popular by 1200 in Old Danish, 1250 in Old Swedish and Old Norwegian, and 1300 in Old Icelandic. An unstressed vowel was used which varied by dialect. Old Norwegian exhibited all three: /u/ was used in West Norwegian south of Bergen , as in aftur , aftor (older aptr ); North of Bergen, /i/ appeared in aftir , after ; and East Norwegian used /a/ , after , aftær . Old Norse
567-406: A dozen other deities. Similarly, Týr appears among a list of Æsir in section 75. In addition to the above mentions, Týr 's name occurs as a kenning element throughout Skáldskaparmál in reference to the god Odin. Scholars propose that a variety of objects from the archaeological record depict Týr . For example, a Migration Period gold bracteate from Trollhättan , Sweden, features
648-517: A far more significant role in Germanic mythology than the scant references to the deity indicate in the Old Norse record. Some scholars propose that the prominent god Odin may have risen to prominence over Týr in prehistory, at times absorbing elements of the deity's domains. For example, according to scholar Hermann Reichert, due to the etymology of the god's name and its transparent meaning of "
729-417: A female raven or a male crow. All neuter words have identical nominative and accusative forms, and all feminine words have identical nominative and accusative plurals. The gender of some words' plurals does not agree with that of their singulars, such as lim and mund . Some words, such as hungr , have multiple genders, evidenced by their determiners being declined in different genders within
810-412: A front vowel to be split into a semivowel-vowel sequence before a back vowel in the following syllable. While West Norse only broke /e/ , East Norse also broke /i/ . The change was blocked by a /w/ , /l/ , or /ʀ/ preceding the potentially-broken vowel. Some /ja/ or /jɔ/ and /jaː/ or /jɔː/ result from breaking of /e/ and /eː/ respectively. When a noun, pronoun, adjective, or verb has
891-433: A girl clad in gold helps the two hide from Hymir . Upon his return from hunting, Hymir 's wife (unnamed) tells Hymir that his son has come to visit, that Týr has brought with him Thor, and that the two are behind a pillar. With just one glance, Hymir immediately smashes the pillar and eight nearby kettles. The kettle containing Týr and Thor, particularly strong in its construction, does not break, and out of it
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#1732772035656972-409: A given sentence. Nouns, adjectives, and pronouns were declined in four grammatical cases – nominative , accusative , genitive , and dative – in singular and plural numbers. Adjectives and pronouns were additionally declined in three grammatical genders. Some pronouns (first and second person) could have dual number in addition to singular and plural. The genitive
1053-584: A long vowel or diphthong in the accented syllable and its stem ends in a single l , n , or s , the r (or the elder r - or z -variant ʀ ) in an ending is assimilated. When the accented vowel is short, the ending is dropped. The nominative of the strong masculine declension and some i-stem feminine nouns uses one such -r (ʀ). Óðin-r ( Óðin-ʀ ) becomes Óðinn instead of * Óðinr ( * Óðinʀ ). The verb blása ('to blow'), has third person present tense blæss ('[he] blows') rather than * blæsr ( * blæsʀ ). Similarly,
1134-474: A noun must mirror the gender of that noun , so that one says, " heill maðr! " but, " heilt barn! ". As in other languages, the grammatical gender of an impersonal noun is generally unrelated to an expected natural gender of that noun. While indeed karl , "man" is masculine, kona , "woman", is feminine, and hús , "house", is neuter, so also are hrafn and kráka , for "raven" and "crow", masculine and feminine respectively, even in reference to
1215-422: A particular species. Among numismatists (coin collector-research specialists), cf. may be used in references on the paper and/or online coin identification information meaning "compare to". It is common for abbreviations of listings in trusted coin catalogues or sales from certain online auctions to be cited when identifying a particular coin. If the specimen in question is not an exact match but comes close to
1296-547: A person receiving a bite on the hand from a beast, which may depict Týr and Fenrir . A Viking Age hogback in Sockburn , County Durham , England may depict Týr and Fenrir . In a similar fashion, a silver button was found in Hornsherred, Denmark, during 2019 that is interpreted to portray Týr fighting against the wolf Fenrir . Due in part to the etymology of the god's name, scholars propose that Týr once held
1377-431: A significant resemblance, such as between a newly observed specimen and a known species or taxon . Such a usage might suggest a specimen's membership of the same genus or possibly of a shared higher taxon. For example, in the note " Diptera: Tabanidae , cf. Tabanus ", the author is confident of the order and family ( Diptera : Tabanidae ) but can only suggest the genus ( Tabanus ) and has no information favouring
1458-476: A similar development influenced by Middle Low German . Various languages unrelated to Old Norse and others not closely related have been heavily influenced by Norse, particularly the Norman language ; to a lesser extent, Finnish and Estonian . Russian, Ukrainian , Belarusian , Lithuanian and Latvian also have a few Norse loanwords. The words Rus and Russia , according to one theory, may be named after
1539-608: A voiced velar fricative [ɣ] in all cases, and others have that realisation only in the middle of words and between vowels (with it otherwise being realised [ɡ] ). The Old East Norse /ʀ/ was an apical consonant , with its precise position unknown; it is reconstructed as a palatal sibilant . It descended from Proto-Germanic /z/ and eventually developed into /r/ , as had already occurred in Old West Norse. The consonant digraphs ⟨hl⟩ , ⟨hr⟩ , and ⟨hn⟩ occurred word-initially. It
1620-467: A vowel or semivowel of a different vowel backness . In the case of i-umlaut and ʀ-umlaut , this entails a fronting of back vowels, with retention of lip rounding. In the case of u-umlaut , this entails labialization of unrounded vowels. Umlaut is phonemic and in many situations grammatically significant as a side effect of losing the Proto-Germanic morphological suffixes whose vowels created
1701-448: A word. Strong verbs ablaut the lemma 's nucleus to derive the past forms of the verb. This parallels English conjugation, where, e.g., the nucleus of sing becomes sang in the past tense and sung in the past participle. Some verbs are derived by ablaut, as the present-in-past verbs do by consequence of being derived from the past tense forms of strong verbs. Umlaut or mutation is an assimilatory process acting on vowels preceding
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#17327720356561782-544: Is classified as Old West Norse, and Old West Norse traits were found in western Sweden . In what is present-day Denmark and Sweden, most speakers spoke Old East Norse. Though Old Gutnish is sometimes included in the Old East Norse dialect due to geographical associations, it developed its own unique features and shared in changes to both other branches. The 12th-century Icelandic Gray Goose Laws state that Swedes , Norwegians , Icelanders , and Danes spoke
1863-465: Is expected to exist, such as in the male names Ragnarr , Steinarr (supposedly * Ragnarʀ , * Steinarʀ ), the result is apparently always /rː/ rather than */rʀ/ or */ʀː/ . This is observable in the Runic corpus. In Old Norse, i/j adjacent to i , e , their u-umlauts, and æ was not possible, nor u/v adjacent to u , o , their i-umlauts, and ǫ . At
1944-403: Is found well into the 15th century. Old Norse was divided into three dialects : Old West Norse (Old West Nordic, often referred to as Old Norse ), Old East Norse (Old East Nordic), and Old Gutnish . Old West Norse and Old East Norse formed a dialect continuum , with no clear geographical boundary between them. Old East Norse traits were found in eastern Norway , although Old Norwegian
2025-584: Is more common in Old West Norse in both phonemic and allophonic positions, while it only occurs sparsely in post-runic Old East Norse and even in runic Old East Norse. This is still a major difference between Swedish and Faroese and Icelandic today. Plurals of neuters do not have u-umlaut at all in Swedish, but in Faroese and Icelandic they do, for example the Faroese and Icelandic plurals of the word land , lond and lönd respectively, in contrast to
2106-476: Is now bound and will remain so until the events of Ragnarök . The Prose Edda sections Gylfaginning and Skáldskaparmál reference Týr several times. The god is introduced in part 25 of the Gylfaginning section of the book: This tale receives further treatment in section 34 of Gylfaginning ("The Æsir brought up the wolf at home, and it was only Tyr who had the courage to approach
2187-459: Is that the nonphonemic difference between the voiced and the voiceless dental fricative is marked. The oldest texts and runic inscriptions use þ exclusively. Long vowels are denoted with acutes . Most other letters are written with the same glyph as the IPA phoneme, except as shown in the table below. Ablaut patterns are groups of vowels which are swapped, or ablauted, in the nucleus of
2268-557: Is unclear whether they were sequences of two consonants (with the first element realised as /h/ or perhaps /x/ ) or as single voiceless sonorants /l̥/ , /r̥/ and /n̥/ respectively. In Old Norwegian, Old Danish and later Old Swedish, the groups ⟨hl⟩ , ⟨hr⟩ , and ⟨hn⟩ were reduced to plain ⟨l⟩ , ⟨r⟩ , ⟨n⟩ , which suggests that they had most likely already been pronounced as voiceless sonorants by Old Norse times. The pronunciation of ⟨hv⟩
2349-563: Is unclear, but it may have been /xʷ/ (the Proto-Germanic pronunciation), /hʷ/ or the similar phoneme /ʍ/ . Unlike the three other digraphs, it was retained much longer in all dialects. Without ever developing into a voiceless sonorant in Icelandic, it instead underwent fortition to a plosive /kv/ , which suggests that instead of being a voiceless sonorant, it retained a stronger frication. Primary stress in Old Norse falls on
2430-659: The "Isis" of the Suebi remains a topic of debate among scholars. Later in Germania , Tacitus also mentions a deity referred to as regnator omnium deus venerated by the Semnones in a grove of fetters , a sacred grove . Some scholars propose that this deity is in fact * Tīwaz . A votive altar has been discovered during excavations at Housesteads Roman Fort at Hadrian's Wall in England that had been erected at
2511-535: The Latin alphabet , there was no standardized orthography in use in the Middle Ages. A modified version of the letter wynn called vend was used briefly for the sounds /u/ , /v/ , and /w/ . Long vowels were sometimes marked with acutes but also sometimes left unmarked or geminated. The standardized Old Norse spelling was created in the 19th century and is, for the most part, phonemic. The most notable deviation
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2592-679: The North Germanic peoples into Týr . The god receives numerous mentions in North Germanic sources during this period, but far less than other deities, such as Odin , Freyja , or Thor . The majority of these mentions occur in the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from traditional source material reaching into the pagan period, and the Prose Edda , composed by Icelandic skald and politician Snorri Sturluson in
2673-750: The Proto-Germanic theonym * Tīwaz , meaning 'God'. Little information about the god survives beyond Old Norse sources. Týr could be the eponym of the Tiwaz rune ( ᛏ ), a letter of the runic alphabet corresponding to the Latin letter T . Various place names in Scandinavia refer to the god, and a variety of objects found in England and Scandinavia seem to depict Týr or invoke him. The Old Norse theonym Týr stems from an earlier Proto-Norse form reconstructed as * Tīwaʀ , which derives – like its Germanic cognates Tīw ( Old English ) and * Ziu (Old High German) – from
2754-421: The Proto-Germanic theonym * Tīwaz , meaning 'God'. The name of a Gothic deity named *Teiws (later *Tīus ) may also be reconstructed based on the associated rune tiwaz . In Old Norse poetry , the plural tívar is used for 'the gods', and the singular týr , meaning '(a) god', occurs in kennings for Odin and Thor . Modern English writers frequently anglicize the god's name by dropping
2835-667: The Rus' people , a Norse tribe, probably from present-day east-central Sweden. The current Finnish and Estonian words for Sweden are Ruotsi and Rootsi , respectively. A number of loanwords have been introduced into Irish , many associated with fishing and sailing. A similar influence is found in Scottish Gaelic , with over one hundred loanwords estimated to be in the language, many of which are related to fishing and sailing. Old Norse vowel phonemes mostly come in pairs of long and short. The standardized orthography marks
2916-562: The Viking Age , the Christianization of Scandinavia , and the consolidation of Scandinavian kingdoms from about the 8th to the 15th centuries. The Proto-Norse language developed into Old Norse by the 8th century, and Old Norse began to develop into the modern North Germanic languages in the mid- to late 14th century, ending the language phase known as Old Norse. These dates, however, are not absolute, since written Old Norse
2997-427: The genus name and the species name to describe a specimen that is hard to identify because of practical difficulties, such as poor preservation. For example, " Barbus cf. holotaenia " indicates that the specimen is in the genus Barbus and believed to be Barbus holotaenia , but the actual species-level identification cannot be certain. Cf. can also be used to express a possible identity, or at least
3078-413: The god", "Odin ... must have dislodged Týr from his pre-eminent position. The fact that Tacitus names two divinities to whom the enemy's army was consecrated ... may signify their co-existence around 1 A.D." The Sigrdrífumál passage above has resulted in some discourse among runologists . For example, regarding the passage, runologists Mindy MacLeod and Bernard Mees say: The 15th studio album by
3159-668: The word stem , so that hyrjar would be pronounced /ˈhyr.jar/ . In compound words, secondary stress falls on the second stem (e.g. lærisveinn , /ˈlɛːɾ.iˌswɛinː/ ). Unlike Proto-Norse, which was written with the Elder Futhark , runic Old Norse was originally written with the Younger Futhark , which had only 16 letters. Because of the limited number of runes, several runes were used for different sounds, and long and short vowels were not distinguished in writing. Medieval runes came into use some time later. As for
3240-557: The 11th century in most of Old East Norse. However, the distinction still holds in Dalecarlian dialects . The dots in the following vowel table separate the oral from nasal phonemes. Note: The open or open-mid vowels may be transcribed differently: Sometime around the 13th century, /ɔ/ (spelled ⟨ǫ⟩ ) merged with /ø/ or /o/ in most dialects except Old Danish , and Icelandic where /ɔ/ ( ǫ ) merged with /ø/ . This can be determined by their distinction within
3321-979: The 12th-century First Grammatical Treatise but not within the early 13th-century Prose Edda . The nasal vowels, also noted in the First Grammatical Treatise, are assumed to have been lost in most dialects by this time (but notably they are retained in Elfdalian and other dialects of Ovansiljan ). See Old Icelandic for the mergers of /øː/ (spelled ⟨œ⟩ ) with /ɛː/ (spelled ⟨æ⟩ ) and /ɛ/ (spelled ⟨ę⟩ ) with /e/ (spelled ⟨e⟩ ). Old Norse had three diphthong phonemes: /ɛi/ , /ɔu/ , /øy ~ ɛy/ (spelled ⟨ei⟩ , ⟨au⟩ , ⟨ey⟩ respectively). In East Norse these would monophthongize and merge with /eː/ and /øː/ , whereas in West Norse and its descendants
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3402-668: The 13th century there. The age of the Swedish-speaking population of Finland is strongly contested, but Swedish settlement had spread the language into the region by the time of the Second Swedish Crusade in the 13th century at the latest. The modern descendants of the Old West Norse dialect are the West Scandinavian languages of Icelandic , Faroese , Norwegian , and the extinct Norn language of Orkney and Shetland , although Norwegian
3483-581: The 13th century. Although Týr receives several mentions in the Poetic Edda , of the three poems in which he is mentioned— Hymiskviða , Sigrdrífumál , and Lokasenna —only the incomplete poem, Hymiskviða , features him in a prominent role. In Hymiskviða , Týr says that his father, Hymir , owns a tremendous cauldron with which he and his fellow gods can brew fathoms of ale. Thor and Týr set out to retrieve it. Týr meets his nine-hundred headed grandmother ("who hates him"), and
3564-557: The 8th century Ribe skull fragment . A variety of place names in Scandinavia refer to the god. For example, Tyrseng , in Viby , Jutland, Denmark (Old Norse * Týs eng , ' Týr 's meadow') was once a stretch of meadow near a stream called Dødeå ('stream of the dead' or 'dead stream'). Viby also contained another theonym, Onsholt ("Odin's Holt "), and religious practices associated with Odin and Týr may have occurred in these places. A spring dedicated to Holy Niels that
3645-529: The English heavy metal band Black Sabbath , Tyr , released in 1990, is named after Týr . Týr is featured in several video games. Old Norse Old Norse , also referred to as Old Nordic , or Old Scandinavian , was a stage of development of North Germanic dialects before their final divergence into separate Nordic languages. Old Norse was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and their overseas settlements and chronologically coincides with
3726-572: The Faroe Islands, Faroese has also been influenced by Danish. Both Middle English (especially northern English dialects within the area of the Danelaw ) and Early Scots (including Lowland Scots ) were strongly influenced by Norse and contained many Old Norse loanwords . Consequently, Modern English (including Scottish English ), inherited a significant proportion of its vocabulary directly from Norse. The development of Norman French
3807-641: The Germanic thing , a legislative body among the ancient Germanic peoples. By way of the opposite process of interpretatio germanica , Tuesday is named after Týr (' Týr 's day'), rather than Mars, in English and other Germanic languages. In Old Norse sources, Týr is alternately described as the son of the jötunn Hymir (in Hymiskviða ) or of the god Odin (in Skáldskaparmál ). Lokasenna makes reference to an unnamed and otherwise unknown consort, perhaps also reflected in
3888-892: The Proto-Indo-European period, very few direct references to the god survive prior to the Old Norse period. Like many other non-Roman deities, Týr receives mention in Latin texts by way of the process of interpretatio romana , in which Latin texts refer to the god by way of a perceived counterpart in Roman mythology . Latin inscriptions and texts frequently refer to Týr as Mars . The first example of this occurs on record in Roman senator Tacitus 's ethnography Germania : These deities are generally understood by scholars to refer to * Wōđanaz (known widely today as Odin ), * Þunraz (known today widely as Thor ), and * Tīwaz , respectively. The identity of
3969-473: The Swedish plural land and numerous other examples. That also applies to almost all feminine nouns, for example the largest feminine noun group, the o-stem nouns (except the Swedish noun jord mentioned above), and even i-stem nouns and root nouns , such as Old West Norse mǫrk ( mörk in Icelandic) in comparison with Modern and Old Swedish mark . Vowel breaking, or fracture, caused
4050-541: The beginning of words, this manifested as a dropping of the initial /j/ (which was general, independent of the following vowel) or /v/ . Compare ON orð , úlfr , ár with English word, wolf, year . In inflections, this manifested as the dropping of the inflectional vowels. Thus, klæði + dat -i remains klæði , and sjáum in Icelandic progressed to sjǫ́um > sjǫ́m > sjám . The * jj and * ww of Proto-Germanic became ggj and ggv respectively in Old Norse,
4131-490: The behest of Frisian legionaries. The altar dates from the 3rd century CE and bears the Latin inscription Deo Marti Thingso Et Duabus Alaisiagis Bede Et Fimmilene . In this instance, the epithet Thingsus is a Latin rendering of Proto-Germanic theonym * Þingsaz . This deity is generally interpreted by scholars to refer to Týr . The goddesses referred to as Beda and Fimmilene are otherwise unknown, but their names may refer to Old Frisian legal terms. In
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#17327720356564212-411: The cluster */Crʀ/ cannot be realized as /Crː/ , nor as */Crʀ/ , nor as */Cʀː/ . The same shortening as in vetr also occurs in lax = laks ('salmon') (as opposed to * lakss , * laksʀ ), botn ('bottom') (as opposed to * botnn , * botnʀ ), and jarl (as opposed to * jarll , * jarlʀ ). Furthermore, wherever the cluster */rʀ/
4293-528: The continental Germanic record (see Zisa ). Due to the etymology of the god's name and the shadowy presence of the god in the extant Germanic corpus, some scholars propose that Týr may have once held a more central place among the deities of early Germanic mythology. In wider Germanic mythology , he is known in Old English as Tīw and in Old High German as Ziu , both stemming from
4374-449: The diphthongs remained. Old Norse has six plosive phonemes, /p/ being rare word-initially and /d/ and /b/ pronounced as voiced fricative allophones between vowels except in compound words (e.g. veðrabati ), already in the Proto-Germanic language (e.g. * b *[β] > [v] between vowels). The /ɡ/ phoneme was pronounced as [ɡ] after an /n/ or another /ɡ/ and as [k] before /s/ and /t/ . Some accounts have it
4455-554: The god Odin as "Victory-Tyr", "Hanged-Tyr", or "Cargo-Tyr"; and Thor may be referred to as "Chariot-Tyr". Section nine of Skáldskaparmál provides skalds with a variety of ways in which to refer to Týr , including "the one handed As", "feeder of the wolf", "battle-god", and "son of Odin". The narrative found in Lokasenna occurs in prose later in Skáldskaparmál . Like in Lokasenna , Týr appears here among around
4536-414: The god's association with the thing ( * þingsaz ), a traditional legal assembly common among the ancient Germanic peoples with which the god is associated. This may be either explained by the existence of an epithet , Thingsus ( * Þingsaz 'thing-god'), frequently attached to Mars ( * Tīwaz ), or simply by the god's strong association with the assembly. The god is the namesake of
4617-399: The long vowels with an acute accent. In medieval manuscripts, it is often unmarked but sometimes marked with an accent or through gemination . Old Norse had nasalized versions of all ten vowel places. These occurred as allophones of the vowels before nasal consonants and in places where a nasal had followed it in an older form of the word, before it was absorbed into a neighboring sound. If
4698-730: The most conservative language, such that in present-day Iceland, schoolchildren are able to read the 12th-century Icelandic sagas in the original language (in editions with normalised spelling). Old Icelandic was very close to Old Norwegian , and together they formed Old West Norse , which was also spoken in Norse settlements in Greenland , the Faroes , Ireland , Scotland , the Isle of Man , northwest England, and in Normandy . Old East Norse
4779-582: The name may derive from Proto-Indo-European * deiwo -widus , meaning 'the forest of the gods'. According to Rudolf Simek , the existence of a cult of the deity is also evidenced by place names such as Tislund (' Týr 's grove'), which is frequent in Denmark, or Tysnes (' Týr 's peninsula') and Tysnesø ('Tysnes island') in Norway, where the cult appears to have been imported from Denmark. While Týr 's etymological heritage reaches back to
4860-514: The nasal was absorbed by a stressed vowel, it would also lengthen the vowel. This nasalization also occurred in the other Germanic languages, but were not retained long. They were noted in the First Grammatical Treatise , and otherwise might have remained unknown. The First Grammarian marked these with a dot above the letter. This notation did not catch on, and would soon be obsolete. Nasal and oral vowels probably merged around
4941-641: The other North Germanic languages. Faroese retains many similarities but is influenced by Danish, Norwegian, and Gaelic ( Scottish and/or Irish ). Although Swedish, Danish and Norwegian have diverged the most, they still retain considerable mutual intelligibility . Speakers of modern Swedish, Norwegian and Danish can mostly understand each other without studying their neighboring languages, particularly if speaking slowly. The languages are also sufficiently similar in writing that they can mostly be understood across borders. This could be because these languages have been mutually affected by each other, as well as having
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#17327720356565022-441: The poem continues without further mention of Týr . In Sigrdrífumál , the valkyrie Sigrdrífa imparts in the hero Sigurd knowledge of various runic charms . One charm invokes the god Týr : In Lokasenna , the gods hold a feast. Loki bursts in and engages in flyting , a contest of insults, with the gods. The prose introduction to the poem mentions that "Tyr was in attendance, even though he had only one hand because
5103-404: The proper noun's diacritic , rendering Old Norse 's Týr as Tyr . The Proto-Germanic masculine noun * tīwaz ( pl. * tīwōz ) means 'a god, a deity', and probably also served as a title or epithet that came to be associated with a specific deity whose original name is now lost. It stems from Proto-Indo-European * deywós , meaning 'celestial, heavenly one', hence
5184-404: The reader to other material to make a comparison with the topic being discussed. Style guides recommend that "cf." be used only to suggest a comparison, and the words "see" or " vide " be used generally to point to a source of information. In Italian , the abbreviation "cfr." ( confronta , 'confront') is more common than "cf." is. In biological naming conventions, cf. is commonly placed between
5265-536: The root vowel, ǫ , is short. The clusters */Clʀ, Csʀ, Cnʀ, Crʀ/ cannot yield */Clː, Csː, Cnː, Crː/ respectively, instead /Cl, Cs, Cn, Cr/ . The effect of this shortening can result in the lack of distinction between some forms of the noun. In the case of vetr ('winter'), the nominative and accusative singular and plural forms are identical. The nominative singular and nominative and accusative plural would otherwise have been OWN * vetrr , OEN * wintrʀ . These forms are impossible because
5346-559: The rune ᛏ representing /t/ (the Tiwaz rune ) in the runic alphabets , the indigenous alphabets of the ancient Germanic peoples prior to their adaptation of the Latin alphabet . On runic inscriptions, ᛏ often appears as a magical symbol. The name first occurs in the historical record as tyz , a character in the Gothic alphabet (4th century), and it was also known as tī or tir in Old English, and týr in Old Norse. The name of Týr may also occur in runes as ᛏᛁᚢᛦ on
5427-441: The same language, dǫnsk tunga ("Danish tongue"; speakers of Old East Norse would have said dansk tunga ). Another term was norrœnt mál ("northern speech"). Today Old Norse has developed into the modern North Germanic languages Icelandic , Faroese , Norwegian , Danish , Swedish , and other North Germanic varieties of which Norwegian, Danish and Swedish retain considerable mutual intelligibility . Icelandic remains
5508-475: The similarly monstrous dog Garmr during the events of Ragnarök . The interpretatio romana generally renders the god as Mars , the ancient Roman war god, and it is through that lens that most Latin references to the god occur. For example, the god may be referenced as Mars Thingsus ( Latin 'Mars of the Assembly [ Thing ]') on 3rd century Latin inscription, reflecting a strong association with
5589-541: The sixth century, the Roman historian Jordanes writes in his De origine actibusque Getarum that the Goths , an east Germanic people, saw the same "Mars" as an ancestral figure: The Latin deity Mars was occasionally glossed by Old English writers by the name Tīw or Tīg . The genitive tīwes also appears in the name for Tuesday, tīwesdæg . By the Viking Age, * Tīwaz had developed among
5670-411: The two gods stride. Hymir sees Thor and his heart jumps. The jötunn orders three headless oxen boiled for his guests, and Thor eats two of the beasts. Hymir tells the two that the following night, "we'll have to hunt for us three to eat". Thor asks for bait so that he might row out into the bay. Hymir says that the god can take one of his oxen for bait; Thor immediately chooses a black ox, and
5751-497: The umlaut allophones . Some /y/ , /yː/ , /ø/ , /øː/ , /ɛ/ , /ɛː/ , /øy/ , and all /ɛi/ were obtained by i-umlaut from /u/ , /uː/ , /o/ , /oː/ , /a/ , /aː/ , /au/ , and /ai/ respectively. Others were formed via ʀ-umlaut from /u/ , /uː/ , /a/ , /aː/ , and /au/ . Some /y/ , /yː/ , /ø/ , /øː/ , and all /ɔ/ , /ɔː/ were obtained by u-umlaut from /i/ , /iː/ , /e/ , /eː/ , and /a/ , /aː/ respectively. See Old Icelandic for information on /ɔː/ . /œ/
5832-482: The verb skína ('to shine') had present tense third person skínn (rather than * skínr , * skínʀ ); while kala ('to cool down') had present tense third person kell (rather than * kelr , * kelʀ ). The rule is not absolute, with certain counter-examples such as vinr ('friend'), which has the synonym vin , yet retains the unabsorbed version, and jǫtunn (' giant '), where assimilation takes place even though
5913-435: The wolf Fenrir had recently ripped off the other while the wolf was being bound." Loki exchanges insults with each of the gods. After Loki insults the god Freyr , Týr comes to Freyr 's defense. Loki says that "you can't be the right hand of justice among the people" because his right hand was torn off by Fenrir, elsewhere described as Loki's child. Týr says that although he misses his hand, Loki misses Fenrir , who
5994-486: The wolf and give it food."). Later still in Gylfaginning , High discusses Týr 's foreseen death during the events of Ragnarök : Skáldskaparmál opens with a narrative wherein twelve gods sit upon thrones at a banquet, including Týr . Later in Skáldskaparmál , the skald god Bragi tells Ægir (described earlier in Skáldskaparmál as a man from the island of Hlesey ) how kennings function. By way of kennings, Bragi explains, one might refer to
6075-404: Was a moderately inflected language with high levels of nominal and verbal inflection. Most of the fused morphemes are retained in modern Icelandic, especially in regard to noun case declensions, whereas modern Norwegian in comparison has moved towards more analytical word structures. Old Norse had three grammatical genders – masculine, feminine, and neuter. Adjectives or pronouns referring to
6156-400: Was also influenced by Norse. Through Norman, to a smaller extent, so was modern French. Written modern Icelandic derives from the Old Norse phonemic writing system. Contemporary Icelandic-speakers can read Old Norse, which varies slightly in spelling as well as semantics and word order. However, pronunciation, particularly of the vowel phonemes, has changed at least as much in Icelandic as in
6237-583: Was heavily influenced by the East dialect, and is today more similar to East Scandinavian (Danish and Swedish) than to Icelandic and Faroese. The descendants of the Old East Norse dialect are the East Scandinavian languages of Danish and Swedish . Among these, the grammar of Icelandic and Faroese have changed the least from Old Norse in the last thousand years, though their pronunciations both have changed considerably from Old Norse. With Danish rule of
6318-534: Was likely a Christianization of prior indigenous pagan practice also exists in Viby. Viby may mean 'the settlement by the sacred site'. Archaeologists have found traces of sacrifices going back 2,500 years in Viby. The forest Tiveden , between Närke and Västergötland , in Sweden, may mean 'Tyr's forest', but its etymology is uncertain, and debated. Ti- may refer to týr meaning 'god' generally, and so
6399-535: Was obtained through a simultaneous u- and i-umlaut of /a/ . It appears in words like gøra ( gjǫra , geyra ), from Proto-Germanic *garwijaną , and commonly in verbs with a velar consonant before the suffix like søkkva < *sankwijaną . OEN often preserves the original value of the vowel directly preceding runic ʀ while OWN receives ʀ-umlaut. Compare runic OEN glaʀ, haʀi, hrauʀ with OWN gler, heri (later héri ), hrøyrr/hreyrr ("glass", "hare", "pile of rocks"). U-umlaut
6480-711: Was spoken in Denmark, Sweden, Kievan Rus' , eastern England, and Danish settlements in Normandy. The Old Gutnish dialect was spoken in Gotland and in various settlements in the East. In the 11th century, Old Norse was the most widely spoken European language , ranging from Vinland in the West to the Volga River in the East. In Kievan Rus' , it survived the longest in Veliky Novgorod , probably lasting into
6561-417: Was used partitively and in compounds and kennings (e.g., Urðarbrunnr , the well of Urðr; Lokasenna , the gibing of Loki). There were several classes of nouns within each gender. The following is an example of the "strong" inflectional paradigms : Cf. The abbreviation cf. (short for either Latin confer or conferatur , both meaning 'compare') is used in writing to refer
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