Spanish victory, rebellion suppressed
91-699: José Gabriel Condorcanqui ( c. 1742 – 18 May 1781) – known as Tupaq Amaru II – was an Indigenous leader who led a large Andean rebellion against the Spanish in Peru as self-proclaimed Sapa Inca of a new Inca Empire . He later became a mythical figure in the Peruvian struggle for independence and indigenous rights movement, as well as an inspiration to myriad causes in Spanish America and beyond. Tupaq Amaru II
182-527: A day's journey northeast of Cuzco. Significantly, he left behind the royal red fringe, symbol of his authority. In 1561, Sayri Túpac died suddenly, and his half-brother Titu Cusi Yupanqui took control of Vilcabamba and the Inca resistance to the Spanish. During his rule at Vilcabamba, the provisional governor-general Lope Garcia de Castro wanted to negotiate with him. The negotiations were about Cusi leaving
273-422: A base from which they launched attacks all across Upper Peru. Cristóbal would hold the town and much of the surrounding territory until mounting losses and diminishing support convinced him to accept a general amnesty from Viceroy Agustín de Jáuregui . A preliminary treaty and prisoner exchange were conducted on 12 December, and Cristóbal's forces formally surrendered on 26 January 1782. Though some rebels resisted,
364-432: A club and finally killed her with kicks in the stomach and breasts. The following is an extract from the official judicial death issued by the Spanish authorities which condemns Tupaq Amaru II to torture and death. It was ordered that Tupaq Amaru II be condemned to have his tongue cut out after watching the executions of his family and to have his hands and feet tied: ...to four horses who will then be driven at once toward
455-487: A ninety-man garrison in the city. The Pizarro brothers so mistreated Manco Inca that he ultimately tried to escape in 1535. He failed, and was captured and imprisoned. Hernando Pizarro released him to recover a golden statue of his father Huayna Capac. Only accompanied by two Spaniards, he easily escaped a second time. Manco then gathered an army of 100,000 Inca warriors and laid siege to Cusco in early 1536, taking advantage of Diego de Almagro's absence. After ten months (see
546-403: A republic . However, even after the death of Amaru, Native revolts still seized much of what is today southern Peru, Bolivia and Argentina , as Native revolutionaries captured Spanish towns and beheaded many inhabitants. In one instance, a Native-American army under rebel leader Túpac Katari besieged the city of La Paz for 109 days before troops sent from Buenos Aires stepped in to relieve
637-555: A restoration of the pre-conquest Inca empire, the Tahuantinsuyo. Tupaq Amaru's claim to be the legitimate descendant of the Inca suggested the possibility of an aristocratic state similar to the one envisioned in the sixteenth century by the mestizo writer, Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, who saw the Incas as sharing rule with the Spanish aristocracy. But there were also strong millenarian, proto-Jacobin and even proto-communist elements in
728-563: A string of defeats. The gravest defeat came in Amaru II's failure to capture Cuzco, where his 40,000 – 60,000 indigenous followers were repelled by the fortified town consisting of a combined force of loyalist Native troops and reinforcements from Lima. "After being repelled from the capital of the ancient Inca empire and intellectual hub of colonial Peru" Amaru and his men marched through the countryside attempting to recruit any native to his cause, in doing so bolstering his forces. Amaru II's army
819-597: A surprise attack against the Spaniards in Cusco to catch the weakened city defenders off guard. Instead of listening to his wife, Tupaq Amaru II lost precious time by encircling the country in hopes that he could gather more recruits for his army. So, by the time the insurgents had attacked the city, the Spaniards had already brought in reinforcements and were able to control and stop the uprising. This led to Tupaq Amaru II, Micaela Bastidas, and several others to be captured while
910-514: A town the rebels would upturn Spanish authority. "Women, as much as men, were affected by these injustices." In fact, Tupaq Amaru II's wife, Micaela Bastidas, commanded a battalion of insurgents and was responsible for the uprising in the San Felipe de Tungasuca region. She is also often credited to being more daring and a superior strategist, compared to Tupaq Amaru II. It is told that she scolded her husband for his weakness and refusal to set up
1001-463: Is considered a rump state of the Inca Empire (1438–1533), which collapsed after the Spanish conquest in the mid-1530s. The Neo-Inca State lasted until 1572, when the last Inca stronghold was conquered, and the last ruler, Túpac Amaru (Manco's son), was captured and executed, thus ending the political authority of the Inca state. The Vilcabamba region had been part of the Inca Empire since
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#17327661781251092-544: Is estimated at 100,000 Indians and 10,000–40,000 non-Indians. Viceroy Jáuregui lessened mita obligations in an attempt to ameliorate some of the Indians' complaints. In 1784, his successor, Teodoro de Croix , abolished the corregidors and reorganized the colonial administration around eight intendants . In 1787, an audiencia was established in Cuzco. Areche's decrees following the execution of Túpac Amaru II included
1183-478: The Altiplano combined with systemic oppression of Indian and mestizo underclasses (a recurring source of localized uprisings throughout Spanish colonial South America) to create an environment in which a large-scale uprising could occur. In 1778 Spain raised sales taxes (known as the alcabala ) on goods such as rum and pulque (the common alcoholic beverages of the peasants and commoners) while tightening
1274-593: The Siege of Cuzco ), Manco retreated to the nearby fortress of Ollantaytambo in 1537. Here Manco repelled attacks by the Spaniards in the Battle of Ollantaytambo . Manco coordinated his siege of Cusco with one on Lima, led by one of his captains, Quiso Yupanqui. The Incans were able to defeat four relief expeditions sent by Francisco Pizarro from Lima. This resulted in the death of nearly 500 Spanish soldiers. Some Spaniards were captured and sent to Ollantaytambo. However, with
1365-509: The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata by separating Upper Peru (modern Bolivia ) and the territory that is now Argentina from the Viceroyalty of Peru . These territories included the economically important silver mines at Potosí , whose economic benefits began to flow to Buenos Aires in the east instead of Cuzco and Lima to the west. The economic hardship this introduced to parts of
1456-538: The Andean region. Querrán volarlo y no podrán volarlo ("They will want to blow him up and won't be able to blow him up"). Querrán romperlo y no podrán romperlo ("They will want to break him and won't be able to break him"). Querrán matarlo y no podrán matarlo ("They will want to kill him and won't be able to kill him"). Al tercer día de los sufrimientos, cuando se creía todo consumado, gritando: ¡LIBERTAD! sobre la tierra, ha de volver. ¡Y no podrán matarlo! ("On
1547-542: The Governor Intendant of La Plata ( Chuquisaca or Charcas, currently Sucre ). When the revolt continued, the Spaniards executed the remainder of his family, except his 12-year-old son Fernando, who had been condemned to die with him, but was instead imprisoned in Spain for the rest of his life. It is not known if any members of the Inca royal family survived this final purge. Amaru's body parts were strewn across
1638-546: The Inca were destroyed, and the juridical institution of the cacique was abolished, with many caciques being replaced by administrators from outside the native locality. This undermined the power of indigenous rulership despite concessions from the viceroyalty. Neo-Inca State The Neo-Inca State , also known as the Neo-Inca state of Vilcabamba , was the Inca state established in 1537 at Vilcabamba by Manco Inca Yupanqui (the son of Inca emperor Huayna Capac ). It
1729-516: The Indian and Creole populations. The focus of discontent was the main representative of the crown in Peru, the visitador general José Antonio Areche. Ideologically, the rebellion was complex. At one level, it expressed simply a demand on the Spanish authorities for changes and reforms within the structure of colonial rule, often speaking in the name of the king himself, for example. At another, it envisioned an overthrow of European rule, and something like
1820-503: The Spaniards' position consolidated by Almagro's reinforcements, Manco Inca decided that Ollantaytambo was too close to Cusco to be tenable so he withdrew further west. Abandoning Ollantaytambo (and effectively giving up the highlands of the empire), Manco Inca retreated to Vitcos and finally to the remote jungles of Vilcabamba . At Vilcabamba the state known as the Neo-Inca State was established by Manco, and Vilcabamba became
1911-438: The Spanish army eventually brought them down. Government efforts to destroy the rebellion were frustrated by, among other things, a high desertion rate, hostile locals, scorched-earth tactics, the onset of winter, and the region's altitude (most of the troops were from the lowlands and had trouble adjusting). An army led by Diego Cristóbal occupied the strategically important city of Puno on 7 May 1781 and proceeded to use it as
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#17327661781252002-441: The Spanish colonial system, caused him to sympathize and frequently petition for the improvement of native labor in the mills, farms and mines; even using his own wealth to help alleviate the taxes and burdens of the natives. After many of his requests for the alleviation of the native conditions fell on deaf ears, Condorcanqui decided to organize a rebellion. He began to stall on collecting reparto debts and tribute payments, for which
2093-496: The Spanish in 1781, the rebellion continued for at least another year under other rebel leaders. Amaru II's rebellion was simultaneous with the uprising of Túpac Katari in colonial-era Upper Peru (now Bolivia). The government of Spain , to streamline the operation of its colonial empire, began introducing what became known as the Bourbon Reforms throughout South America . In 1776, as part of these reforms, it created
2184-415: The Spanish military defeated the rebels in Peru and Bolivia. According to modern sources, out of the 73 leaders, 32 were women, who were all executed privately. On November 18, 1780, Cusco dispatched over 1,300 Spanish and Native loyalist troops. The two opposing forces clashed in the town of Sangarará . It was an absolute victory for Amaru II and his Native rebels; all 578 Spanish soldiers were killed and
2275-486: The Spanish military proved to be too strong for his army of 40,000–60,000 followers. After being repelled from the capital of the Incan empire, the rebels march around the country, gathering forces to attempt to fight back. Troops from Lima were instrumental in helping repel Túpac's siege of Cuzco from 28 December 1780 to 10 January 1781. Following these failures, his coalition of disparate malcontents began to fall apart, with
2366-441: The Spanish, and then he was hanged. Micaela and José Gabriel were forced to witness the death of their son; Micaela was then made to climb to the platform. In front of her husband and her son Fernando, Micaela fought against her executioners until they finally subdued her and cut off her tongue. Her thin neck could not reach the winch, so they threw ties around her neck that pulled it from side to side to strangle her. They hit her with
2457-556: The Tinta corregidor and governor Antonio de Arriaga threatened him with death. Condorcanqui changed his name to Tupaq Amaru II and claimed he was descended from the last Inca ruler, Tupaq Amaru . The Tupaq Amaru rebellion was an Inca revival movement that sought to improve the rights of indigenous Peruvians suffering under the Spanish Bourbon Reforms . The rebellion was one of many indigenous Peruvian uprisings in
2548-596: The Vilcabamba and accepting a Crown pension. After negotiations escalated, around 1568, Titi Cusi was baptized into the Roman Catholic Church , as Diego de Castro. Túpac Amaru became the Inca ruler after Titu Cusi's sudden death in 1571. At this time, the Spanish were still unaware of the death of the previous Sapa Inca (Titu Cusi) and had routinely sent two ambassadors to continue ongoing negotiations being held with Titu Cusi. They were both killed on
2639-518: The banning of the Quechua language, the wearing of indigenous clothing, and virtually any mention or commemoration of Inca culture and history. Areche's attempts to destroy Inca culture after the execution of Túpac Amaru II were confirmed by royal decree in April 1782 however, colonial authorities lacked the resources to enforce these laws, and they were soon largely forgotten. Still, paintings depicting
2730-528: The base of the labor used to mine silver, leading to increased unrest. On 4 November 1780, after a party in Tungasuca, where Túpac was a cacique , Túpac and supporters seized Antonio Arriaga, the corregidor of his hometown of Tinta. They forced him to write letters to his treasurer in Tinta requesting money and arms and to other influential individuals and kurakas ordering them to congregate in Tungasuca. On 10 November, six days after his capture, Arriaga
2821-483: The border by an Inca captain. Using the justification that the Incas had "broken the inviolate law observed by all nations of the world regarding ambassadors" the new Viceroy, Francisco de Toledo, Count of Oropesa , decided to attack and conquer Vilcabamba. He declared war against the Neo-Inca State on April 14, 1572. Conflicts between conquistadors and rebellions End of the Neo-Inca state Within two weeks after
Túpac Amaru II - Misplaced Pages Continue
2912-712: The capital of the state until the death of Tupaq Amaru in 1572. From there, he continued his attacks against the Wankas (one of the most important allies of the Spaniards), having some success after fierce battles, and to the highlands of present-day Bolivia , where after many battles his army was defeated. After many guerrilla battles in the mountainous regions of Vilcabamba, Manco was murdered in 1544 by supporters of Diego de Almagro who had previously assassinated Francisco Pizarro and who were in hiding under Manco's protection. They in turn were all killed by Manco's soldiers. Manco
3003-444: The city. Although Tupaq Amaru II's rebellion was not a success, it marked the first large-scale rebellion in the Spanish colonies and inspired the revolt of many Natives and Peruvians in the surrounding area. The rebellion took on important manifestations in "Upper Peru" or what is today modern Bolivia including the region South and East of Lake Titicaca. Indeed, Tupaq Amaru II inspired the indigenous peoples to such an extent that even
3094-634: The commercial monopoly of Lima, which caused greater competition for the manufacturers of Cuzco. They needed to sell their merchandise in Potosí but had to compete with producers of Buenos Aires and even of Spain. On the other hand, the widespread overproduction throughout the Andes pushed prices down. Furthermore, in the years 1778 and 1779, extremely cold weather damaged crops and made travel difficult. In 1780, Amaru, who also experienced this crisis, had considerable resources but also numerous debts. He also witnessed
3185-427: The consequences of these actions." Tupac Amaru II then went on to quickly assemble an army of 6,000 natives who had abandoned their work to join the revolt. As they marched towards Cuzco, the rebels occupied the provinces of Quispicanchis , Tinta , Cotabambas , Calca , and Chumbivilcas . The rebels looted the Spaniards' houses and killed their occupants. The movement was supremely anti-royalist since, upon arriving at
3276-539: The corrupt and treacherous colonial administration. He was motivated in part by reading of a prophecy that the Inca would rule again with British support. He may have been aware of the British colonial rebellion in North America and Spanish involvement in the war. Additionally, the growth of mining as a source of colonial revenue was largely caused by the increased burden placed on indigenous workers who formed
3367-500: The course of the country's future. They were now willing to join forces with anyone who opposed the Spanish. As well, few Peruvians had prosperous co-owned businesses and land with the Spaniards, and as such did not want to lose those interests in the event of a revolution. While Tupaq Amaru II's revolt was spawned in the Vilcanota Valley and ended in the city of Cuzco, the legacy and ideology of his revolt had echoes throughout
3458-445: The declaration of war a small party of Spanish soldiers had captured a key bridge on the border of the Neo-Inca State, from which Toledo assembled his army. On June 1, the first engagement of the war commenced in the Vilcabamba valley. The Inca initially attacked with high morale, despite being poorly equipped. Repeatedly, the Inca attempted to lift the siege held by the Spanish and their native allies but were forced to retreat. On June 23
3549-500: The dreaded textile mills." When Arriaga left the party drunk, Tupaq Amaru II and several of his allies captured him and forced him to write letters to a large number of Spaniards and kurakas . When about 200 of them gathered within the next few days, Tupaq Amaru II surrounded them with approximately 4,000 natives. Claiming that he was acting under direct orders from the Spanish Crown, Amaru II gave Arriaga's slave Antonio Oblitas
3640-431: The economic discomforts the others were going through, from merchants who were on the brink of bankruptcy to communities that could not afford the growing tribute . Condorcanqui lived the typical situation of the kurakas (tribal chiefs): he had to mediate between the local commander and the indigenous people in his charge. However, he was affected, like the rest of the population, due to the establishment of customs and
3731-475: The fort of Huayna Pucará surrendered to Spanish artillery fire. The Inca army now in retreat opted to abandon their last city and head for the jungle to regroup. On June 24 the Spanish entered Vilcabamba to find it deserted and the Sapa Inca gone. The city had been entirely destroyed and the Neo-Inca State officially ceased to exist. Túpac Amaru was later captured and executed by the Spanish. The Incan military
Túpac Amaru II - Misplaced Pages Continue
3822-400: The four corners of the plaza, pulling the arms and legs from his body. The torso will then be taken to the hill overlooking the city... where it will be burned in a bonfire... Tupac Amaru's head will be sent to Tinta to be displayed for three days in the place of public execution and then placed upon a pike at the principal entrance to the city. One of his arms will be sent to Tungasuca, where he
3913-577: The height of the insurrection. They were encouraged to act hearing the news of the advances of Tupaq Amaru II in the Viceroyalty of Peru . In Peru, the government of General Juan Velasco Alvarado (1968-1975) welcomed the formalized effigy of Tupaq Amaru II as a symbol of the Gobierno Revolucionario de la Fuerza Armada (Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces) that he headed, to date, the only government of leftist ideology in
4004-579: The history of Peru. He recognized him as a national hero. In 1968, which was a novelty since independence the symbol of Tupaq Amaru II was carried by Peruvian education and official historiography. In his honor one of the main rooms of the Government Palace was named after him. That room until then was Francisco Pizarro room and that his picture was replaced by that of the indigenous rebel. Rebellion of T%C3%BApac Amaru II The Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II (4 November 1780 – 15 March 1783)
4095-485: The indigenous peoples of this and surrounding provinces, outcries against the abuses committed by European-born crown officials... Justified outcries that have produced no remedy from the royal courts" to all the inhabitants of the Spanish provinces. He went on in the same proclamation to state, "I have acted ... only against the mentioned abuses and to preserve the peace and well-being of Indians, mestizos, mambos, as well as native-born whites and blacks. I must now prepare for
4186-477: The last Sapa Inca of the Neo-Inca State , seeking to be recognized for his royal Inca lineage. Although the Spanish trusteeship labor system, or encomienda , had been abolished in 1720, a seventh of the population living in native communities (pueblos de indios) as well as permanent indigenous workers at the time living in the Andean region of what is now Ecuador and Bolivia, who made up nine tenths of
4277-401: The later stages of the Siege of Cusco , the Spaniards were already reporting that Incan warriors were using captured firearms as well as horses with some proficiency. Manco Inca even forced captured Europeans to refine gunpowder for his army. The Incans also tried to adopt some European battle tactics. On at least one occasion, a group of Incan warriors formed a tight unit in combat, based on
4368-648: The latter half of the 18th century. It began with the capture and killing of the Tinta Corregidor and Governor Antonio de Arriaga on November 4, 1780, after a banquet attended by both Tupaq Amaru II and Governor Arriaga. The immediate cause of the rebellion lay in grievances caused by a series of modernising reforms of the colonial administration implemented by the Bourbon monarchy in Spain under Charles III (1759–88), centralising administrative and economic control and placing heavier tax and labour burdens on both
4459-839: The leadership of his cousin Diego Cristóbal Tupaq Amaru at the same time that it extended through Upper Peru and the Jujuy region . Likewise, disaffection of the Spanish Crown towards the Creoles became evident, especially for the Oruro Case. The lawsuit were filed against Juan José Segovia, born in Lima, and Colonel Ignacio Flores , born in Quito , who had served as president of the Real Audiencia of Charcas and as
4550-579: The mid-1700s, women had a changing role throughout Latin America. They began getting involved politically, economically, and culturally. Women had begun getting involved in the workforce, particularly producing cotton cloth and working as market traders. Because of these growing gender role changes, women were involved in the Túpac Amaru II revolt. Túpac's wife, Micaela Bastidas, had commanded her battalion, and she and her battalion were responsible for
4641-488: The middle of the 18th century mining production intensified, putting more and more of a burden on the mita, or draft labor, system. While Potosi's mining mita had already been dangerous and labor-intensive work as well as forcing a migration by both the native worker and sometimes their families to Potosi to work, the labor became more extractive during this time, even though no new veins of ore had been discovered. Indeed, many future rebellious areas centered around Potosi and
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#17327661781254732-572: The mining district. Condorcanqui's interest in the Native American cause had been spurred by the re-reading of one of the Royal Commentaries of the Incas , a romantic and heroic account of the history and culture of the ancient Incas. The book was outlawed at the time by the Lima viceroy for fear of it inspiring renewed interest in the lost Inca culture and inciting rebellion. The marquis's native pride coupled with his hate for
4823-513: The next day, destroying the local church where several people had taken refuge. Túpac then turned south, against the advice of his wife and lieutenant Micaela Bastidas , who urged him to attack Cuzco before the government could mobilize. Micaela Bastidas was a pivotal force in the Túpac de Amaru rebellion and is often overlooked. Bastidas was known for leading an uprising in the San Felipe de Tungasucsa region. Indigenous communities often sided with
4914-418: The official document wherein he is condemned to death, it is remarked that "the Indians stood firm in the place of our gunfire, despite their enormous fear of it" and that despite being captured, his followers remained steadfast in their beliefs in his immortality and heritage. The rebellion gave indigenous Peruvians a new state of mind, a sort of indigenous nationalism that would re-emerge and change shape over
5005-446: The population, were still pushed into forced labor for what were legally labeled as public work projects. This shift from the encomienda to the state sponsored and controlled draft labor system consolidated the indigenous labor force in the hands of the local government and not in the individual encomenderos. Most natives worked under the supervision of a master either tilling soil, mining or working in textile mills. What little wage that
5096-525: The privilege of executing his master. A platform in the middle of a local town plaza was erected, and the initial attempt at hanging the corregidor failed when the noose snapped. Arriaga then ran for his life to try to reach a nearby church, but was not quick enough to escape, and was successfully hanged on the second attempt. After the execution of de Arriaga, Amaru II continued his insurrection. Releasing his first proclamation, Tupaq Amaru II announced, "that there have been repeated outcries directed to me by
5187-652: The rebellion. In the main, the soldiers of the Tupamarista armies were poor Indian peasants, artisans and women, who saw the rebellion not so much as a question of reforms or power sharing but as an opportunity to 'turn the world upside down'. The restoration of the Inca Empire meant for them the possibility of an egalitarian society, based economically on the Inca communal agricultural system, the ayllu, and one without castas (racial divisions), rich and poor, or forced labour in haciendas, mines and factories, particularly
5278-862: The rebels scattered. During a stage of his rebellion, Tupaq Amaru II was able to convince the Quechua speakers to join him. Therefore, under his command, the Quechua speakers fought alongside him with Aymara-speaking rebels from Puno on Lake Titicaca and on the Bolivian side of the lake. Unfortunately, the alliance did not last that long and this led the Aymara leader, Túpac Katari, to lead his army alone which ultimately led to his capture in October 1781. His partner and female commander, Bartola Sisa, took control after his capture and lead an astonishing number of 2,000 soldiers for several months. Soon after that in early 1782,
5369-488: The rebels took possession of their weapons and supplies. The victory however, also came with a price. The battle revealed that Amaru II was unable to fully control his rebel followers, as they viciously slaughtered without direct orders. Reports of such violence and the rebels' insistence on the death of Spaniards eliminated any chances for support by the Criollo class. The victory achieved at Sangarará would be followed by
5460-410: The rebels, and local militias put up little resistance. It was not long before Túpac's forces had taken control of almost the entire southern Peruvian plateau . Spanish colonial administrator José Antonio de Areche acted in response to Túpac's uprising, moving troops from Lima and as far off as Cartagena toward the region. Tupac Amaru II, in 1780, began to lead an uprising of indigenous people, but
5551-448: The rebels. Some historians have described these killings aimed at non-Indians, in conjunction with attempts to violently eradicate various non-Indian cultural customs, as genocidal in nature. Many of the leaders who fought in the rebellion after Túpac de Amaru's death were discovered to be women (32 out of 73) and were later acknowledged by the eventual liberator of Spanish America, Simón Bolívar in his speech in 1820. Throughout
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#17327661781255642-738: The reign of Pachacuti (1438–1471). During the Spanish conquest of Peru , Túpac Huallpa was a puppet ruler crowned by the conquistador Francisco Pizarro . After his death, Manco Inca Yupanqui joined Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro in Cajamarca . When Pizarro's force arrived in Cusco , he had the caciques acknowledge Manco as their Inca. Manco Inca then joined Almagro and Hernando de Soto in pursuit of Quizquiz . When Pizarro left Cuzco with Almagro and Manco Inca, for Jauja in pursuit of Quizquiz , Francisco left his younger brothers Gonzalo Pizarro and Juan Pizarro as regidores , and
5733-542: The rest of its tax system in its colonies, in part to fund its participation in the American Revolutionary War . José Gabriel Condorcanqui, an upper-class Indian with claims to the Inca royal lineage, adopted the name Túpac Amaru II (alluding to Túpac Amaru , the last Inca emperor), and in 1780 called for rebellion. He claimed to be acting on behalf of the King of Spain, enforcing royal authority on
5824-541: The right of succession of the Marquisate of Oropesa and lost the case. In 1760, he married Micaela Bastidas Puyucahua of Afro-Peruvian and indigenous descent. Amaru II inherited the caciqueship , or hereditary chiefdom of Tungasuca and Pampamarca from his older brother, governing on behalf of the Spanish governor. At the end of the 1770s, the trade relations between Buenos Aires and the Upper Peru ended with
5915-410: The rise of the alcabalas (taxes). He voiced his objection against these issues. He also demanded that the indigenous people be freed from compulsory work in the mines. claims directed through the regular channels to the colonial authorities in Tinta, Cusco and later in Lima, obtaining negatives or indifference. In addition, he adopted the name Tupaq Amaru II, in honor of his ancestor Tupaq Amaru I ,
6006-467: The same end, he also sought the creation of a new audiencia at Cuzco. Túpac began moving through the countryside, gaining supporters, primarily from the Indian and mestizo classes, but also with some creoles. On 17 November, he arrived at the town of Sangarará , where Spanish authorities from Cuzco and the surrounding area had assembled a force of about 604 Spaniards and 700 Indians. Túpac's ad hoc army, which had grown to several thousand, routed this force
6097-714: The support of the indigenous, among others, Felipe Velasco Tupaq Amaru Inca or Felipe Velasco Túpac Inca Yupanqui, who wanted to rise up in Huarochirí ( Lima ) in 1783. The rebellion of Tupaq Amaru II marked the beginning of the Peruvian War of Independence in the history of Peru. This great rebellion produced a strong influence on the Conspiracy of the Tres Antonios which came up in Chile on January 1, 1781, at
6188-461: The teachings of a captured Spaniard, and used their bows, slings, and darts in a way to achieve more rapid fire. In 1538, Manco Inca was recorded to be skilled enough to ride a horse into battle; by this point, he and three of his nobles were recorded as carrying out a cavalry charge which destroyed a 30-man strong Spanish infantry contingent. However, the Incans' skill in using some modern weaponry
6279-605: The temple, the market, and processions. Tupac's parents died when he was twelve years old, and he was raised by an aunt and uncle. When he was 16, he received a Jesuit education at the San Francisco de Borja School, founded to educate the sons of kurakas . The Jesuits "impressed upon him his social standing as future kuraka and someone of royal Inca blood." When he was 22, Amaru II married Micaela Bastidas . Shortly after his marriage, Amaru II succeeded his father as kuraka , giving him rights to land. As with his father, he
6370-492: The third day of suffering, when it was believed everything was finished, he will scream: FREEDOM! over the land must return. And they won't be able to kill him!") — Alejandro Romualdo The fame of Tupaq Amaru II spread to such an extent that for the indigenous rebels in the plains of Casanare in the New Granada region, he was recognized as "King of America". Later movements invoked the name of Tupaq Amaru II to obtain
6461-443: The towns loyal to him as ordered, his houses were demolished, their sites strewn with salt , his goods confiscated, his relatives declared infamous, and all documents relating to his descent burnt. At the same time, on May 18, 1781, Incan clothing and cultural traditions, and self-identification as "Inca" were outlawed, along with other measures to convert the population to Spanish culture and government until Peru's independence as
6552-429: The upper-caste criollos abandoning him first to rejoin the loyalist forces. Further defeats and Spanish offers of amnesty for rebel defectors hastened the collapse of Túpac's forces. By the end of February 1781, Spanish authorities began to gain the upper hand. A mostly indigenous loyalist army of 15,000 to 17,000 troops led by Jose del Valle had the smaller rebel army surrounded by 23 March. A breakout attempt on 5 April
6643-479: The uprising in the San Felipe de Tungasucan region. Micaela Bastidas and Bartola Sisa took part in demonstrations against high prices, food distribution networks, racist treatment of Natives, high taxes, and tightening restrictions on the colonies. Although women were involved in the revolution and had a very active role throughout their villages, leading to independence throughout the region, they had received little attention for their efforts. The ultimate death toll
6734-420: The way to Africa. Scientists who have studied this dismemberment attempt concluded that due to the physical build and resistance of Tupaq Amaru II, it would not have been possible to dismember him in that way. However, his arms and legs were dislocated , as was his pelvis . Despite the execution of Tupaq Amaru II and his family, the vice regal government failed to quell the rebellion, which continued under
6825-445: The worst was over. The last organized remnants of the rebellion would be vanquished by May 1782, though sporadic violence continued for many months. Diego, his mother, and several of his allies would be arrested and executed anyway by Spanish authorities in Cuzco on 19 July 1783 on the pretext he had broken the peace accords. During the rebellion, especially after the death of Túpac Amaru II, non-Indians were systematically killed by
6916-536: Was acquired by workers was heavily taxed and cemented Native American indebtedness to Spanish masters. The Roman Catholic Church also had a hand in extorting these natives through collections for saints, masses for the dead, domestic and parochial work on certain days, forced gifts, etc. Those not employed in forced labor were still subject to the Spanish provincial governors, or corregidores who also heavily taxed and overpriced commodities to any free natives, similarly ensuring their financial instability. In addition,
7007-425: Was an uprising by cacique -led Aymara , Quechua , and mestizo rebels aimed at overthrowing Spanish colonial rule in Peru . The causes of the rebellion included opposition to the Bourbon Reforms , an economic downturn in colonial Peru, and a grassroots revival of Inca cultural identity led by Túpac Amaru II , an indigenous cacique and the leader of the rebellion. While Amaru II was captured and executed by
7098-586: Was beheaded. Túpac Amaru's capture and execution did not end the rebellion. In his place, his surviving relatives, namely his cousin Diego Cristóbal Túpac Amaru, continued the war, albeit using guerilla tactics, and transferred the rebellion's focal point to the Collao highlands around Lake Titicaca . The war was also continued by Túpac Katari 's female commander, Bartolina Sisa. Sisa led a resistance of 2,000 troops for several months until
7189-580: Was born José Gabriel Condorcanqui Noguera in around 1742 in Surimana , Tungasuca, in the province of Cusco , to Miguel Condorcanqui Usquionsa Tupaq Amaru, kuraka of three towns in the Tinta district, and María Rosa Noguera. On May 1, Tupaq Amaru II was baptized by Santiago José Lopez in a church in Tungasuca. Prior to his father's death, Amaru II spent his childhood in the Vilcamayu Valley; he accompanied his father to community functions, such as
7280-420: Was both the head of several Quechua communities and a regional merchant and muleteer, inheriting 350 mules from his father's estate. His regional trading gave him contacts in many other indigenous communities and access to information about economic conditions. His personal contacts and knowledge of the region were useful in the rebellion of 1780–81. He was recognized as an elite Quechua from a kuraka family and
7371-525: Was educated at a school in Cuzco for sons of indigenous leaders. He spoke Quechua and Spanish and learned Latin from the Jesuits. He was upwardly socially mobile, and in Cuzco he had connections with distinguished Spanish and Spanish American (creole) residents. "The upper classes in Lima saw him as a well-educated Indian". Between 1776 and 1780 Condorcanqui went into litigation with the Betancur family over
7462-404: Was executed in front of thousands of gathered Indians , mestizos , and criollos (locals of partial Spanish descent). Following the assassination of Arriaga, Túpac made a proclamation citing several explicit demands related to indigenous issues. These included ending the mita rotational labor system and limiting the power of the corregidor and thus amplifying his power as cacique . To
7553-484: Was not executed but was forced to witness the torture and death of his entire family and to pass under the gallows of those executed. He was later exiled to Africa for life imprisonment. However, the ship taking him there was capsized and he ended up in Cádiz to be imprisoned in the dungeons of the city. Viceroy Agustín de Jáuregui suggested that he should be kept in Spain, fearing that some enemy power might rescue him on
7644-476: Was repulsed. Túpac and his family were betrayed and captured the next day along with battalion leader Tomasa Tito Condemayta , who was the only indigenous noble who would be executed alongside Túpac. After being tortured, on 15 May Túpac was sentenced to death, and on 18 May forced to witness the execution of his wife and one of his children before he was himself quartered . The four horses running in opposite directions failed to tear his limbs apart, and so Túpac
7735-455: Was sentenced to be executed. He was forced to watch the deaths of his wife Micaela Bastidas , his eldest son Hipólito, his uncle Francisco Tupa Amaro, his brother-in-law Antonio Bastidas, and some of his captains before his own death. On May 18, 1781, they were taken to the Plaza de Armas in Cuzco to be executed one by one. His son Hipólito first had his tongue cut out, for having spoken against
7826-433: Was still lacking at this point, and chronicler Pedro Pizarro reported that Incan arquebusiers often misfired. In the 1536–1538 battles between the Incans and the Spanish, captured weaponry made no lasting difference. But early in the 1540s, several Spanish immigrants to the Neo-Inca State would teach Incan warriors how to use Spanish weapons to their full potential. Overall, it took the Incans about two decades to bridge
7917-445: Was succeeded by his son Sayri Túpac (Sayri Tupaq). He was five years old at the time. He became Inca in Vilcabamba, reigning for ten years with the aid of regents. This was a time of peace with the Spanish. Viceroy Pedro de la Gasca offered to provide Sayri Túpac with lands and houses in Cuzco if he would emerge from the isolated Vilcabamba. Sayri Túpac accepted, but during the preparations his relative Paullu Inca suddenly died. This
8008-480: Was surrounded between Tinta and Sangarara and he was betrayed by two of his officers, Colonel Ventura Landaeta and Captain Francisco Cruz, which led to his capture. When his captors attempted to procure the names of his rebel accomplices from him in exchange for promises, Amaru II scornfully replied "There are no accomplices here other than you and I. You as oppressor, I as liberator, deserve to die." Amaru II
8099-628: Was swift to adopt European weaponry; many warriors captured helmets, shields, and swords during the initial clashes with the Europeans and quickly learned how to use them. In marked contrast with some other Native American cultures, including the Aztec , the Incans were also eager to master weaponry which was wholly alien to them. As early as 1537, when Manco Inca defeated the Spanish at Pilcosuni , they came into possession of more advanced Spanish weapons, including arquebuses , artillery, and crossbows. By
8190-457: Was taken as a bad omen (or a sign of Spanish treachery), and Sayri Túpac remained in Vilcabamba. In 1557 Sayri Túpac did agree to leave Vilcabamba and traveled to Viceroy Hurtado in Lima. Sayri Túpac renounced his claim to the Inca Empire and accepted baptism, as Diego. In return he received a full pardon, the title of Prince of Yucay, and great estates with rich revenues. He became resident in Yucay,
8281-518: Was the cacique, and the other arm to the capital province of Carabaya, to be similarly displayed in those locations. His legs will be sent to Livitica and Santa Rosas in the provinces of Chumbivilcas and Lampa, respectively. After the failed dismemberment by the four horses, his body was quartered, and he was then beheaded on the main plaza in Cuzco , in the same place his ancestor Tupaq Amaru I had been beheaded. His youngest son, 10-year-old Fernando,
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